太平洋海温场两种不同时间尺度气候模态的分析

利用经验正交函数分解、多元线性回归分析、小波分析和离散功率谱等方法,对太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和ENSO的关系进行研究,发现太平洋海温场中主要存在着PDO和ENSO两种气候模态.用线性回归分析方法对这两种模态进行分离,结果表明,去除ENSO信息后,太平洋海温变化的关键区出现于北太平洋中纬度地区,PDO的信号很明显;而去除PDO信息后,海温变化的关键区位于赤道中、东太平洋地区,ENSO的信号较明显,此时ENSO循环不具有年代际振荡的特征,表明PDO对ENSO的调制作用是ENSO事件具有年代际变化特征的重要原因.     

GFDL模式对太平洋海表面温度的年际和年代际变率的模拟评估

为评估美国地球物理流体动力学实验室(Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory,GFDL)模式CM3、ESM2M和ESM2G对太平洋海表面温度的年际和年代际变率的模拟能力,本文利用GFDL历史试验模拟结果和美国海洋大气局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)提供的扩展重建的海表温度(Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature,ERSST)资料,比较模式模拟和观测的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)和太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)的时空分布、周期及可预报性等。结果表明:三个模式均可以较好地模拟太平洋主要年际信号ENSO和年代际信号PDO,ESM2G对ENSO的模拟最好,CM3对PDO的模拟与观测更为接近。研究结果为进一步利用模式探讨ENSO和PDO的物理机制提供可能的参考。     

太平洋海平面变化特征及影响因素分析

采用经验模态分解法对太平洋沿岸验潮站的月平均海平面资料进行处理,结合T/P高度计资料、Church(2004)重构SSH资料、Ishii(2005)月均海温资料,研究太平洋海平面年际、年代际变化以及资料长度内海平面变化趋势。太平洋沿岸海平面总体呈上升趋势,平均上升速率为1.4 mm/a,趋势项分布有明显的区域性和纬度特征。ENSO对太平洋地区海平面年际变化有显著影响,海平面年际变化与Nino3指数在西(东)太平洋为负(正)相关,海平面年际变化与Nino3指数的相关性在热带太平洋最大,并随着纬度升高相关性减弱,且不同地区年际变化有滞后ENSO时间不等的最大相关。海平面年际变化与PDO指数在西(东)太平洋为负(正)相关,海平面与PDO的相关性分布有区域性和随时间演变特征。年代际变化对目前使用卫星高度计资料分析海平面长期趋势项的预测有直接影响,可能完全掩盖海平面长期变化趋势。     

赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率特征与ENSO循环

用美国马里兰大学提供的海洋同化(SODA)月平均资料,分析了赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率的演化特征,讨论了它们对ENSO循环的影响.结果指出,赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率具相似的ENSO模分布和演变过程,二者均以赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温显著的异常中心与赤道东太平洋表层海温异常中心显著反号为主要分布特征,其演变过程通过赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常中心沿海洋气候温跃层向东向上传播来完成.赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常年际变率决定了ENSO循环,年代际变率对ENSO循环也有重要影响,其影响主要在中太平洋, 造成ENSO模的年代际变化.当年代际变率处于正常状态时,ENSO循环基本上是东部型冷暖事件之间的转换;当年际和年代际变率位相相同时,ENSO事件强度将会加强和持续,并出现中部型ENSO事件;当二者位相相反时, ENSO事件强度将会减弱.     

太平洋年代际变化研究进展浅析

综述了近几年太平洋年代际变化形成机制或起因的7种代表性观点,对已有观点作了初步评述,并提出未来太平洋年代际变化研究应关注以下方面:太平洋年代际变化的多重模态及相应的多重机制,不同时空尺度海洋现象间的相互作用,南太平洋年代际变化及在全太平洋年代际变化中的作用,ENSO与PDO的预测,海洋环流的年代际变化及其对气候变化的作用,海洋热能、机械能的收支及转换等关键问题.     

南海海面高度变化及其与太平洋上涛动信号的关系

本文使用循环平稳经验正交函数(CSEOF)方法分析了南海海面高度(SCS-SSH)的时空变化模态,并对它们与太平洋海盆尺度振荡的关系进行了探讨分析。结果表明,SCS-SSH的第一个CSEOF模态是季节变化模态,其变化强度受到一个与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)有关的低频信号的调制,即在厄尔尼诺期间季节变化的幅度减弱(最大可降低30%,1997/98)而在拉尼娜期间季节变化增强。SCS-SSH的第二个CSEOF模态是年际-年代际尺度的低频变化模态,其空间模态的月与月之间的差异微弱,而时间模态和太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)指数高度相关。然后,我们使用独立成分分析(ICA)方法提取了太平洋中的五个主要振荡成分,并检验了它们对SCS-SSH变化的各自影响。分析表明,纯粹的ENSO模态(类似于太平洋东部型ENSO)对SCS-SSH的低频变化的影响比较微弱,而ENSO的红化模态(类似于太平洋中部型ENSO)对SCS-SSH的低频变化具有明显影响。由于ENSO的红化模态是PDO信号的一个主要成分,这一结果解释了为什么在影响SCS-SSH的低频变化上PDO比ENSO更重要。径向鞍型振荡模态、黑潮延伸体处的增温模态、以及赤道的降温模态也由ICA方法提取出来,但它们对SCS-SSH低频变异的影响微弱。进一步的分析表明,太平洋的涛动信号可能以不同的方式来影响南海海面高度变化和海表温度变化。     

热带太平洋气候变率的三类模态及与ENSO强度变化的关系

基于Kaplan等重建的1856—2001年全球海表水温距平(SSTA)资料，用小波变换分析了热带太平洋SSTA的气候变率，对热带太平洋SSTA分别进行2—8、8—30和30—100a带通滤波，然后进行EOF分解。结果发现，ENSO模态具有5a左右的年际变化和15a左右的年代际变化2种显著周期，当二者位相相同时，ENSO事件加强，当二者位相相反时，ENSO事件减弱，当年际变化不明显时，显著的年代际变化也可单独导致ENSO事件；热带太平洋SSTA气候态变率以西太平洋暖池和赤道两侧的热带中东太平洋明显海温同号异常为主要特征，具60a左右的周期，其相位变化与气候跃变及El Nifio事件的类型有密切联系；长期增温倾向加大了El Nifio事件的振幅。文章最后指出，ENSO事件强度变化是由年际、年代际和气候态等3类模态变率共同作用的结果，在ENSO预报模式中考虑并引入年代际和气候态变化对ENSO循环的影响，是提高ENSO预测水平的有效途径之一。     

PDO对夏季江淮地区雨量与太平洋海温年际相关的影响

研究了在太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)不同位相中夏季江淮地区降水与太平洋海温年际相关空间分布的差异,讨论了产生这种变化的可能的物理机制.结果表明,PDO冷暖位相中夏季江淮地区降水量与太平洋海温年际耦合振荡周期和强度均存在显著差异.PDO冷位相中, 夏季江淮地区降水与前期冬季西南太平洋和同期夏季黑潮区海温在7～8 a 时间尺度上的耦合最显著;而在PDO暖位相中,与这些地区海温呈现极显著的准2 a耦合振荡,并且与同期夏季赤道东太平洋地区海温的准2 a耦合振荡也迅速加强.西太平洋地区海温的耦合振荡作用区域是时间稳定的,而东太平洋地区海温的耦合振荡作用区域存在时变性.因此,PDO 对夏季江淮地区降水和太平洋海温年际耦合振荡的强度和周期的年代际变化有重要影响.     

太平洋年代际涛动对ENSO与华南冬季降水关系的可能影响

基于中国160站冬季降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及NOAA SST资料,本文分析了太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)不同位相时期ENSO事件对华南冬季降水影响的差异。结果表明:在PDO正位相时期,El Nio年华南冬季降水显著增加,而La Nia年华南冬季降水没有明显变化;在PDO负位相时期,El Nio年华南冬季降水增加虽然显著,但仅是PDO正位相时期的一半,而La Nia年华南冬季降水显著减少,这说明PDO对ENSO事件影响华南冬季降水具有调制作用,且El Nio(La Nia)事件对华南冬季降水的影响在PDO不同位相时期具有不对称性。前人研究指出,El Nio(La Nia)事件主要通过西北太平洋异常反气旋(气旋)影响华南冬季降水。本文分析发现,在PDO正位相时期,El Nio年西北太平洋异常反气旋北侧西南气流影响华南,造成降水增加,而La Nia年西北太平洋异常气旋位置向南推,对华南地区影响很小;在PDO负位相时期,El Nio年西北太平洋异常反气旋位置东移,对华南影响不大,而La Nia年华南地区基本为西北太平洋异常气旋北侧东北风异常所控制,从而使降水减少。由此可见,PDO不同位相时期El Nio(La Nia)事件影响华南冬季降水异常差异的主要原因是西北太平洋异常反气旋(气旋)的差异造成的。此外,源自孟加拉湾低槽南侧的西风水汽输送异常在PDO不同位相时期El Nio(La Nia)年份也存在非对称性的差异。     

热带太平洋海面高度年代际变化的研究

采用SODA海面高度(SSH)数据研究热带太平洋海域的年代际变化.结果表明,热带太平洋海面高度场存在与太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)时间过程基本一致的年代际变化,但是SSH异常的空间分布与SST异常的是不同的.热带海域年代际变化的典型空间分布:海面高度异常在热带海域存在东西方向的反向变化,在西太平洋只有1个变化中心,而在东太平洋形成2个对称于赤道的变化中心.热带太平洋海面高度的年代际变化有2个基本周期:13 a左右的周期和30 a以上时间尺度的气候转型周期.其中13 a周期的年代际变化与ENSO年际过程无关,是热带太平洋年代际变化的重要组成部分.由于数据时间长度的限制,气候转型的时间尺度还不明确,也不清楚其是否有明显的周期性.比较热带东西太平洋年代际变化的特征,可以发现以气候转型期的年代际信号在东西太平洋几乎是同时发生的,而13 a左右周期的年代际信号在赤道附近却存在自西向东方向的传播.     

Decadal variability in an OGCM Southern Ocean: Intrinsic modes,forced modes and metastable states

An ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is used to identify a Southern Ocean southeast Pacific intrinsic mode of low frequency variability. Using CORE data a comprehensive suite of experiments were carried out to elucidate excitation and amplification responses of this intrinsic mode to low frequency forcing (ENSO, SAM) and stochastic forcing due to high frequency winds. Subsurface anomalies were found to teleconnect the Pacific and Atlantic regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) thermocline. The Pacific region of the ACC is characterised by intrinsic baroclinic disturbances that respond to both SAM and ENSO, while the Atlantic sector of the ACC is sensitive to higher frequency winds that act to amplify thermocline anomalies propagating downstream from the Pacific. Non-stationary cluster analysis was used to identify the system’s dynamical regimes and characterise meta-stability, persistence and transitions between the respective states. This analysis reveals significant trends, indicating fundamental changes to the meta-stability of the ocean dynamics in response to changes in atmospheric forcing. Intrinsic variability in sea-ice concentration was found to be coupled to thermocline processes. Sea-ice variability localised in the Atlantic was most closely associated with high frequency weather forcing. The SAM was associated with a circumpolar sea-ice response whereas ENSO was found to be a major driver of sea-ice variability only in the Pacific. This simulation study identifies plausible mechanisms that determine the predictability of the Southern Ocean climate on multi-decadal timescales.     

Pacific Basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production

A review of oceanographic and climate data from the North Pacific and Bering Sea has revealed climate events that occur on two principal time scales: a) 2–7 years (i.e. El Niño Southern Oscillation, ENSO), and b) inter-decadal (i.e. Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO). The timing of ENSO events and of related oceanic changes at higher latitudes were examined. The frequency of ENSO was high in the 1980s. Evidence of ENSO forcing on ocean conditions in the North Pacific (Niño North conditions) showed ENSO events were more frequently observed along the West Coast than in the western Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and Eastern Bering Sea (EBS). Time series of catches for 30 region/species groups of salmon, and recruitment data for 29 groundfish and 5 non-salmonid pelagic species, were examined for evidence of a statistical relationship with any of the time scales associated with Niño North conditions or the PDO. Some flatfish stocks exhibited high autocorrelation in recruitment coupled with a significant step in recruitment in 1977 suggesting a relationship between PDO forcing and recruitment success. Five of the dominant gadid stocks (EBS and GOA Pacific cod, Pacific hake and EBS and GOA walleye pollock) exhibited low autocorrelation in recruitment. Of these, Pacific hake, GOA walleye pollock and GOA Pacific cod exhibited significantly higher incidence of strong year classes in years associated with Niño North conditions. These findings suggest that the PDO and ENSO may play an important role in governing year-class strength of several Northeast Pacific marine fish stocks.     

Decadal modes of sea surface salinity and the water cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean: The anomalous late 1990s

Limitations in sea surface salinity (SSS) observations and timescale separation methods have led to an incomplete picture of the mechanisms of SSS decadal variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean, where the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates. Little is known regarding the roles of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the large-scale SSS variability over the tropical basin. A self-organizing map (SOM) clustering analysis is performed on the intrinsic mode function (IMF) maps, which are decomposed from SSS and other hydrological fields by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), to extract their asymmetric features on decadal timescales over the tropical Pacific. For SSS, an anomalous pattern appeared during 1997 to 2004, a period referred to as the anomalous late 1990s, when strong freshening prevailed in large areas over the southwestern basin and moderate salinization occurred in the western equatorial Pacific. During this period, the precipitation and surface currents were simultaneously subjected to anomalous fluctuations: the precipitation dipole and zonal current divergence along the equator coincided with the SSS increase in the far western equatorial Pacific, while the weak zonal current convergence in the southwestern basin and large-scale southward meridional currents tended to induce SSS decreases there. The dominant decadal modes of SSS and sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific both resemble the NPGO but occur predominantly during the negative and positive NPGO phases, respectively. The similarities between the NPGO and Central Pacific ENSO (CP-ENSO) in their power spectra and associated spatial patterns in the tropics imply their dynamical links; the correspondence between the NPGO-like patterns during negative (positive) phases and the CP La Niña (CP El Niño) patterns for SSS is also discussed.     

苏北浅滩及长江口海域春季海表面温度长期升温机制分析

在1982—2016年,苏北浅滩及长江口海域春季海表面温度主要呈现出从南至北、从近岸至离岸升温趋势逐渐减小的特征,其中长江口附近海域升温速率最大。研究显示,苏北浅滩及长江口附近海域春季海表面温度的长期升温趋势主要与该海域经向热输送及长江平流热输送的增强有关。进一步的研究发现,春季经向风速的增强导致该海域经向热输送的增加,而春季经向风速的年际及年代际变率又受到太平洋年代际振荡、北极涛动的调控,其中,太平洋年代际振荡指数与经向风速呈负相关,北极涛动指数与经向风速呈正相关,北极涛动指数的年际增加以及太平洋年代际振荡指数的年际降低使得春季南风增强,进而南向的冷平流减弱,北向的热平流增强,使该海域春季海表面温度长期升温。在此过程中,净热通量对其升温过程起到抑制作用,而前冬海温主要是对春季海表面温度的年代际振荡产生重要影响,其主要体现为1982—1999年的升温及2000—2016年的降温过程。     

The coastal ocean off Oregon from 1961 to 2000: is there evidence of climate change or only of Los Niños?

A zonal hydrographic section along 44.65°N, from the coast of Oregon to 300 km offshore, was occupied regularly (at least seasonally) from 1961 to 1971 and then sporadically until recently. Regular monitoring of this section to 160 km offshore resumed in July 1997 as part of the GLOBEC Long Term Observational Program; the recent data provide observations in Oregon coastal waters of El Niño 1997–98 and La Niña conditions that followed. The complete seasonal data from the decade 1961–1971 provide a basis for comparison with the recent temperature and salinity sections, steric height profiles, geostrophic velocity, and water mass characteristics. These data, and sporadic observations in intervening years, allow us to compare conditions during several ENSO events with the recent event and to search for evidence of climate change. The PFEL Coastal Upwelling Index, sea level from the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center, the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and outflow from the Columbia River are used to distinguish local and remote causes of variability in physical oceanographic conditions off Oregon. The sequence of El Niño/La Niña/El Niño in 1963–66, during a cool phase of PDO, provides a comparison to El Niño/La Niña of 1997–2000. El Niño in 1982–83 and 1997–98, during a warm phase of PDO, caused the largest oceanographic anomalies in the 40 years. The comparison indicates warming of the coastal ocean off Oregon and suggests a modulation of ENSO effects by PDO. Such modulation would mask evidence for secular climate change in our 40-year oceanographic data series.