北京郊区夏季PM_(2.5)和黑碳气溶胶的观测资料分析

城市近郊常受到城区污染物扩散和输送的影响,2010年7月21日至8月6日利用β射线颗粒物连续监测仪和黑碳仪对北京西北郊区PM2.5和黑碳气溶胶(BC)进行了连续观测。结果表明,北京西北郊区夏季PM2.5和BC的质量浓度分别是(133.16±81.64)、(2.89±1.62)μg/m3。受明显的山谷风的影响,来自观测点东南方的城区的气流使PM2.5和BC浓度升高,来自观测点西北方向的风则使PM2.5和BC浓度降低。受局地排放、区域输送和气象条件的共同影响,郊区的PM2.5和BC浓度表现出明显日变化特征,二者浓度在上午、傍晚和夜间显著上升。     

北京郊区夏季PM2.5和黑碳气溶胶的观测资料分析

城市近郊常受到城区污染物扩散和输送的影响,2010年7月21日至8月6日利用β射线颗粒物连续监测仪和黑碳仪对北京西北郊区PM25和黑碳气溶胶（BC）进行了连续观测。结果表明,北京西北郊区夏季PM25和BC的质量浓度分别是(13316±8164)、(289±162) μg/m3。受明显的山谷风的影响,来自观测点东南方的城区的气流使PM25和BC浓度升高,来自观测点西北方向的风则使PM25和BC浓度降低。受局地排放、区域输送和气象条件的共同影响,郊区的PM25和BC浓度表现出明显日变化特征,二者浓度在上午、傍晚和夜间显著上升。     

长春秋冬季大气黑碳气溶胶的特征分析

应用黑碳观测仪于2007年10月-2008年1月对长春市黑碳气溶胶进行了观测和分析。结果表明, 长春市秋冬季每小时平均黑碳浓度达16.042 μg·m-3, 最大值可达181.014 μg·m-3, 说明长春市的黑碳污染已达到很严重的程度; 冬季黑碳浓度高于秋季; 黑碳浓度具有明显的日变化特征, 一天有两个峰值, 分别在08:00~09:00和17:00~20:00; 近地层大气垂直温度梯度与黑碳浓度有很好的对应关系; 机动车尾气排放、 冬季采暖和工业用煤等造成了空气中较高的黑碳浓度; 经常出现的低层大气层结逆温更使得低层大气中的较高含量的黑碳不易扩散是冬季黑碳浓度高的原因之一。     

青藏高原黑碳气溶胶传输及沉降的季节特征模拟分析

根据全球气溶胶气候模式GEM-AQ/EC的1995~2004年模拟,分析了青藏高原大气黑碳气溶胶的来源、传输及沉降季节特征。研究表明:青藏高原黑碳气溶胶主要来自自由对流层和大气边界层的输送。相对于自由对流层的黑碳输送,紧邻青藏高原的南亚、东亚以及东南亚大气边界层的输送更有效,它形成了青藏高原由北向南、自西往东黑碳气溶胶浓度和沉降明显递增的基本分布形态。横跨欧亚大陆自由对流层的黑碳气溶胶由西向东向青藏高原的输送全年不变,夏季输送路径最北但强度最弱,冬季路径最南而强度最强。大气边界层黑碳气溶胶的输送受控于亚洲季风环流变化,来自南亚的黑碳气溶胶在春季越过孟加拉湾传输进入高原东南部,夏季则可翻越喜马拉雅山抵达青藏高原南部腹地;同时我国中部排放的黑碳气溶胶也在东亚夏季风向北扩展中驱动它从东向西往青藏高原东北部传输。从秋季到冬季,随着夏季风撤退,南亚黑碳源区向青藏高原传输衰退,东亚冬季风的反气旋性环流的南侧及西南侧的偏东风携带秋季我国东南部源区和冬季东南亚源区黑碳气溶胶向青藏高原东南部传输。受青藏高原明显的暖湿季和干冷季气候影响,干湿沉降分别主导了青藏高原冬季和夏季黑碳沉降,夏季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降总量大多超过8~10 kg·km-2,在高原东北部的最高值超过40 kg·km-2。冬季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降量最低,大部地区黑碳沉降低于5 kg·km-2。青藏高原黑碳沉降的冬夏季节相差约为2~8倍。     

山东惠民黑碳气溶胶变化特征及来源分析

利用山东惠民国家基准气候站2018年12月—2019年11月的黑碳质量浓度、常规气象观测资料以及 GDAS 数据,研究了该地区黑碳气溶胶的变化特征,并基于后向轨迹模型对其潜在源区进行了分析。研究结果表明: 1）观测期间,黑碳质量浓度平均值为 3.22 µg ? m-3,季节变化呈冬、春季高,夏、秋季低的特点;春、夏、秋季黑碳质量浓度的高频值在 2 µg ? m-3 以内,冬季的高频值在 6 µg ? m-3 以上。2）黑碳质量浓度日变化呈双峰结构,峰值分别出现在 06:00—08:00 和 19:00—21:00,谷值出现于 13:00—15:00。3）降雨和风对黑碳质量浓度有明显影响。非降雨期黑碳质量浓度是降雨期的 2.8 倍;当风速小于 3 m ? s-1 时,黑碳质量浓度随风速增大而减小;冬季在西南西方向、春季在正南方向过来的气团易造成黑碳质量浓度高污染。4）惠民气流输送的季节变化特征明显。春、秋、冬季来自鲁中、河北和苏北等周边地区的气流所占比例较高,对应黑碳质量浓度高值;夏季来自海洋方向的气流占比较高,对应的黑碳质量浓度较低。     

复杂地形城市冬季边界层气溶胶扩散和分布模拟

着眼于城市冬季气溶胶扩散特征问题,针对地形复杂的兰州市及周边地区,开发了WRF模式,使之与包含了大气气溶胶辐射效应和气溶胶粒子扩散的综合大气边界层数值模式嵌套,以模拟城市冬季边界层气溶胶的扩散和分布规律。通过一个个例的模拟结果分析,揭示了兰州冬季气溶胶的扩散分布的如下特征;市区盆地内100 m以下存在东、西两个浓度高值中心,中心值为0.6~3.0 mg.m-3,往上浓度递减,1000 m高度处仅为0.02 mg.m-3。受排放源强、源高、气象场等因素的共同影响,白天盆地内气溶胶浓度随高度和时间的变化强烈,白天浓度随时间最大变化幅度为1.0 mg.m-3。气溶胶输送扩散高度可达到600~800 m,此高度以上浓度值很小。代表性测点上模拟的气溶胶浓度廓线表明,中午浓度达到最高,垂直扩散最强。这些结果与以往的烟雾层高度观测和气溶胶光学厚度观测结果吻合。夜间,盆地内气溶胶浓度随高度和时间的变化减弱,气溶胶输送扩散高度在400~500m,夜间浓度随时间变化平均幅度为0.05 mg.m-3。     

北京PM1中的化学组成及其控制对策思考

通过分析北京城区2007年夏季和秋季、2008年冬季和春季4个季节PM₁中硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、有机物和黑碳等气溶胶化学组成,结合对我国及全球主要区域PM₁₀中上述气溶胶组分及矿物气溶胶组成的评估,发现因受干旱区产生的沙尘和城市逸散性粉尘的共同影响,整个亚洲大陆,尤其是我国的矿物气溶胶浓度与欧美国家城市区域气溶胶总和的平均值相当或更高。我国在重视控制PM_2.5等细粒子污染的同时,不应忽视对PM_2.5~PM₁₀之间粗粒子的控制力度;北京城区春、夏、秋、冬的PM₁平均质量浓度分别约为94,74,66 μg·m-3和91 μg·m-3,全年平均约为81 μg·m-3,其中有机物气溶胶约占41%,硫酸盐占16%,硝酸盐占13%,铵盐占8%,黑碳和氯化物分别占11%和3%,细矿物气溶胶约贡献7%。对于PM_2.5污染的控制,关键是消减PM₁中主要气溶胶粒子的排放与转化,其中对有机物的控制更为重要,尽管对于北京而言进一步污染控制的难度已经很大。从科学上来说,即使我国的控制措施能百分之百实现,也很难稳定地达到欧美国家的空气质量水平,因为我国本底矿物气溶胶的浓度较高。应进一步评估各项控制措施的适用性,并制定考虑我国人群健康状况的PM_2.5空气质量标准。     

北京乡村地区分粒径气溶胶OC及EC分析

利用北京上甸子区域大气本底站2004年观测的分粒径大气气溶胶资料,分析了气溶胶中有机碳 (OC) 及元素碳 (EC) 的质量浓度水平、季节变化、尺度分布特征、OC与EC比值及其相关性。结果显示:上甸子站总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP) 中OC平均质量浓度为7.5~31.5 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度为1.4~6.6 μg·m-3;PM_2.1(粒径小于2.1 μm) 中OC质量浓度为4.0~19.1 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度大约为0.8~4.3 μg·m-3。冬季OC及EC质量浓度明显高于其他季节,其中冬、夏、秋季OC及EC峰值粒径出现为0.65~2.1 μm,但在春季峰值粒径移至2.1~4.7 μm。观测期间,OC与EC质量浓度比值平均为4~6,该比值略高于文献报道的我国一些城市地区的观测结果。     

乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶污染特征初步研究

利用2010年2月乌鲁木齐大气成分观测站黒碳仪观测数据,结合散射系数及常规观测资料,对乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征进行了分析,并通过气流后向轨迹进行了来源分析。结果表明：(1)观测期间BC质量浓度日平均值为12707±4673 ng.m-3,浓度变化范围为4916~22997 ng.m-3,散射系数日均值为1086±561Mm-1,变化范围为350~2232 Mm-1。BC质量浓度和散射系数日均值变化趋势基本一致;(2)BC质量浓度日变化具有明显的峰值和谷值,峰值分别出现在9~11时和20~22时,谷值分别出现在4~6时和16~18时,散射系数与BC质量浓度日变化趋势基本一致,相对其有一定的滞后。春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对空气污染物浓度上升有明显作用,显著影响BC质量浓度日变化规律;(3)乌鲁木齐冬季大气层结稳定,污染物不易扩散,风速和降水对黑碳气溶胶浓度具有明显的稀释作用。在乌鲁木齐特殊的地形和气象条件下,本地源排放与来自周边城市群污染物输送的叠加使得污染更加严重。     

2008北京奥运会前后城区黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化特征

利用Model-5012型黑碳仪观测的大气中黑碳气溶胶的浓度资料,结合北京城区环保控制措施和气象资料,分析了2008北京奥运会前后和奥运会期间黑碳气溶胶浓度变化的主要影响因子。结果表明,7月20日前(北京城区无机动车单双号控制),大气中黑碳气溶胶的特征浓度为3.4μg.m-3;实施机动车单双号控制后至奥运会前(7月20日至8月7日),该特征值增加至3.9μg.m-3;奥运会期间[8月8日00时(北京时间,下同)至24日23时]城区黑碳气溶胶浓度有明显下降,为2.5μg.m-3,比奥运会前下降了31%。对同期气象观测数据的分析表明,奥运会期间北京周边降雨量明显增大,偏北风出现的频次也从奥运会前的24.1%提高至38.8%。另外,八达岭高速路健翔桥段的机动车监测数据显示,奥运会期间进、出北京的机动车流量有所降低,上下班高峰期机动车流量减少了约30%,这也是奥运会期间黑碳气溶胶浓度降低的重要原因。     

耦合气溶胶气候模式FGOALS-f3-L模拟青藏高原地区气溶胶特性

基于新耦合气溶胶气候模式FGOALS-f3-L模拟分析了2002-2011年青藏高原地区气溶胶时空分布特征.结果表明:青藏高原地区,沙尘,硫酸盐,碳质气溶胶(包括黑碳,有机碳和混合碳)地表质量浓度分别占比为53.6％,32.2％,14.2％;在拉萨站点,模拟的气溶胶地表质量浓度被低估,尤其是黑碳和有机碳气溶胶;模拟的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)时空分布与卫星观测结果较为一致,均方根误差和偏差分别为0.081和0.036;由于模式中沙尘排放参数化的不确定性,模式对AOD的模拟效果在夏季和秋季优于春季.     

Seasonal inhomogeneity of soot particles over the central Indo-Gangetic Plains,India: Influence of meteorology

Black carbon (BC) particles play a unique and important role in earth’s climate system. BC was measured (in-situ) in the central part of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) at Varanasi, which is a highly populated and polluted region due to its topography and extensive emission sources. The annual mean BC mass concentration was 8.92 ± 7.0 µg m ^-3, with 34% of samples exceeding the average value. Seasonally, BC was highest during the post-monsoon and winter periods (approximately 18 µg m ^-3) and lower in the premonsoon/ monsoon seasons (approximately 6 µg m ^-3). The highest frequency (approximately 46%) observed for BC mass was in the interval from 5 to 10 µg m ^-3. However, during the post-monsoon season, the most common values (approximately 23%) were between 20 and 25 µg m ^-3. The nighttime concentrations of BC were approximately twice as much as the daytime values because of lower boundary layer heights at nighttime. The Ångström exponent was significantly positively correlated (0.55) with ground-level BC concentrations, indicating the impact of BC on the columnar aerosol properties. The estimated mean absorption Ångström exponent was 1.02 ± 0.08 µg m ^-3, indicating that the major source of BC was from fossil fuel combustion. Significant negative correlations between BC mass and meteorological parameters indicate a pronounced effect of atmospheric dynamics on the BC mass in this region. The highest mean BC mass concentration (18.1 ± 6.9 µg m ^-3) as a function of wind speed was under calm wind conditions (38% of the time).     

Variation in black carbon mass concentration over an urban site in the eastern coastal plains of the Indian sub-continent

Black carbon (BC) mass concentration variation has been studied, over a period of 2 years (June 2010–May 2012) at Bhubaneswar. Daily, monthly and seasonal measurements revealed a clear winter maxima (5.6 μg/m³) of BC followed by post-monsoon (4.05 μg/m³), monsoon (3.02 μg/m³) and pre-monsoon (2.46 μg/m³). Nighttime BC mass concentrations have been found to be distinctly higher during winter followed by post-monsoon and monsoon. Investigations reveal that the winter maxima are due to a stable atmospheric condition and long-range transport over the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Western Asia. Local boundary layer dynamics and anthropogenic activities have been assumed to have a pronounced effect on the diurnal cycle seasonally. Statistical analysis suggests significant variation of BC during the months and non-significant during the days. The study also gives an insight into importance of BC study from health angle and suggests an assessment and management framework. Source apportionment study suggests that BC mass concentration observed at Bhubaneswar is generally dominated by fossil fuel combustion.     

Temporal variation and source identification of black carbon at Lin’an and Longfengshan regional background stations in China

Black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), associated with climate, weather, air quality, and people’s health. However, studies on temporal variation of atmospheric BC concentration at background stations in China and its source area identification are lacking. In this paper, we use 2-yr BC observations from two background stations, Lin’an (LAN) and Longfengshan (LFS), to perform the investigation. The results show that the mean diurnal variation of BC has two significant peaks at LAN while different characteristics are found in the BC variation at LFS, which are probably caused by the difference in emission source contributions. Seasonal variation of monthly BC shows double peaks at LAN but a single peak at LFS. The annual mean concentrations of BC at LAN and LFS decrease by 1.63 and 0.26 μg m^–3 from 2009 to 2010, respectively. The annual background concentration of BC at LAN is twice higher than that at LFS. The major source of the LAN BC is industrial emission while the source of the LFS BC is residential emission. Based on transport climatology on a 7-day timescale, LAN and LFS stations are sensitive to surface emissions respectively in belt or approximately circular area, which are dominated by summer monsoon or colder land air flows in Northwest China. In addition, we statistically analyze the BC source regions by using BC observation and FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulation. In summer, the source regions of BC are distributed in the northwest and south of LAN and the southwest of LFS. Low BC concentration is closely related to air mass from the sea. In winter, the source regions of BC are concentrated in the west and south of LAN and the northeast of the threshold area of s_tot at LFS. The cold air mass in the northwest plays an important role in the purification of atmospheric BC. On a yearly scale, sources of BC are approximately from five provinces in the northwest/southeast of LAN and the west of LFS. These findings are helpful in reducing BC emission and controlling air pollution.     

北京及周边地区2013年1—3月PM2.5变化特征

2013年1—3月北京及周边地区雾、霾高发,气候特征异于常年。利用2013年1—3月北京及周边地区6个地面观测站观测资料,研究PM_2.5和黑碳 (BC) 的质量浓度、区域分布特征及气象要素的影响情况。结果表明:北京及周边地区PM_2.5污染呈区域性高值、污染局地积累以及由南向北输送的特征。北京上甸子站在雾、霾与清洁期间BC与PM_2.5质量浓度的比值分别为7.1%和10.3%,雾、霾期间低于清洁期间;而河北固城站在雾、霾与清洁期间BC与PM_2.5质量浓度的比值分别为17.5%和11.9%,雾、霾期间明显高于清洁期间。二者相反的比值特征反映在清洁的下游地区雾、霾过程中二次生成的气溶胶所占比例较污染的上游地区偏高。     

Aerosol characteristics over the Tibetan Plateau simulated with a coupled aerosol–climate model (FGOALS-f3-L) 耦合气溶胶气候模式FGOALS-f3-L模拟青藏高原地区气溶胶特性

This study presents the simulated aerosol spatiotemporal characteristics over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) with a newly developed coupled aerosol–climate model (FGOALS-f3-L). The aerosol properties are simulated over the TP for the period 2002–11. The results indicate that soil dust, sulfate, and carbonaceous aerosols (black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and BC/OC) account for 53.6%, 32.2%, and 14.2% of the total aerosol mass over the TP, respectively. The simulated aerosol surface mass concentrations and aerosol optical depths (AODs) are evaluated with ground-based and satellite observations, respectively. Underestimations of the aerosol surface mass concentration are found at the Lhasa site, especially for BC and OC. The spatial distribution and interannual variation of AOD are consistent with MODIS observations, with the RMSE of 0.081 and bias of 0.036. Due to the uncertainty of the parameterization of dust emissions, the model's performance in summer and autumn is much better than that in spring.摘要基于新耦合气溶胶气候模式FGOALS-f3-L模拟分析了2002–2011年青藏高原地区气溶胶时空分布特征.结果表明:青藏高原地区, 沙尘,硫酸盐,碳质气溶胶 (包括黑碳,有机碳和混合碳) 地表质量浓度分别占比为53.6%, 32.2%, 14.2%;在拉萨站点, 模拟的气溶胶地表质量浓度被低估, 尤其是黑碳和有机碳气溶胶;模拟的气溶胶光学厚度 (AOD) 时空分布与卫星观测结果较为一致, 均方根误差和偏差分别为0.081和0.036;由于模式中沙尘排放参数化的不确定性, 模式对AOD的模拟效果在夏季和秋季优于春季     

Characterization of aerosol optical depth, aerosol mass concentration, UV irradiance and black carbon aerosols over Indo-Gangetic plains, India, during fog period

Every year during winter months (December?CJanuary) fog formation over Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of Indian region is believed to create numerous hazards. The present study addresses variations in aerosol optical properties, aerosol mass concentration and their impact on solar irradiance for pre-during-post fog conditions of December 2004 over IGP, India. Continuous measurements on aerosol optical depth (AOD), total aerosol mass concentration, black carbon (BC) aerosols, UV_ery and UVA were carried out for pre, during and post fog periods over study site of Allahabad, India, during December 2004 as a part of Aerosol Land Campaign-II conducted by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). High aerosol mass concentrations were observed during fog and post-fog periods. Accumulation mode particle loading was found to be high during pre-fog period and coarse mode particle loading was observed to be high during fog and post-fog periods. Considerable reduction in UV_ery and UVA irradiance was observed during fog period compared with pre and post-fog periods. Analysis of NOAA-HYSPLIT model runs suggested that enhanced biomass burning episodes down-wind to the study area increased the concentration of AOD and BC.     

Chemical effect of carbonaceous aerosols on the diurnal cycle of MBL ozone at a tropical site: measurements and simulations

During late austral summer and winter 1998, black carbon (BC) aerosols were monitored with an Aethalometer at 2 sites of La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean): Saint‐Denis, the main city and Sainte‐Rose, a quite uninhabited region situated at the east coast. BC concentration data at Saint‐Denis show a marked diurnal cycle, which may be primarily attributed to traffic. The background data found at night‐time display average BC concentrations, ranging from about 80 to 250 ng/m³ whereas during the day, BC concentrations increase by a factor of at least 4. In comparison, BC concentrations vary in the range of 10 to 60 ng/m³ at Sainte‐Rose. Ozone concentration was also measured at Saint‐Denis using a Dasibi photometer and found to be at significant levels (means: 16.5–23 ppbv in April and 28.5–34 ppbv in September). A noticeable increase of ozone concentrations during the day points out the build‐up of pollutants enhancing photochemical transformations. However, during traffic pollution peaks, ozone concentration displays systematic depletion. The comparison of ozone and BC measurements at both seasons points to some possible effects of heterogeneous interaction of ozone and its precursors with BC particles. These interactions were also simulated with a 0D time‐dependent chemistry model using conditions of a polluted site. The measured ozone concentration characteristics (mean concentration and range of variation) are well simulated in the presence of BC. Our model results show that at La Réunion Island adsorption of ozone and its precursors onto BC aerosol particles could be one of the important steps determining ozone concentration characteristics, especially in absence of photochemistry during night‐time.     

Seasonal variations of number size distributions and mass concentrations of atmospheric particles in Beijing

Particle number and mass concentrations were measured in Beijing during the winter and summer periods in 2003, together with some other parameters including black carbon (BC) and meteorological conditions. Particle mass concentrations exhibited low seasonality, and the ratio of PM2.5/PM10 in winter was higher than that in summer. Particle number size distribution (PSD) was characterized by four modes and exhibited low seasonality. BC was well correlated with the number and mass concentrations of accumulation and coarse particles, indicating these size particles are related to anthropogenic activities.Particle mass and number concentrations (except ultra-fine and nucleation particles) followed well the trends of 13C concentration for the majority of the day, indicating that most particles were associated with primary emissions. The diurnal number distributions of accumulation and coarse mode particles were characterized by two peaks.     

黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫全球分布的模拟研究

利用一个改进的辐射传输模式,结合全球气溶胶数据集（GADS）,计算晴空条件下冬夏两季黑碳气溶胶的直接辐射强迫在对流层顶和地面的全球分布。计算结果表明,与温室气体引起的整层大气都是正的辐射强迫不同,黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫在对流层顶为正值,而在地面的辐射强迫却是负值。作者从理论上解释了造成这种结果的原因。对北半球冬季和夏季而言,在对流层顶黑碳气溶胶的全球辐射强迫的平均值分别为0.085W/m2和0.155 W/m2,在地面则分别为-0.37 W/m2和-0.63 W/m2。虽然气溶胶的辐射强迫主要依赖于其本身的光学性质和在大气中的浓度,太阳高度角和地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫会产生很大的影响。研究指出:黑碳气溶胶在对流层顶正的辐射强迫和在地面负的辐射强迫的绝对值都随太阳天顶角的余弦和地表反照率的增加线性增大;地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的强度和分布都有重要影响。黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫分布具有明显的纬度变化特征,冬夏两季的大值区都位于30°N~90°N之间,表明人类活动是造成黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的主要原因。