浙江长兴地区长兴组放射虫化石及其指相意义

浙江省长兴地区的长兴组煤山剖面一直作为中国乃至世界研究二叠系-三叠系界线的经典剖面之一。在该剖面,长兴组主要由灰黑、黑色碳酸盐组成,厚度约为30-45m。依据沉积岩性特征大致可划分上下2段:下段以灰黑或黑色的纹层状粒泥岩和泥粒岩为主,厚度约13m;上段由薄一中层状灰黑或黑色泥粒岩和粒泥岩组成,其中夹有极薄层的黑色钙质泥岩或泥岩和细条带状或透镜状硅质岩,厚27m左右。     

黔桂地区深水相二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土岩研究

对贵州断杉、纳水以及广西柳桥3条深水相剖面上的二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土岩的研究结果表明,在断杉、柳桥剖面黏土岩中的黏土矿物主要由伊-蒙混层、蒙脱石和高岭石组成,碎屑物质中存在六方双锥石英、锆石等与火山活动有关的矿物;在纳水剖面黏土岩中未发现与火山活动有关的迹象.由此可知华南大部分地区在晚二叠世曾受强烈的火山作用影响,但也有少部分深水相地区未受影响或影响很小.同是深水相P-T界线剖面附近的黏土岩以及同一剖面不同层位的黏土岩中的黏土矿物和碎屑物质存在较大的差异,其原因可能是与火山作用的强弱、离火山活动中心的远近以及所处地理位置有关.     

广西东攀P-T界线深水相剖面与煤山剖面地层学对比

从放射虫生物地层学、黏土矿物事件地层学和有机碳同位素地层学方面对广西柳桥地区东攀二叠系-三叠系深水相剖面进行了研究,并与浙江煤山剖面(GSSP)同期地层进行了对比.结果表明,东攀剖面上二叠系-三叠系界线处与煤山剖面具有较好的可比性:①东攀剖面放射虫A.yaoi带可以与煤山剖面的Clarkina changxingensis-C.postwangi-C.postsubcarinata-C.deflecta组合带对比;②两剖面都具有性质相似、延伸稳定的界线黏土岩;③在两剖面界线黏土岩中,有机碳同位素组成都发生了巨减.     

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面长兴阶牙形刺分带及有机碳同位素的变化

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面出露完好,原始沉积连续,由乐平统龙潭组保安段灰黑色硅质岩、大隆组黑色硅质岩—硅质泥岩和下三叠统大冶组黑灰色泥岩以及泥岩夹灰岩组成,为介于典型浅水碳酸盐岩型与深海硅质岩型二叠系/三叠系界线剖面之间的半深海剖面。长兴阶可划分为Clarkinasubcarinata—Clarkinawangi及Clarkinachangxingensis两个牙形刺带。后者又可划分为3个亚带,自下而上依次为Clarkinachangxingensischangxingensis—Clarkinadeflecta亚带、Clarkinameishanensis亚带及Waning—Clarkina亚带,完全可以与二叠系/三叠系界线的全球层型剖面与点进行对比。另外,二叠纪末牙形刺的生态演化呈阶段性绝灭模式;有机碳同位素值在二叠纪/三叠系界线处出现明显的负偏移,指示了二叠纪/三叠纪之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加。     

黔南克脚二叠纪末生物群特征及其地质意义

贵州惠水克脚剖面是南盘江盆地北缘二叠系-三叠系界线剖面,地层连续,产不同门类的化石,对古生代-中生代之交黔南古地理和生物演化研究具有重要意义。剖面主要包括上二叠统大隆组和下三叠统大冶组下部。大隆组岩性主要为硅质泥岩、钙质泥岩和炭质页岩,夹火山灰黏土岩与薄层硅质灰岩,泥岩发育水平层理。大隆组主要产游泳生物菊石、浮游生物放射虫,另外产小个体腕足类、双壳类和腹足类等,少数层位含植物化石。大冶组下部主要为薄层泥质灰岩夹钙质泥岩。通过岩性、古生物组合、沉积构造等分析,认为本剖面在二叠纪末为离古陆较近的深水沉积。     

福建雁石二叠—三叠系界线地层及动物群

雁石二叠—三叠系界线地层及动物群可作为碎屑岩沉积区的代表性剖面来研究。首次发现和研究了本剖面的粘土岩层,鉴定为伊利石—蒙脱石粘土岩,它能和广布华南的界线粘土岩层对比,并与当时的火山活动有关。界线附近较丰富的动物群的采集及地球化学特征的测试,提高了界级划分精度,揭示生物更替规律,证明两系之间为整合的接触关系。     

四川宣汉盘龙洞上二叠统长兴组沉积相与岩石地层精细划分

盘龙洞剖面长兴组与普光气田同属于川东北的碳酸盐台地边缘相礁滩相层序,其岩石地层和沉积相研究结果对于认识普光气田、龙岗气田的储层发育和分布规律具有很好的参考作用。根据对薄片的仔细观察分析以及对相关地层的认识,对剖面长兴组的结晶白云岩地层进行了原岩恢复。根据古生物面貌及岩石组构特征,将盘龙洞剖面长兴组自下而上划分四段:下生屑岩段、礁灰岩段、上生屑岩段、微生物岩段。下生屑岩段包括了下部含小型有孔虫的深水陆棚相泥晶灰岩、以及上部含腕足类和棘皮类的浅水陆棚相生屑泥粒岩。礁灰岩段厚达108m,由海绵骨架岩和障积岩组成。上生屑岩段厚约45.3m,已经白云石化为细晶白云岩,导致前人往往误划分为蒸发台地相。仔细观察后仍然可以进行原岩恢复,主要由生屑泥粒岩、粒泥岩组成,含棘皮类、有孔虫、粗枝藻、等组成的群落。微生物岩段厚约8.7m,不仅地层以不规则薄层状为特征,而且含有特征的微生物群落。与普光6井、湖北利川见天坝长兴组剖面对比后发现,它们有相似的沉积层序:下部的深水相灰岩、中部的生物礁岩、上部的开阔台地相或相似环境的生屑灰岩。这应代表台缘礁滩相带的典型层序,可作为认识台缘礁滩相储层的基础。前人研究未能识别长兴组顶部的微生物岩段。这直接导致了二叠系—三叠系界线的无法正确确定。本文提出可以把微生物岩段作为一个岩石地层单位对待,可以作为确定二叠系—三叠系界线的标志层,把界线放在微生物岩段的中部。     

广西柳桥地区上二叠统礁灰岩中发现沥青

研究区位于广西扶绥县东门镇和柳桥镇之间,主要分布上二叠统和下三叠统地层.上二叠统包括合山组、上二叠统礁灰岩和大隆组.下三叠统罗楼组由泥岩和灰岩组成.大隆组主要为放射虫硅质岩和泥岩,含有丰富的放射虫、有孔虫、介形虫、菌藻类、腕足类、菊石类和双壳类化石,是好的烃源岩层.礁灰岩具有大量裂隙和孔洞,是好的储集层.在柳桥地区东攀剖面、岜陇剖面和岜料剖面,礁灰岩裂隙和孔洞普遍被沥青充填.研究区上二叠统礁灰岩是值得注意的油气勘探远景区.     

扬子台区二叠-三叠系界线层综合地层学研究

华南二叠－三叠系界线研究一直在地学界备受瞩目．目前被广泛接受的界线标准化石为牙形石Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｐａｒｖｕｓ,该化石的首现位置被定义为二叠－三叠系界线层型剖面点．然而在全球研究精度最高的４个候选层型剖面中,生物地层单位的对比问题尚存在分歧,从而影响了区域高精度地层对比框架的建立．在扬子台区丰富的资料及大量二叠－三叠系界线剖面进一步研究的基础上,发现许多剖面上二叠－三叠系界线处具有相似的岩石地层特征．其基本结构为粘土岩层、灰岩或泥灰岩层及粘土岩层沉积组合．从综合地层学角度的研究表明：该套沉积组合（界线层）在岩性特征、生物群总体面貌以及其他事件标志（如同位素年龄、磁性地层、地球化学特征等）上具有一定的对比意义．认为界线层应该是等时的地层单位,是扬子台区二叠－三叠系界线处重要的标志层组,并对这套地层进行了区域性对比．这套地层的发现大大提高了扬子台区二叠－三叠系界线处地层的对比精度．     

黔西滇东地区浅海、滨海及海陆交互相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

对黔西滇东地区的贵州普定高窝、贵州六枝中寨和云南宣威密德3条剖面二叠系三叠系界线附近粘土岩的大山物源成因和界线地质意义进行研究发现:在界线粘土岩中，其主要粘土矿物均为伊／蒙混层矿物，见少量高岭石、伊利石或绿泥石；碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英、锆石、长石等与火山活动有关的物质。推断该地区在晚二叠世晚期早三叠世早期至少经历一至两次强烈的火山作用，并且有多个火山喷发源。界线粘土岩中火山物质的富集与贫乏可能与剖面离火山喷发源的远近有关。粘土岩物源物质的成因均为火山喷发，火山灰伴随正常沉积物沉积而形成即凝灰沉积而形成，与华南大部分地区二叠系三叠系界线粘土岩的物源成因是一致的。     

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区二叠系与三叠系之交的淹没不整合面

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区在晚二叠世长兴晚期发生快速海侵,导致了第I幕淹没事件,研究区内的连陆台地大部分被淹没,形成大隆组硅质泥页岩系凝缩段地层和其下相对局限发育的第I幕淹没不整合面;在早三叠世印度初期发生更大规模的快速海侵,导致更大的第Ⅱ幕淹没事件,研究区内的连陆台地和孤立台地均被淹没,形成罗楼组、马脚岭组等同时异相沉积地层底部的钙质泥页岩系凝缩段地层和其下全区普遍发育的较为典型的第Ⅱ幕淹没不整合面。这两幕淹没不整合面合称二叠系与三叠系之交的淹没不整合面,它们是三级层序SQ₂₆的底界面,具有明显的穿时性;凝缩段是它们的主要标志。中二叠世冷坞末期和晚二叠世吴家坪末期的两幕东吴运动导致的研究区古地理背景的重大改变对淹没不整合面的发育有重要的影响。淹没不整合面的形成与二叠纪末期发生的全球淹没事件基本同步,是全球海平面急剧上升的结果,它对研究区的石油勘探具有积极的地质意义。     

Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the mid- to upper Palaeozoic succession in Northwest Peninsular Malaysia

The stratigraphy of the Devonian to Permian succession in Northwest Peninsular Malaysia is revised. The Timah Tasoh Formation consists of black mudstone containing graptolites and tentaculitids indicating a Pragian or earliest Emsian age. The Sanai Limestone overlies the Timah Tasoh Formation at Sanai Hill B and contains conodonts indicating a Late Devonian (Frasnian to possibly early Famennian) age. In other places, Late Tournaisian chert of the Telaga Jatoh Formation overlies the Timah Tasoh Formation. The overlying Kubang Pasu Formation is predominantly composed of mudstone and sandstone, and can be divided into 3 subunits, from oldest to youngest: (1) Chepor Member; (2) Undifferentiated Kubang Pasu Formation; (3) Uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation. The ammonoid Praedaraelites tuntungensis sp. nov. is reported and described from the Chepor Member of Bukit Tuntung, Pauh. The genus indicates a Late Viséan age for part of the subunit. Dropstones and diamictites from the Chepor Member indicate a glacial marine depositional environment. The Carbo-Permian, undifferentiated Kubang Pasu Formation consists of similar interbedded mudstone and sandstone. The uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation of Kungurian age consists of coarsening upward cycles of clastics, representing a shallow marine, wave- and storm-influenced shoreline. The Permian Chuping Limestone also represents shallow marine, wave- and storm-influenced deposits. A Mid-Palaeozoic Unconformity separating Early–Late Devonian rocks from overlying Late Devonian–Carboniferous deposits probably marks initiation of rifting on Sibumasu, which eventually led to the separation of Sibumasu from Australian Gondwana during the late Sakmarian (Early Permian).     

Facies analysis of the Semanggol Formation,South Kedah,Malaysia: A possible Permian–Triassic boundary section

Although the Permian–Triassic Semanggol Formation is widely distributed in northwestern Peninsula Malaysia and is made of various lithofacies, its sedimentology and possible relation with the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) were not considered before. In this study, detailed facies analysis was conducted for two sections of the Semanggol Formation at the Bukit Kukus and Baling areas, South Kedah to clarify its sedimentology and relation to the PTB. Four facies from the Permian part of the Semanggol Formation that were identified at the Bukit Kukus section include laminated black mudstone, interbedded mudstone and sandstone, volcanogenic sediments, and bedded chert. In Baling area, the Triassic part of the formation is classified into three members. The lower member comprises of claystone and bedded chert facies, while the middle member is composed of sandstone and claystone interbeds (rhythmite). On the other hand, the upper member is grouped into two main units. The lower unit is mainly claystone and includes two facies: the varve-like laminated silt and clay and massive black claystone. The upper unit is composed of various sandstone lithofacies ranging from hummocky cross stratified (HCS) sandstone to thinly laminated sandstone to burrowed sandstone facies. The HCS sandstones occur as two units of fine-grained poorly sorted sandstone with clay lenses as flaser structure and are separated by a hard iron crust. They also show coarse grains of lag deposits at their bases. The laminated black mudstone at the lowermost part of the Semanggol Formation represents a reducing and quite conditions, which is most probably below the fairweather wave base in offshore environment that changed upwards into a fining upward sequence of tide environment. Abundance of chert beds in the volcanogenic sediments suggests the deposition of tuffs and volcanic ashes in deep marine setting which continues to form the Permian pelagic bedded chert and claystone. The bedded chert in the lower member of the Triassic section suggests its formation in deep marine conditions. The rhythmic sandstone and claystone interbeds of the middle member are suggestive for its formation as a distal fan of a turbidite sequence. Lithology and primary sedimentary structure of the upper member suggest its deposition in environments range from deep marine represented by the varve-like laminated silt and clay to subtidal environment corresponds to the massive black claystone to coastal environment represented by the hummocky sandstone units and reaches the maximum regression at the hiatus surface. Another cycle of transgression can be indicated from the second hummocky unit with transgressive lag deposits that develops to relatively deeper conditions as indicated from the formation of relatively thick laminated sandstone and bioturbated massive sandstone facies that represent tidal and subtidal environment, respectively. Late Permian lithological variation from the radiolarian chert into early Triassic claystone probably resulted from a decrease in productivity of radiolarians and might represent a PTB in the Semanggol Formation. Volcanogenic sediments in the studied section can be used as an evidence for volcanic activities at the end of the Permian, which is probably connected to the nearby volcanic ash layers in the eastern China, the ultimate cause of the PTB in this area. Black mudstone in the Permian part of the studied section may be interrelated to the Latest Permian Anoxia that started to build in the deep ocean well before the event on shallow shelves.     

达县-宣汉地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相特征及其对储层的制约

通过对普光2井、普光6井和毛坝3井等钻井资料以及地震剖面的详细研究,可知长兴组—飞仙关组生物礁相在地震剖面上,形态为透镜状,具有透镜体、中强变振幅、杂乱影像特征。岩性为灰色障积海绵礁灰岩、灰色障积海绵礁白云岩、灰色骨架海绵礁灰岩、灰色骨架海绵礁白云岩等组成。滩相在地震剖面上表现为透镜体、中强变振幅、不连续影像特征,其岩性主要为浅灰色厚块状亮晶鲕粒白云岩、亮晶含砾鲕粒白云岩、亮晶含豆粒鲕粒白云岩、亮晶生屑白云岩及亮晶砂屑白云岩等。两者在空间上相伴生,沿着台地边缘分布,形成台地边缘礁滩相带,该相带控制了达县—宣汉地区储层的岩性、储集性及其空间分布。     

贵州紫云晚二叠世-早三叠世初火山作用与生物礁的沉积演化

晚二叠世长兴期是华南地区重要的成礁期,也是火山事件频发的一个时期。生物礁是一种对海洋环境十分敏感的生态系,晚二叠世的火山作用势必影响到当时生物礁的生长和沉积相的演化。然而,前人有关晚二叠世火山事件的研究主要集中在二叠系与三叠系界线附近,而对整个长兴期生物礁的演化与火山事件关系的研究则较少。选择贵州紫云的台地边缘礁为研究对象,通过大量磁化率的测试,分析整个晚二叠世生物礁的沉积演化与火山作用的关系。分析结果显示,长兴早期和末期岩石的磁化率值明显偏高,反映较强的火山活动。在这两个时期,造架生物相对不发育。长兴中期,岩石的磁化率值相较于长兴早期和长兴晚期总体偏低,表明火山活动相对较弱,导致生物礁的快速生长。但长兴中期生物礁灰岩中夹有几层生物碎屑灰岩,其磁化率值有小幅度的升高,说明短时期小规模的火山作用虽然导致了生物礁生长的暂时中断,但礁相动荡的环境使得火山灰中细小的铁磁性物质难以沉积下来。研究发现,尽管早三叠世早期泥岩具有高的磁化率值,但泥质岩中多层火山黏土具有异常高的磁化率值,火山灰物质对磁化率大小的影响远远超过陆源物质的贡献。     

Intensifying aeolian activity following the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Late Permian–Early Triassic terrestrial sedimentary record of the Ordos Basin,North China

Sedimentary successions provide direct evidence of climate and tectonics, and these give clues about the causes of the mass extinction around the Permian–Triassic boundary. Terrestrial Permian–Triassic boundary strata in the eastern Ordos Basin, North China, include the Late Permian Sunjiagou, Early Triassic Liujiagou and late Early Triassic Heshanggou formations in ascending order. The Sunjiagou Formation comprises cross-bedded sandstones overlaid by mudstones, indicating meandering rivers with channel, point bar and floodplain deposits. The Liujiagou Formation was formed in braided rivers of arid sand bars interacting with some aeolian dune deposits, distinguished by abundant sandstones where diverse trough and planar cross-bedding and aeolian structures (for example, inverse climbing-ripple, translatent-ripple lamination, grainfall and grainflow laminations) interchange vertically and laterally. The Heshanggou Formation is a rhythmic succession of mudstones interbedded with thin medium-grained sandstones mainly deposited in a shallow lacustrine environment. Overall, the sharp meandering to braided to shallow lake sedimentary transition documents palaeoenvironmental changes from semi-arid to arid and then to semi-humid conditions across the Permian–Triassic boundary. The die-off of tetrapods and plants, decreased bioturbation levels in the uppermost Sunjiagou Formation, and the bloom of microbially-induced sedimentary structures in the Liujiagou Formation marks the mass extinction around the Permian–Triassic boundary. The disappearance of microbially-induced sedimentary structures, increasingly intense bioturbation from bottom to top and the reoccurrence of reptile footprints in the Heshanggou Formation reveal gradual recovery of the ecosystem after the Permian–Triassic boundary extinction. This study is the first to identify the intensification of aeolian activity following the end-Permian mass extinction in North China. Moreover, while northern North China continued to be uplifted tectonically from the Late Palaeozoic to Late Mesozoic, the switch of sedimentary patterns across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Shanxi is largely linked to the development of an arid and subsequently semi-humid climate condition, which probably directly affected the collapse and delayed recovery in palaeoecosystems.     

内蒙古林西地区晚二叠世—早三叠世沉积演化及构造背景

在林西地区新发现的叶肢介和介形虫等化石，证实了大兴安岭南部存在早三叠世地层。这套地层为具有红层性质的河—湖环境产物，与下伏上二叠统林西组沉积有较大的差异。林西组中—下部以海相沉积为主，并发育浊流沉积，反映直到晚二叠世中期大兴安岭南部仍有残余海盆存在，应是造成晚二叠世南北植物化石仍保持区系特征的主因。林西地区晚二叠世—早三叠世的沉积—构造演化特征揭示，大兴安岭南部的晚古生代板块构造活动一直到印支构造旋回才结束。     

藏北羌塘盆地大规模古风化壳的发现及其意义

新的野外油气地质调查发现,在羌塘盆地中央隆起带及其两侧的南、北羌塘坳陷中,那底岗日组及其同沉积地层之下广泛发育了一古风化壳,古风化壳覆盖了石炭系、二叠系和前人已确定的三叠系肖茶卡组,具有区域性展布的特点。研究表明,不同地区古风化壳的形成时代不同：在南羌塘及中央隆起带上,风化剥蚀作用可能于晚二叠世就已开始,并经历了早、中三叠世的进一步演化;北羌塘地区的古风化壳形成时代可能为晚三叠世（或中三叠世）,至晚三叠世肖茶卡组沉积期,形成了南北羌塘统一的古风化壳,并被那底岗日组及其同沉积地层超覆。这些新发现对于重新认识羌塘盆地的沉积演化、正确评价羌塘盆地的石油地质条件具有重要意义。     

Late Palaeozoic arc flank and fore‐arc basin sequence of the New England fold belt in the stanage bay region,central Queensland

Devonian and Carboniferous (Yarrol terrane) rocks, Early Permian strata, and Permian‐(?)Triassic plutons outcrop in the Stanage Bay region of the northern New England Fold Belt. The Early‐(?)Middle Devonian Mt Holly Formation consists mainly of coarse volcaniclastic rocks of intermediate‐silicic provenance, and mafic, intermediate and silicic volcanics. Limestone is abundant in the Duke Island, along with a significant component of quartz sandstone on Hunter Island. Most Carboniferous rocks can be placed in two units, the late Tournaisian‐Namurian Campwyn Volcanics, composed of coarse volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, silicic ash flow tuff and widespread oolitic limestone, and the conformably overlying Neerkol Formation dominated by volcaniclastic sandstone and siltstone with uncommon pebble conglomerate and scattered silicic ash fall tuff. Strata of uncertain stratigraphic affinity are mapped as ‘undifferentiated Carboniferous’. The Early Permian Youlambie Conglomerate unconformably overlies Carboniferous rocks. It consists of mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate, the last containing clasts of Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, diverse volcanics and rare granitic rocks. Intrusive bodies include the altered and variably strained Tynemouth Diorite of possible Devonian age, and a quartz monzonite mass of likely Late Permian or Triassic age.

The rocks of the Yarrol terrane accumulated in shallow (Mt Holly, Campwyn) and deeper (Neerkol) marine conditions proximal to an active magmatic arc which was probably of continental margin type. The Youlambie Conglomerate was deposited unconformably above the Yarrol terrane in a rift basin. Late Permian regional deformation, which involved east‐west horizontal shortening achieved by folding, cleavage formation and east‐over‐west thrusting, increases in intensity towards the east.