内蒙古自治区页岩气资源远景探讨

内蒙古自治区发育有三套富含有机碳的泥页岩地层,即中-上元古界渣尔泰山群和白云鄂博群的海相含炭页岩系:晚古生界上石炭统太原组和二叠系山西组的海陆交互相含炭页岩系;中新生界的陆相含炭页岩系,页岩气主要赋存在陆相含炭页岩系中.根据煤、油气勘查成果以及页岩气评价资料,认为鄂尔多斯盆地含页岩气地层厚度大,有机质碳含量高,为好的烃源岩;在阿拉善盆地、二连-海拉尔盆地、通辽地区中生界炭质页岩、煤层及油页岩发育且厚度大,河套盆地中渐新统临河组和中新统五原组形成于潟湖相,富含有机质,为生油气的有利层位,推断这些盆地页岩气资源前景良好.依据页岩气形成条件和含页岩气地层的相关分析,提出页岩气勘查工作首先在鄂尔多斯盆地和二连-海拉尔盆地群展开,在获得一定成果的基础上,再对阿拉善盆地和河套盆地进行勘查,对通辽盆地页岩气进行野外调查.     

四川垭紫罗裂陷槽西北缘（黔水地1井）发现上古生界海相页岩气

正1研究目的(Objective)目前志留系龙马溪组页岩气在四川盆地已基本实现商业开发,寒武系、震旦系和二叠纪等页岩层系也相继取得重要突破,而中国南方石炭纪地层尽管同样被认为是一套重要页岩层系,但至今仍未取得实质性突破。"垭都—紫云—罗甸"裂陷槽为一个从泥盆系开始发育的狭长海槽,裂陷槽中心内发育石炭系打屋坝组富有机质页岩,具有页岩沉积厚度大、有机质丰度高、热演化成熟度适中等特点,有较大勘探潜力。因此,为进一步探索石炭系打屋坝组页岩气形成地质条件及含气性,在裂陷槽西北缘的威水背斜部署实施了黔水地1井。     

山东省主要页岩气储层特征与资源潜力

山东省富有机质泥页岩发育层系多、类型多、分布范围广,为探寻页岩气有利储集层系和分布范围,以富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,通过分析富有机质泥页岩岩性特征,有机碳含量、生烃潜量、氯仿沥青“A”、干酪根类型、镜质组反射率等有机地化特征,孔隙度、渗透率、矿物成分、岩石密度等岩石物性特征,含气性特征等,对山东省页岩气赋存层位、生成的物质基础、热演化程度、储层特征等形成了系统认识。认为：古生界石炭系—二叠系山西组—太原组、新生界古近系孔店组和沙河街组富有机质泥页岩发育厚度大、分布面积广、有机质丰度高,热演化程度适中、岩石脆性矿物含量高,为页岩气有利储层;利用页岩气储层分布面积、泥页岩厚度、有机碳含量、镜质组反射率、含气性等相关评价参数,计算了山东全省页岩气资源潜力为1417797×108m3,优选了9个页岩气有利区,其中鲁西南有利区、阳谷 茌平有利区、黄河北有利区、贾镇潜凹陷有利区属海陆交互相泥页岩储层,泥页岩层系分布于石炭系—二叠系山西组—太原组;潍北凹陷有利区、东营凹陷有利区、沾化凹陷有利区、车镇 沾化凹陷有利区、临邑有利区属湖相泥页岩储层,泥页岩层系分别分布于古近系孔店组和沙河街组,为今后页岩气勘查工作提供了依据。     

下扬子地区海陆过渡相页岩气成藏条件与主控因素:以萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组为例

萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组是典型的下扬子地区海陆过渡相泥页岩的发育层系。通过野外地质调查、样品采集和分析测试等对萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征和含气性等页岩气成藏地质条件进行了分析。结果表明:萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组页岩单层厚度小、累积厚度大,横向、纵向连续性差;有机质丰度较高,w(TOC)以1.0%~2.5%为主,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,有机质成熟度Ro分布在0.6%~4.5%之间,以高成熟-过成熟为主。页岩矿物组成中黏土矿物较为富集,储层孔隙类型主要为微孔隙和微裂缝,储层物性较差;总含气量和最大吸附气含量都较小。在页岩气成藏地质条件研究的基础上,结合区域沉积-构造背景的分析表明,页岩气成藏控制因素为:沉积环境、构造运动和保存条件。综合分析表明萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组页岩气成藏条件一般,但在有机质丰度高、物性较好、埋藏适中的构造稳定地区仍然有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

鄂西地区震旦系—寒武系页岩气成藏模式

通过对鄂西震旦系陡山沱组和寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩气勘查大量实际资料总结研究,创新性地提出了针对鄂西地区震旦系和寒武系"岩相控炭、成岩控烃、构造控藏"的页岩气成藏理论认识。震旦系陡山沱组和寒武系牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩沉积受控于鄂西裂陷海槽,富有机质页岩甜点层段主要形成于海侵体系域和早期高水位体系域。黄陵古隆起周缘震旦纪—三叠纪长期浅埋,为生油提供了充足时间,三叠纪短暂快速深埋,为页岩气生成的主峰期。古隆起刚性基底、区域性泥页岩盖层以及后期逆冲推覆构造,为页岩气保存提供了良好的条件。从而建立了鄂西震旦—寒武系"深水海槽控炭、古隆起浅埋控烃、古隆起+逆冲断裂控藏"的页岩气成藏模式。      

萍乐坳陷中部(赣丰地1井)二叠系乐平组获“三气”发现

1研究目的(Objective)萍乐坳陷位于江西省中部,坳陷内广泛发育海陆过渡相二叠系乐平组,该组泥页岩厚度大、有机质丰度高,具备较好的页岩气成藏条件,是本区页岩气主要目的层系。萍乐坳陷油气调查始于20世纪50年代,前期工作主要针对乐平组老山段的煤层气,缺乏其他层段的系统评价参数,页岩气富集层段尚不明确。本次于萍乐坳陷丰城地区实施地质调查井——赣丰地1井,目的是系统获取乐平组相关参数,探索本区页岩气、煤层气、致密砂岩气资源潜力。     

下扬子页岩气地质调查新进展及突破难点思考

围绕长江经济带清洁能源体系建设对页岩气突破的重大需求，在充分整合长江下游地区以往地质和物探资料的基础上，系统开展了1:25万页岩气基础地质调查，在苏皖南沿江坳陷带、江西萍乐-浙江钱塘坳陷带、南华北地区"两带一区"实施了10口页岩气调查井，基本查明了主要工作区古生界二叠系、志留系、奥陶系、寒武系富有机质泥页岩成藏地质条件，有9口井分别在三叠、二叠、志留、寒武系4套层系获得页岩气、致密砂岩气、煤层气、页岩油、裂缝性砂岩油、裂缝性灰岩油"三气三油"的重要新发现，深化了二叠系和志留系成藏地质认识，探索了三叠系、奥陶系和寒武系含油气性，开辟了新区新层系，揭示了下扬子及南华北中—古生界油气页岩气资源勘查潜力。圈定了10个远景区，初步评价了9个远景区主要目标层的远景资源量，解决了资源前景问题；讨论了制约下扬子页岩气调查突破的卡脖子问题，提出了下一步突破的方向。      

冀北凤山盆地白垩系九佛堂组页岩气成藏潜力研究

基于以往钻井资料和相关测试数据,结合野外调查,初步分析探讨认为凤山盆地为一倾向北西的单斜构造,白垩系九佛堂组页岩层系总厚度大,上部频繁交替的致密泥质岩可作为良好的盖层,为形成页岩气藏提供了物质基础和保存条件,具备一定的页岩气成藏潜力。同时,周边地区中生代断陷盆地沉积环境多与凤山盆地类似,白垩系富有机质页岩沉积厚度大,且在已有油页岩钻孔有涌气显示,分析可将该页岩层系作为页岩气勘查突破的新方向。     

桂中坳陷上古生界页岩气资源潜力分析

桂中坳陷经历了原特提斯早期裂陷成盆、晚期褶皱造山,古特提斯阶段再度裂陷成盆与新特提斯阶段造山改造3个盆地世代的构造演化过程。自早泥盆世开始的大规模海侵作用,使得本区堆积了从台沟相到斜坡相沉积的深色泥页岩、到滨海沼泽相的含煤建造,主要分布下泥盆统塘丁组、中泥盆统罗富组和下石炭统岩关组3套黑色泥页岩。研究表明,本区上古生界海相页岩有机质丰度高、类型好、处于高-过成熟演化阶段,具有页岩气形成与富集的有利地质条件,是南方页岩气探采值得关注的重点区域。目前已在该坳陷上古生界页岩中发现了较多气显示,具有与美国东部典型页岩气盆地(阿巴拉契亚、福特沃斯、密执安等盆地)相似的地质条件;经采用类比法预测初步估算,全坳陷上古生界页岩气资源量约为12.34×1012m3,表明该区具有巨大的页岩气资源潜力。     

甘肃省页岩气资源潜力及勘查开发浅析

近年来国家出台的一系列页岩气勘查开发的政策和规范,将促进我国页岩气资源勘探开发快速健康发展。甘肃省页岩气的烃源岩有4套,分别为石炭—二叠系海陆交互相烃源岩、上三叠统陆相烃源岩、中下侏罗统陆相烃源岩、下白垩统烃源岩,页岩气赋存与煤炭资源赋存关联度高,武腾盆地、旦马盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、民和盆地、潮水盆地页岩有机碳含量（TOC）、热成熟度（R0）高,烃源岩厚度较大,具有较好的资源潜力,其页岩气勘查开发工作应分阶段尽早实施。     

Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China

There are three types of shale gas resources in China. The resources are present in large amounts and are widely distributed. Marine facies, transitional facies and continental facies resources each account for a third. Based on resource distributions, there are many wells penetrated into the Sinian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian strata of the Yangtze plate and its periphery, the North China Craton and the Tarim Basin. Many years of exploration have indicated that the marine Silurian Longmaxi shale gas is widely distributed in south China and has been industrialized in its production in the Sichuan basin. The shale gas from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Sinian Doushantuo Formation are important discoveries in Yichang, Hubei and Zhenba, Shanxi. There are also shale gas resources found within transitional facies and continental facies in different areas in China. The “two element enrichment theory” has been summarized during the exploration process of Silurian marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin. In addition, horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies up to 3500 m in depth have been developed. Based on the understanding of shale gas accumulation in a complex tectonic zone outside the Sichuan basin, a preliminary summary of the formation of the “converse fault syncline control reservoir” and “paleo uplift control reservoir” model has been constructed. The dominant theory of “Trinity” shale gas enrichment and the high yield of the “deep water Lu Pengxiang sedimentary facies belt, structural preservation conditions and overpressure” is summarized. Guided by the above theories. Anye1 well in Guizhou and Eyangye1 well in Hubei were drilled. “Four storey” oil and shale gas is found in the Permian Qixia group, the Silurian Shiniulan Formation, the Longmaxi Formation and the Ordovician Baota Formation in Anye1 well. Good shale gas has been gound in the Cambrian Niutitang formation inian Doushantuo formation in Eyangye 1well. This paper aims to summarize and review the main progress, theoretical technology and problems of shale gas exploration and development in recent years in China, and predicts the future exploration and development direction for shale gas and possible exploration areas.     

我国南方海相页岩气富集高产主控因素及前景预测

近年来我国在四川盆地率先实现了页岩气商业开发,奥陶系五峰组-志留系龙马溪组成为南方海相页岩气开发的主力层系.通过梳理页岩气沉积与分布特征、构造演化特征、构造样式及保存特征、页岩储层特征,提出了我国南方海相页岩气富集高产的主控因素:深水陆棚相富有机质优质页岩是物质基础;构造抬升时间和构造样式是页岩气富集保存的关键因素,总结了构造保存完整型、残留型、破坏型3大类页岩气构造样式;地层超压是页岩气高产的必要条件.最终展望了页岩气发展前景,预测了我国南方几个古隆起的边缘和滇黔桂地区是未来页岩气勘探开发的有利区.      

页岩沉积环境对其油气潜力的影响:以中国和北美对比研究为例

页岩油气是当前全球油气勘探和研究的热点,但其潜力评价一直是难点。该文以中国和北美的四套典型页岩为例,包括北美湖相Green River组、内陆海相Niobrara组、中国环境来评价相龙马溪组和济阳坳陷湖相页岩,发现页岩沉积环境与其油气潜力具有密切关系,因此可通过分析发现这四套页岩的沉积环境都具有页岩沉积环境评价其页岩油气潜力。通过微量元素、生物标志化合物、扫描电镜、X-CT和X射线衍射等方法,发现这四套页岩都具有一定的还原性和较高的生产力,且具有差异性。内陆海相Niobrara组页岩具有弱还原的沉积环境,在四套页岩中有机碳含量较低,呈块状沉积构造,裂缝与微裂缝较少,储集空间相对有限。焦石坝海相龙马溪组页岩为还原的沉积环境,岩石以富含有机质的硅质岩为主,可观察到大量的大孔隙与少量的微裂缝。Green River页岩和济阳坳陷页岩形成于陆相咸化的强还原沉积环境,有机碳含量高,页岩以纹层状结构为主,岩石组成脆性矿物含量高,含有大量的裂缝。可见,具有强还原沉积环境的页岩通常具有较好的勘探前景。     

下扬子地区上二叠统页岩气成藏条件分析

【研究目的】下扬子地区上二叠统广泛发育龙潭组-大隆组暗色页岩,是中国页岩气调查的重点层位。目前该区勘探程度低,导致对该区页岩气成藏条件认识不清。【研究方法】通过龙潭组和大隆组页岩地球化学特征、储集性能,以及保存条件等方面的研究,对该区页岩气资源潜力进行了评价,对有利区进行了优选。【研究结果】龙潭组和大隆组有机质丰度高,TOC含量普遍大于2.0%,热演化程度适中(介于1.3%～2.5%),储集空间以墨水瓶和狭缝状中孔为主,脆性矿物含量普遍高于50%,具有较好的生烃物质基础和可压裂性。龙潭组页岩累计厚度较大,具有良好的自封闭能力,保存条件总体优于大隆组。二者均发育多种类型的裂缝,是页岩气逸散的主要通道,此外,后期岩浆活动较为频繁,对于页岩气有很强的破坏作用,保存条件是页岩气富集的关键。【结论】下扬子地区上二叠统页岩气选区评价应以沉积环境、生烃能力、储集性能等为基础,以页岩气保存条件为关键,采取“强中找弱”的原则进行,最终在下扬子地区大隆组和龙潭组分别划分了5个有利区。     

Geochemical and Geological Characterization of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale: A Case Study in the Ordos Basin, NW China

The organic-rich shale of the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formation of the Lower Permian deposited in a marine-continental transitional environment are well developed in the Ordos Basin, NW China, which is considered to contain a large amount of shale hydrocarbon resources. This study takes the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale collected from well SL# in the Ordos Basin, NW China as an example to characterize the transitional shale reservoir. Based on organic geochemistry data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observations, the desorbed gas contents of this transitional shale were systematically studied and the shale gas potential was investigated. The results indicate that the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale has a relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) (average TOC of 4.9%) and contains type III kerogen with a high mature to over mature status. XRD analyses show that an important characteristic of the shale is that clay and brittle minerals of detrital origin comprise the major mineral composition of the marine-continental transitional shale samples, while the percentages of carbonate minerals, pyrite and siderite are relatively small. FE-SEM observations reveal that the mineral matrix pores are the most abundant in the Lower Permian shale samples, while organic matter (OM) pores are rarely developed. Experimental analysis suggests that the mineral compositions mainly govern the macropore development in the marine-continental transitional shale, and mineral matrix pores and microfractures are considered to provide space for gas storage and migration. In addition, the desorption experiments demonstrated that the marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration, ranging from 0.53 to 2.86 m3/t with an average value of 1.25m3/t, which is in close proximity to those of terrestrial shale (1.29 m3/t) and marine shale (1.28 m3/t). In summary, these results demonstrated that the Lower Permian marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration.     

四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组有机质差异富集的主控因素探讨

近些年来,四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发实践表明页岩气具有差异富集特征。基于四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组页岩TOC、XRD及元素等分析数据,结合前人已发表的相关数据资料,对川南、川东及川东北地区开展了有机质差异富集特征初步分析,并从矿物组分（黏土矿物含量）、保存条件及古生产力3个方面探讨其控制因素。研究表明：1）有机质差异富集特征表现为：五峰组沉积时期,四川盆地及其周缘有机质富集程度差异相对较小,川东地区有机质富集程度略高于川南地区和川东北地区;而龙马溪组沉积早期,有机质富集程度差异相对较大,川东北地区有机质富集程度明显高于川东地区和川南地区;2）差异的保存（氧化还原）条件是造成四川盆地及其周缘不同地区五峰组-龙马溪组有机质差异富集的主控因素。     

Geological Conditions and Prospect Forecast of Shale Gas Formation in Qiangtang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The presence of shale gas has been confirmed in almost every marine shale distribution area in North America.Formation conditions of shale gas in China are the most favorable for marine,organic-rich shale as well.But there has been little research focusing on shale gas in Qiangtang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,where a lot of Mesozoic marine shale formations developed.Based on the survey results of petroleum geology and comprehensive test analysis data for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,for the first time,this paper discusses characteristics of sedimentary development,thickness distribution,geochemistry,reservoir and burial depth of organic-rich shale,and geological conditions for shale gas formation in Qiangtang Basin.There are four sets of marine shale strata in Qiangtang Basin including Upper Triassic Xiaochaka Formation （T3x）,Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation （J2b）,Xiali Formation （J2x） and Upper Jurassic Suowa Formation （J3s）,the sedimentary types of which are mainly bathyal-basin facies,open platform-platform margin slope facies,lagoon and tidal-fiat facies,as well as delta facies.By comparing it with the indicators of gas shale in the main U.S.basins,it was found that the four marine shale formations in Qiangtang Basin constitute a multi-layer distribution of organic-rich shale,featuring a high degree of thickness and low abundance of organic matter,high thermal evolution maturity,many kinds of brittle minerals,an equivalent content of quartz and clay minerals,a high content of feldspar and low porosity,which provide basic conditions for an accumulation of shale gas resources.Xiaochaka Formation shale is widely distributed,with big thickness and the best gas generating indicators.It is the main gas source layer.Xiali Formation shale is of intermediate thickness and coverage area,with relatively good gas generating indicators and moderate gas formation potential.Buqu Formation shale and Suowa Formation shale are of relatively large thickness,and covering a small area,with poor gas generating indicators,and limited gas formation potential.The shale gas geological resources and technically recoverable resources were estimated by using geologic analogy method,and the prospective areas and potentially favorable areas for Mesozoic marine shale gas in Qiangtang Basin are forecast and analyzed.It is relatively favorable in a tectonic setting and indication of oil and gas,shale maturity,sedimentary thickness and gypsum-salt beds,and in terms of mineral association for shale gas accumulation.But the challenge lies in overcoming the harsh natural conditions which contributes to great difficulties in ground engineering and exploration,and high exploration costs.     

贵州石炭系黑色页岩层系沉积特征及分布规律研究

随着我国页岩气勘探的推进,在局部地区已经取得突破并建成一定规模的产能,但天然气资源保障形势依然严峻,亟需加强拓展页岩气新层系沉积环境和富集规律,以进一步扩大页岩气的勘探范围和规模。贵州石炭系黑色页岩作为新发现的页岩气目标层,具有较好的页岩气勘探前景。由于受水城—紫云裂陷槽的控制,贵州石炭系沉积相变复杂,开展该页岩地层的沉积相和沉积模式研究,总结页岩沉积富集特征,有利于推进其页岩气勘探进程。本文通过研究揭示贵州石炭系页岩地层可划分为裂陷槽两侧边缘斜坡相,槽内过渡浅海—半深海相,裂陷槽内槽盆相,水城地区隆起浅海相,威宁地区潮坪—潟湖相沉积,总结具有裂谷边缘—槽盆滞留沉积模式。浅海相、浅海—半深海相、槽盆相、湖盆相是黑色页岩沉积富集的有利区,而具体地层厚度、黑色页岩发育、总有机碳含量（TOC）、干酪根类型受沉积环境和物源区的影响控制明显。     

中扬子地区下古生界海相泥-页岩含气勘探远景

利用中扬子区下古生界页岩的野外露头地质剖面、有机地球化学分析数据和钻井显示资料,分析中扬子下古生界页岩气资源勘探远景。研究表明,中扬子区下古生界海相泥-页岩主要以下寒武统水井沱组(或牛蹄塘组)和上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组为主。上述2套泥质岩和页岩有机质含量丰富、有机质类型好、热演化程度高,多数已达到成熟—过成熟阶段,是有效页岩气气源岩。中扬子区自加里东以来经历了多期构造运动、构造隆升和挤压作用,改善了页岩储层的储集性能,提高页岩气聚集量。湘鄂西区和江汉平原区南部下寒武统泥-页岩可作为有利页岩气勘探选区,而鄂西渝东区钻井揭示志留系见工业性气流,表明该区志留系页岩气潜力较大。     

皖南二叠纪海相暗色岩系成因及有机质富集模式

皖南二叠系已成为页岩气勘探的重要目标层位,暗色岩系的硅质来源长期存在争议,有机质富集堆积机理尚不清楚。本文通过皖南地区二叠纪海相栖霞组、孤峰组和大隆组暗色岩系的岩石学特征、古生物群落、沉积特征、有机质丰度和元素地球化学特征分析,探讨其沉积背景、硅质来源和有机质富集模式。研究表明：栖霞组硅质主要来源于热液;孤峰组硅质主要来源于生物和热液;大隆组硅质主要来源于生物和热液,少量来源于生物。二叠纪属热带—亚热带温暖潮湿气候,暗色岩系沉积于具缓慢沉积速率的厌氧—贫氧的100～300 m水体环境中,有机质含量高。栖霞组和孤峰组富有机质暗色岩系的形成除受控于局限滞留的缺氧环境外,还和海底热液活动提供生物繁盛的营养元素与矿物质和上升流的作用有较为密切的关系。大隆组富有机质暗色岩系的形成与长兴期多期火山喷发带入大量营养元素和微量元素,导致初级生产力提高,生物消亡—繁盛—再消亡—再繁盛—消亡,生烃母质快速堆积,且与缺氧环境密不可分。