一种近海底质类型图生成的非参数方法

近海底质类型图在近海工程和经济活动中有着广泛的应用价值。针对传统制图方法中存在的问题,本文提出了一种基于非参数指示Kriging的底质类型图生成方法。该方法能够有效地规避制图过程中的主观性,且对取样数据的平稳性和统计分布没有特殊要求,并能对制图结果的不确定性进行定量评价。该方法在连云港南部海域的应用实践表明,在相同的条件下,该方法可获得比传统方法更为精确地的制图结果,具有一定的实用价值。     

海洋底质类型图矢量化智能制作技术研究

海洋底质类型图是海洋学研究重要的基础图件之一。针对现有海洋底质类型图制作方法存在的问题,本文利用随机森林算法,对作图数据网格点处的底质类型进行预测,并基于ArcGIS矢量操作功能改进了底质类型面要素生成与平滑方法,解决了常规成图方法存在的锯齿状边界、后期修改不方便等问题,开发了海洋底质类型图矢量化智能制作技术。利用渤海区域沉积物粒度数据开展应用试验,结果表明,在缺乏沉积物组分信息的情况下,该方法可以获得较好的制图结果,具有一定的实用价值,是对传统底质类型图制作方法的补充与改进。     

海图制图综合研究的历史、现状和发展趋势

海图制图综合是海图学的基本理论和方法之一,是海图编制的核心问题。不论在理论上还是实践中,它都占有及其重要的地位。可以说,海图制图综合贯穿于整个海图编制的全过程。如果没有科学的海图制图综合,就无法制作出高质量的海图。随着科学技术的迅猛发展以及计算机科学、系统科学和信息科学等学科在测绘领域的渗透和应用,产生了地图信息论、地图模式论、地图感受论等一些新理论和方法以及计算机制图新技术。这无疑将使传统的制图综合理论和方法受到冲击。特别是海图数据库系统和地理信息系统的应用与发展,对海图制图综合的研究提出了与现代制图新理论、新     

海图制图的概念及研究内容

针对当前在作为海洋测绘学分支学科的海图制图研究中存在的概念内涵过窄、研究内容表述不够完整等问题,采用分析、归纳、比较的研究方法,论证了海图制图学科与海洋测绘学科的从属关系;阐明了海图制图概念的科学内涵,即研究海图及其编制、出版、更新和应用等的理论、技术和方法;明确了海图制图研究的主要内容,具体包括海图发展史、海图分类、海图内容、海图编制、海图出版、海图更新、海图应用和海图标准化等方面,并较为系统、全面地对研究内容的各个方面进行了论述。可为海图制图学科的研究和发展提供重要理论参考。     

基于ArcGIS的推荐航线专题制图方法研究

通过研究地理信息系统软件实现推荐航线的规划和海图专题图制作的方法,基于ArcGIS软件完成在不同比例尺海图基础上的航线数据采集及规划,利用COGO功能模块完成航向、航程等专题信息数据获取;使用字段计算功能和编写脚本程序完成智能化注记,实现专题信息的制图表达。实际应用表明,该方法能高效完成航线规划,提高制图效率。     

合理基准变换改进海图水深精度的方法研究

在海图深度基准面不一致的情况下,使用制图资料标绘新海图图载水深数字,或者由海图确定实际水深数值时,需要准确把握制图资料、新旧海图和潮汐起算面的深度基准关系。通过分析现有海图深度基准存在的问题,对不同海图深度基准面之间的关系及其数值的查实与确定进行了研究,并针对海图深度基准面实际应用和研究的状况,提出了合理基准变换改算水深数据的方法。实际应用表明,该方法可将图载水深改算到同一深度基准面,对于改进海图水深数据精度具有积极意义。     

基于ArcInfo的海图等高线自动制图综合研究

等高线制图综合是海图生产中工作量比重较大的一项工作,通常采用人工处理的方式,效率较低,影响成图速度。根据海图等高线制图综合特点,利用ArcInfo系统相关功能,研究提出了一套相对较好的等高线自动制图综合方法,并在实际作图过程中得到了较好的应用,提高了海图生产效率。     

陆海一体化基础地理信息产品研制关键技术

为提升陆海地理信息一体化应用能力,在深入分析陆海统筹测绘地理工作现状和新形势下陆海一体化规划、管理、保护等应用需求的基础上,提出以陆海一体化产品模型设计、陆海地理信息集成优化、重要要素信息更新、产品规范制图表达为主线的总体研究思路,研发了陆海地理信息一体化集成、面向工程的海洋要素综合采集、图库一体化制图表达等主体技术方法,用于研制三亚市海岸带陆海一体化基础地理信息产品。结果表明：该方法有效解决了陆海数据整合集成、更新优化、统一表达等关键技术难题,实现了陆海一体化地理信息产品快速研制和精确制图,研究成果能够在海岸带生态保护修复、国土空间规划、自然资源管理等方面发挥重要作用,并为陆海统筹地理信息资源建设及相关工作提供参考。     

我国海洋专题制图的发展与问题分析

简要介绍了地图、海洋地图、海洋专题地图的概念,以及海洋地图的分类;重点介绍了国内外海洋专题地图的发展情况,分析了目前我国海洋专题制图工作中存在的主要问题,结合现今技术发展趋势和应用需求,提出了开展基于数据库的专题制图技术研究和应用、制定和发布权威的专题制图规范、提高专题图的设计水平、丰富专题海图品种等海洋专题制图的发展建议。     

海图数据库系统的制图综合功能

海图数据库是海图生产自动化和GIS等应用系统的基础,其性能直接影响到这些应用系统的开发和使用的可能性及便利程度。遗憾的是目前一般是把海图数据库系统的功能局限在数据的采集、存贮、提取以及图形的原样回放上,而没有顾及不同用户对数据量和图形化简的不同要求,这无疑降低了数据库系统的潜在价值。 本文首先论述了海图数据库系统需要拥有制图综合功能的几种情况,然后结合海图制图特点,简要分析海图数据库系统中制图综合功能的实现方式及与制图综合功能模块有关的一些问题。     

沉积物粒度组分空间预测的神经网络残余kriging方法

针对近海表层沉积物粒度组分空间变异的尺度差异性,提出了基于广义回归神经网络残余kriging的沉积物粒度组分空间预测方法,并以海州湾沉积物粒度数据为基础,分析了其在沉积物粒度组分空间预测和底质类型制图中的应用效果。结果表明,广义回归神经网络残余kriging方法能够获得比普通kriging方法更高的沉积物粒度组分空间预测精度,并且其底质类型的总体空间预测精度达到85%以上,相应的Kappa系数也在0.8以上,显示底质制图的预测类型与样本的实测类型具有较高的一致性。新方法对于开展定量化的沉积物粒度组分空间预测和底质类型制图具有参考价值。     

基于对数比转换方法的沉积物粒级组分空间预测与底质类型制图

以废黄河三角洲表层粒度分析数据为基础,探讨了对数比转换和kriging插值相结合方法在沉积物粒级组分空间预测和底质类型制图中的应用。结果表明,基于沉积物粒级组分原始数据的kriging预测方法难以保证各组分预测结果的非负和定和要求,因而预测结果的可信度低;而对数比转换kriging方法不但满足非负和定和要求,而且还有着更优的组分预测结果和较高的底质类型制图精度。新方法对于开展定量化的沉积物粒级组分预测和底质类型制图具有参考价值。     

基于FCM方法的黄河水下三角洲沉积动力环境分区

客观定量地确定沉积动力环境分区是理解区域沉积动力过程的重要基础。本文以黄河水下三角洲表层沉积物的粒度分析数据为基础,运用模糊c均值聚类（FCM）等方法对该区域的沉积动力环境进行了分类、识别、分区及制图表达。结果表明,研究区域的沉积动力环境可分为3个类别,分别代表了冲刷、冲淤混合和淤积3类不同形式的沉积动力环境。各类别沉积动力环境的隶属度分布图具有指示其在不同空间位置处出现的可能性大小及其优势分布区的作用,而由模糊隶属度值生成的沉积动力环境分区图也与研究区域实际的沉积动力空间格局有着较高的吻合度,表明制图结果是合理和有效的。研究结果可为黄河三角洲滨海区地貌演变趋势分析和海岸防护提供重要的参考价值。     

Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with GIS in the Caloosahatchee Estuary: Evaluation of Different Interpolation Methods

This article evaluates different spatial interpolation methods for mapping submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida. Data used for interpolation were collected by the Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Early Warning System (SAVEWS). The system consists of hydro-acoustic equipment, which operates from a slow-moving boat and records bottom depth, seagrass height, and seagrass density. This information is coupled with geographic location coordinates from a Global Positioning System (GPS) and stored together in digital files, representing SAV status at points along transect lines. Adequate spatial interpolation is needed to present the SAV information, including density, height, and water depth, as spatially continuous data for mapping and for comparison between seasons and years. Interpolation methods examined in this study include ordinary kriging with five different semivariance models combined with a variable number of neighboring points, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method with different parameters, and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) method with linear and quintic options. Interpolation results were compared with survey data at selected calibration transects to examine the suitability of different interpolation methods. Suitability was quantified by the determination coefficient (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between interpolated and observed values. The most suitable interpolation method was identified as the one yielding the highest R2 value and/or the lowest RMSE value. For different geographic conditions, seasons, and SAV parameters, different interpolation methods were recommended. This study identified that kriging was more suitable than the IDW or TIN method for spatial interpolation of all SAV parameters measured. It also suggested that transect data with irregular spatial distribution patterns such as SAV parameters are sensitive to interpolation methods. An inappropriate interpolation method such as TIN can lead to erroneous spatial representation of the SAV status. With a functional geographic system and adequate computing power, the evaluation and selection of interpolation methods can be automated and quantitative, leading to a more efficient and accurate decision.     

Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with GIS in the Caloosahatchee Estuary: Evaluation of Different Interpolation Methods

This article evaluates different spatial interpolation methods for mapping submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida. Data used for interpolation were collected by the Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Early Warning System (SAVEWS). The system consists of hydro-acoustic equipment, which operates from a slow-moving boat and records bottom depth, seagrass height, and seagrass density. This information is coupled with geographic location coordinates from a Global Positioning System (GPS) and stored together in digital files, representing SAV status at points along transect lines. Adequate spatial interpolation is needed to present the SAV information, including density, height, and water depth, as spatially continuous data for mapping and for comparison between seasons and years. Interpolation methods examined in this study include ordinary kriging with five different semivariance models combined with a variable number of neighboring points, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method with different parameters, and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) method with linear and quintic options. Interpolation results were compared with survey data at selected calibration transects to examine the suitability of different interpolation methods. Suitability was quantified by the determination coefficient (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between interpolated and observed values. The most suitable interpolation method was identified as the one yielding the highest R2 value and/or the lowest RMSE value. For different geographic conditions, seasons, and SAV parameters, different interpolation methods were recommended. This study identified that kriging was more suitable than the IDW or TIN method for spatial interpolation of all SAV parameters measured. It also suggested that transect data with irregular spatial distribution patterns such as SAV parameters are sensitive to interpolation methods. An inappropriate interpolation method such as TIN can lead to erroneous spatial representation of the SAV status. With a functional geographic system and adequate computing power, the evaluation and selection of interpolation methods can be automated and quantitative, leading to a more efficient and accurate decision.     

基于多维度声学特征优选的多波束海底底质分类

海底表层底质分布信息的准确获取在构建海洋基础地理数据库中发挥着重要作用。目前,多波束是实现大范围海底底质分类的有效手段之一,基于多波束测深和反向散射强度数据所派生的声学特征被广泛应用于底质分类建模。然而,随着特征维度的增加,特征空间中存在的无关和冗余特征严重影响底质分类精度。为了定量评估声学特征对底质类别的表征能力,并消除无效特征对分类结果的干扰,本文提出了基于多维度声学特征优选的海底底质分类方法。首先,结合实际底质样本的物理属性对多维特征进行排序和优选,排除冗余和无关特征。其次,分别应用支持向量机、随机森林和深度信念网络构建海底底质监督分类模型。通过利用爱尔兰海南部多波束调查数据和实地取样信息进行试验,结果表明提出方法对海底底质的总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别最高达到了86.20%和0.834,相较于主成分分析和熵指标特征选择方法有明显提高,突出了该方法在海底底质探测及制图的应用潜力。     

基于粒度插值计算的底质划界与表示方法研究

针对传统海洋底质几何划界方法精度不足和表示方法单一的问题,提出一种基于站点粒度数据进行Delaunay三角网插值计算的底质划界方法,利用底质分类阈值进行区域定性,实现底质的空间定量划界;针对底质划界结果,提出一种应用于不同比例尺下的底质符号(线状和面状)表示方法,并且设计与比例尺相衔接的显示机制。实验表明,该划界方法可以反映底质的客观分布,效率更快、精度较高;该表示方法较传统方法体系更加完善,即体现底质类型之间的差异性,又体现类型之间的过渡性。     

海洋表层沉积物类型分布图绘制方法研究

介绍一种绘制海洋沉积物类型分布图的新方法.假定构成海洋沉积物粒度(砂、粉砂和粘土)的比例数值在海床分布呈线性或非线性渐变过程.在绘图海域内,“无缝”加密设置有限个插值点,避开不易操作的类型插值问题.利用已知采样点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,直接采用数值方法单因子插值,根据每个插值点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,按...     

Wave field mapping with particle image velocimetry

A number of different methods for the 3D measurement of the water surface in wave fields have been proposed in the literature, based mostly on refraction, photogrammetry and/or reflected light intensity. Although these methods can map the distorted water surface, they appear to be difficult in practical applications in hydraulic engineering laboratories. A novel wave mapping technique using particle image velocimetry to measure surface flow velocities, and linear wave theory to determine wave heights from the measured velocities, has been developed and validated for regular waves. The method allows for the mapping even of complex wave fields with simple means and appears robust enough for application in the laboratory.