冬夏季热带太平洋至印度洋次表层海温变化的模态特征

采用美国Scripps海洋研究所的1955—1998年全球海洋上层海水温度月距平资料，对热带太平洋至印度洋各层海温进行经验正交函数分解，分析其主要模态特征。结果表明：热带太平洋至印度洋次表层海温场主要表现出东、西太平洋海温异常反位相变化的特征，异常强度冬季明显强于夏季。冬季赤道东太平洋40m层，东印度洋至西太平洋120m层，夏季赤道东太平洋40m层，东印度洋至西太平洋160m层为海温异常的显著区域。冬季0—60m层第一特征向量表现出厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）模态特征，第二特征向量表现出海温异常的东西运移模态特征，80—400m层第一特征向量表现出西太平洋暖池模态特征，第二特征向量表现出海温异常的东西运移模态特征。夏季0—60m层特征向量表现出厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）模态，80—400m层特征向量表现出西太平洋暖池模态特征。     

500hPa高度场与中国西北春季降水量的耦合特征

对近 35年 ( 1961～ 1995 )春季西北降水量和同期与前期冬季的北半球 5 0 0hPa高度场进行奇异值分解 (SVD) ,得到了同期和前期 5 0 0hPa高度场与西北区春季降水场的高相关区域 ,分析两场之间的耦合关系 ,寻找出有预报意义的环流特征和关键区     

大气振荡与副高活动及四川盆地旱涝的关系

本文分析了1982年5～9月热带西太平洋地区,尤其是我国南海、菲律宾和印度尼西亚上空30～50天大气振荡与太平洋副高活动及四川盆地夏季旱涝的关系。结果表明:热带西太平洋上空大气低频振荡对太平洋副高有明显影响;四川盆地东、西部夏季降水30～50天振荡呈反位相变化;东(西)部降水低频振荡与热带西太平洋上空大气低频振荡呈反(同)位相关系。热带西太平洋上空大气低频振荡,通过引起太平洋副高中心、西伸脊点东西变动影响盆地夏季旱涝异常。     

前期印度洋海温异常对中国春季降水的影响

为了进一步认识印度洋海温的异常变化与中国降水的关系,采用SVD分析、相关分析及合成差值分析讨论了前期冬季关键区海温的异常变化对中国春季降水影响的差异,探讨了产生这种影响的原因。结果表明:前期冬季关键区海温的异常增高(降低),会造成后期春季中国华北往南到华中、华东、华南东部及西北的新疆地区的降水明显增多(减少),西南的四川、贵州及华南的广西等地降水会有所减少(增多)。与关键区冷年相比,在关键区的暖年,环流形势反映出东欧槽显著减弱,北方气压显著降低,蒙古高压明显减弱,冷空气南下更为明显,而华南东部、华中、华东及华北一直被较为显著的南风气流控制,海洋的暖湿气流向中国内陆输送更为显著,使得东部及中部大部分地区水汽较为充沛,形成大面积的降水。     

大气环流异常对云南8月低温的影响

应用1951-2005年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料与云南8月气温资料进行相关分析,发现在云南8月低温年,位势高度场的显著相关区在欧亚大陆地区具有"- -"的波列结构,显著相关区在副热带地区表现也较好;据此讨论了云南8月低温发生时的大气环流特征,得出200hPa南亚高压偏弱,500hPa欧亚大陆西风槽脊异常发展,副高偏弱是导致云南8月低温的主要原因.     

热带次表层海温对中国东部夏季气候的影响

热带海洋热状况是影响中国气候变化的主要因子之一,为了研究热带次表层海温如何影响中国气候,通过相关计算和合成分析等方法讨论了热带太平洋至印度洋次表层海温异常对中国东部夏季降水和温度的影响。结果表明:当冬季赤道东印度洋至西太平洋次表层海温偏暖(偏冷),中印度洋和东太平洋次表层海温偏冷(偏暖),夏季,长江中下游地区降水偏少(偏多),华南、华北和东北大部地区降水偏多(偏少);中国东部大范围高温(低温)。其可能的影响途径为,东亚夏季风环流对热带次表层海温异常的响应导致了其年际变化,进而引起中国东部夏季气候的异常分布。     

大尺度环流系统对西北太平洋变性TC频数影响的气候诊断分析

基于中国热带气旋年鉴资料,从气候学角度出发,对西北太平洋TC(热带气旋)发生温带变性的频数与大尺度环流系统间的关系进行了诊断和分析.研究发现变性TC多发生于夏、秋两季,通过对NCEP月平均再分析资料的500hPa高度场进行EOF分解,发现西北太平洋TC变性的频数与65°N附近强冷高压系统在夏、秋两季都存在着正相关关系,且相关性在秋季高于夏季;与30°N附近强副热带高压系统存在负相关关系,夏季副热带高压系统的作用更大;与30°N以南西北太平洋多台风活动区域的弱低压存在显著的负相关,低压越弱,对流越弱,则TC的生成数越少,其中发生变性的TC数也会减少.500hPa高度场EOF分解的第一特征向量所对应的时间函数分布在20世纪70年代中期前后出现了反号,较好地对应了变性TC年频数的年际变化趋势,70年代中期之前变性TC呈总体偏多,之后变性TC的频数总体偏少,呈明显下降趋势.     

2011年初云南东部极端低温冰冻灾害天气气候特征及成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAA再分析资料,国家气候中心74项环流指数及云南省122个观测站资料,结合诊断、合成和相关分析等方法,探讨2011年初云南东部极端低温冰冻灾害天气气候特征及成因,并与2008年初低温冰冻灾害进行对比分析。旨在寻找云南低温冰冻天气的预报着眼点,为提前做好防灾减灾工作提供决策依据。研究表明:500hPa高度场欧亚中高纬呈两槽一脊,西西伯利亚高压脊异常强大,贝巴之间为东西向横槽,东亚中高纬呈"+-+"的高度场距平分布,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏东偏弱,南海副高异常偏南偏弱是2011年1月云南东部频遭冷空气影响的大尺度大气环流背景。另外,相关分析发现NINO4区海温持续异常偏冷对应云南东部气温异常偏低。较2008年初持续近2个月的低温雨雪冰冻灾害相比,虽然2011年灾害影响时间较短,范围较小,但冷空气过程频发,昆明准静止锋长时间控制云南东部,最终造成近50年来的极端低温冰冻灾害。     

川渝冬季降水的年际变化及其与海温异常的关系

为了认识川渝冬季降水与海温之间的关系,利用川渝地区44个站点降水资料和海表温度资料并借助EOF分解、小波分析和相关分析等方法,讨论了川渝冬季年际降水变化特征及其与前期海温异常之间的关系。结果表明：川渝冬季年际降水空间分布主要有3个类型,EOFl型为川渝冬季降水的一致偏多（偏少）,EOF2型为川渝西南部、东部降水偏少（偏多）,而川渝地区西北部、中部降水偏多（偏少）;EOF3型为川渝西南部降水偏多（偏少）,而东北部降水偏少（偏多）;EOF1型和EOF2型降水与前期海温的相关明显小于EOF3型并较为分散,EOF3型降水与前期夏季、秋季海温在热带中、东太平洋和印度洋中、北部呈现非常显著的正相关,对应ENSO特征非常明显。     

太平洋海温与我国气温的关联

本文首先利用交叉相关系数经验自然正交展开,分析了太平洋海温场与我国气温场的遥相关,得出了相关关联区;在此基础上,通过复经验自然正交展开(CEOF),对关联区的海温和气温时空变化及相互联系作了讨论。     

Zonal displacement of western Pacific warm pool and zonal wind anomaly over the Pacific Ocean

The thermal condition anomaly of the western Pacific warm pool and its zonal displacement have very important influences on climate change in East Asia and even the whole world. However, the impact of the zonal wind anomaly over the Pacific Ocean on zonal displacement of the warm pool has not yet been analyzed based on long-term record. Therefore, it is important to study the zonal displacement of the warm pool and its response to the zonal wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Based on the NCDC monthly averaged SST (sea surface temperature) data in 2°×2° grid in the Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 2000, and the NCEP/NCAR global monthly averaged 850 hPa zonal wind data from 1949 to 2000, the relationships between zonal displacements of the western Pacific warm pool and zonal wind anomalies over the tropical Pacific Ocean are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the zonal displacements are closely related to the zonal wind anomalies over the western, central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Composite analysis indicates that during ENSO events, the warm pool displacement was trigged by the zonal wind anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific Ocean in early stage and the process proceeded under the zonal wind anomalies over the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean unless the wind direction changes. Therefore, in addition to the zonal wind anomaly over the western Pacific, the zonal wind anomalies over the central and eastern Pacific Ocean should be considered also in investigation the dynamical mechanisms of the zonal displacement of the warm pool.     

The very low-frequency oscillation in tropical Pacific

The very low-frequency oscillation (VLFO) on interannual scale in the tropical Pacific is studied by analyzing the main components of the sea surface temperature, sea level pressure, cloudiness, humidity and the equivalent potential temperature over the tropical ocean surface. The nature of two components of VLFO and its propagation features are discussed from the view of air-sea interaction.     

Empirical orthogonal modes in the Western Pacific

The method of empirical orthogonal modes has been widely used since the 1970's in physical oceanography to study and rebuild vertical structures of ocean dynamic factors. Because of the dominance of the low modes, the dynamic profile data can be largely reduced. Up to now, all expressions of empirical orthogonal modes are numerical. In this study, an analytic expression for empirical orthogonal ocean modes is constructed for convenient use whereby any numerical expressions can be repeated. The features of the normal modes decomposed from the buoyance frequency profiles obtained in October of 1986, 1987 and 1988 by the R/VScience 1 in the western Pacific are quantitatively examined in this study. Contribution No. 1724 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Heat flow in northwest Pacific marginal seas

1 INTRODUCTION Marginal seas in the Northwest Pacific includethe Bering Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Japan Sea, theEast China Sea, the South China Sea and the Philip-pine Sea, surrounded by adjacent coastal regions,the islands on the continental crust side and theocean trench at oceanic crust side. More than 4000heat flow data have been obtained since the firstmeasurement in the area in 1957 around the Japa-nese Islands (Uyeda and Horai, 1964) and the firstmarine survey in the Be…     

Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on regional sea level rise in the Pacific Ocean from 1993 to 2012

The rate of regional sea level rise(SLR) provides important information about the impact of human activities on climate change.However,accurate estimation of regional SLR can be severely affected by sea surface height(SSH) change caused by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO-SSH).Here,the PDOSSH signal is extracted from satellite altimeter data by multi-variable linear regression,and regional SLR in the altimeter era is calculated,before and after removing that signal.The results show that PDO-SSH trends are rising in the western Pacific and falling in the eastern Pacific,with the strongest signal confined to the tropical and North Pacific.Over the past 20 years,the PDO-SSH accounts for about 30%-40%of altimeter-observed SLR in the regions 8°-15°N,130°-160°E and 30°-40°N,170°-220°E.Along the coast of North America,the PDO-SSH signal dramatically offsets the coastal SLR,as the sea level trends change sign from falling to rising.     

Heat center of the western Pacific warm pool

A heat center (HC) of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) is defined, its variability is examined, and a possible mechanism is discussed. Analysis and calculation of a temperature dataset from 1945-2006 show that the mean position of the HC during this period was near 0.4°S/169.0°E, at 38.0 m depth. From a time series of the HC, remarkable seasonal variability was found, mainly in the meridional and vertical directions. Interannual variabilities were dominant in the zonal and vertical directions. In addition, semiannual variation in the HC depth was discovered. The longitude of the HC varies with ENSO events, and its latitude is weakly related to ENSO on time scales shorter than a decade. The variation of the HC longitude leads the Nio-3 index by about 3-4 months, and its depth lags the index for approximately 3 months. It is concluded that the HC depth results from a combination of its longitudinal and latitudinal variations. Low-pass-filtered time series reveal that the HC has moved eastward since the mid 1980s.     

Fluctuation in Ommastrephe bartrami yield in the North Pacific

The fluctuation in Ommastrephe bartrami yield from 1995 to 2001 in the North Pacific was shown obvious, on which this study was conducted using data of sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and statistical production. The study shows that, cool water and low food abundance caused by abnormal Kuroshio resulted in the reduction in abundance of O. bartrami, which was worsened by excessive catch and the unawareness to local fishery resources protection.     

西太平洋副高进退的溃变预测

副热带高压的进退是天气预测的重要问题。应用溃变理论，通过对2002年和2003年10个副热带高压进退个例的分析，总结出副高进退的结构预测法。结果表明用V-3θ图能够很好的对副高进退进行预测。     

Heat and salt transport throughout the North Pacific Ocean

Absolute geostrophic currents in the North Pacific Ocean are calculated using the P-vector method and gridded Argo profiling data from January 2004 to December 2012. Three-dimensional structures and seasonal variability of meridional heat transport (MHT) and meridional salt transport (MST) are analyzed. The results show that geostrophic and Ekman components are generally opposite in sign, with the southward geostrophic component dominating in the subtropics and the northward Ekman component dominating in the tropics. In combination with the net surface heat flux and the MST through the Bering Strait, the MHT and MST of the western boundary currents (WBCs) are estimated for the first time. The results suggest that the WBCs are of great importance in maintaining the heat and salt balance of the North Pacific. The total interior MHT and MST in the tropics show nearly the same seasonal variability as that of the Ekman components, consistent with the variability of zonal wind stress. The geostrophic MHT in the tropics is mainly concentrated in the upper layers, while MST with large amplitude and annual variation can extend much deeper. This suggests that shallow processes dominate MHT in the North Pacific, while MST can be affected by deep ocean circulation. In the extratropical ocean, both MHT and MST are weak. However, there is relatively large and irregular seasonal variability of geostrophic MST, suggesting the importance of the geostrophic circulation in the MST of that area.     

Interannual variability in the North Pacific meridional overturning circulation

We analyzed the temporal and spatial variation, and interannual variability of the North Pacific meridional overturning circulation using an empirical orthogonal function method, and calculated mass transport using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Data from 1958–2008. The meridional streamfunction field in the North Pacific tilts N-S; the Tropical Cell (TC), Subtropical Cell (STC), and Deep Tropical Cell (DTC) may be in phase on an annual time scale; the TC and the STC are out of phase on an interannual time scale, but the interannual variability of the DTC is complex. The TC and STC interannual variability is associated with ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The TC northward, southward, upward, and downward transports all weaken in El Niños and strengthen in La Niñas. The STC northward and southward transports are out of phase, while the STC northward and downward transports are in phase. Sea-surface water that reaches the middle latitude and is subducted may not completely return to the tropics. The zonal wind anomalies over the central North Pacific, which control Ekman transport, and the east-west slope of the sea level may be major factors causing the TC northward and southward transport interannual variability and the STC northward and southward transports on the interannual time scale. The DTC northward and southward transports decrease during strong El Niños and increase during strong La Niñas. DTC upward and downward transports are not strongly correlated with the Niño-3 index and may not be completely controlled by ENSO.