二阶后牛顿光线轨迹方程

根据DSX体系的后牛顿近似理论,直接由Lagrange方程导出了轴对称稳态时空中光子的二阶后牛顿轨迹方程,并求得在赤道平面内传播的光线偏转角.在可测量精度范围内,得到的结论与Schwarzschild和Kerr度规下的情况相吻合.     

R-N场中雷达回波延迟实验的后后牛顿修正

从球对称引力场中光子在赤道面上的运动微分方程出发,采用后牛顿近似方法,讨论了Reissner-Nordstr(o|¨)m度规场中雷达回波延迟实验的后后牛顿修正.通过计算给出了后牛顿以及后后牛顿的修正结果,当荷电量Q为零时,该结果适用于电中性天体,其后牛顿部分的修正与经典文献一致.文中采用的近似展开方法同样适用于讨论更高阶的修正.雷达回波的高阶修正对目前展开的高精度空间引力试验有着重要的参考价值.     

后牛顿近似下旋转椭球体的内外度规

在后牛顿近似下,得到由均匀不可压缩理想流体在刚体自转下形成的扁球体的内外度规．对由后牛顿效应产生的度规分量利用椭球坐标系及级数展开求得解析解．对这一具体问题,在级数展开中仅存若干项,因此结果有可能用于这一度规下粒子运动的研究．     

ISW效应对Yukawa引力势的检验

该文利用Integrated Sachs-Wolfe(ISW)效应探测宇宙大尺度引力势随时间的变化速率,从而能够在宇宙学尺度上检验引力的性质.以Yukawa引力势为例,探讨了利用ISW效应检验引力性质的能力.计算表明,ISW效应对引力的性质很敏感,通过与宇宙微波背景辐射实验WMAP五年的观测结果相比较,发现相对于牛顿常数,等效牛顿常数在宇宙学尺度上最多只有约2%的改变.     

OJ287双黑洞轨道计算:3.5阶后牛顿近似

大质量双黑洞OJ287是一个强引力辐射源.为了探测其引力波信号,需要知道波形,而这主要是由轨道运动所决定.为此,从广义相对论3.5阶后牛顿近似的运动方程出发对OJ287的轨道进行仔细研究,取大黑洞位置固定作为近似,给出了后牛顿近似下3.5阶的次黑洞轨道解,比他人2.5阶的工作高了一阶.次黑洞撞击吸积盘面到光学爆发存在时间延迟,这对于确定轨道参数有很大影响.利用径向距离与爆发时间关系的线性模型,对最近7次爆发时刻的观测值拟合,给出了更精确的OJ287双黑洞的轨道参数及其运动轨道.分析了计算结果,研究运动特征,并且发现了两个新性质:次黑洞进动在初期增加,在晚期接近并和时,进动达到最大值,然后减小并越过0而趋于负值.尚不能确定晚期的这个行为是否由3.5阶近似不够准确所造成.运动方程中耗散性的辐射项,后牛顿2.5阶和3.5阶的系数具有相反的符号.这意味着3.5阶项反而是从外界吸收能量.但2.5阶与3.5阶之和仍然是向外辐射引力波的,体系能量变化率为负.这个工作的计算结果可以用来更精确地计算OJ287的引力辐射.     

LIGO的O1/O2引力波事件对Einstein-aether理论限制能力探讨

广义相对论是继牛顿万有引力理论后,在强引力场、强动态时空区域更精准的引力理论,大量的天文观测验证了广义相对论的正确性.但广义相对论与量子理论在逻辑体系上不相容,广义相对论还存在时空奇点的理论问题,宇宙学中还存在暗物质和暗能量的引力本质问题等.在使用Yunes等人提出的Einstein-aether理论修改引力波模板的基...     

双星系中两子星的自转对双星轨道变化的后牛顿效应

本文利用解摄动方程的平均值法求得在PPN框架中二体自转对轨道要素产生的后牛顿效应的长期变化影响．利用这一理论对CWCep和DRVul两颗双星中两子星的自转对轨道近星点和平近点角的长期摄动的后牛顿效应做了计算。结果表明：对于两个质量较大快速自转的子星,由此所产生的后牛顿效应的摄动量是不能忽视的。     

天体物理非线性问题初探-活动星系核的光变及引力的局部近似

展示活动星系核研究和引力研究中的一些难点,揭示了某些天体的光变存在分形结构的可能性。我们提出了活动星系核的中心黑洞具有某种随机微活动性的假设,该假设可解释活动星系核的一些观测现象。我们发现Ｗｅｉｅｒｓｔｒａｓ函数的分形图形可以用来很好地拟合ＯＪ２８７的短时标光变。一个用Ｗｅｉｅｒｓｔｒａｓ函数构造的分形曲线与ＯＪ２８７的历史光变的线性相关系数达到了０．７３。我们计算了ＯＪ２８７光变曲线的计盒维数,信息维数和关联维数,结果表明,这些维数均大于１。我们研究了两个活动星系核（ＯＪ２８７和３Ｃ３４５）的历史光变,发现在星等和这两个物体滞留在这个星等之下的时间长度的对数之间存在线性关系。这种关系可能源于光变的分形结构。我们提出,空时点及附于该点的一个标架与Ｍｉｎｋｏｗｓｋｉ空间上的一个３阶反对称张量场对应。场中的张量取自于一个固定的张量集合。我们得到了Ｒｉｅｍａｎｎ正则坐标下引力场的一个级数表示式。我们还计算了Ｒｉｃｃｉ张量的线性近似和一级非线性近似。这有利于强引力场下的局部非线性结构分析。期望对于引力的进一步研究,通过非线性科学这门新方法的桥粱,沟通极端天文现象与基本引力相互作用之间的鸿沟     

行星际Alfvén脉动的耗散机制

空间飞船Hellos 1和2的观测表明由0.3AU至0.9gAU,Alfven脉动振幅的衰减比Alfven波传播的WKB解预计的振幅变化要大.Alfven脉动能谱密度的变化可以表示为WKB解预计的能量变化乘以一个衰减因子e~(-2(r-r_0))/λ(f),其中r=0.87AU,r_0=0.29AU,λ(f)称为耗散长度.当频率f>10~(-2)Hz时,λ近似为一常数,λ的变化主要发生在低频区.这一现象对有关Alfven脉动耗散的理论提出了一个新的检验标准。本文导出了与Alfven脉动的波能串级模式和粘性衰减模式相应的耗散长度的解析表达式,并将Helios观测得到的太阳风参数代入进行计算.通过计算结果与实际观测的比较发现,波能串级模式给出的耗散长度的数值及其随频率变化的趋势与实际观测结果一致,而粘性模式给出的结果与实际相差很大.     

长期极移与冰期后地壳反弹理论

基于冰期后地壳反弹理论,采用地球上4个最大冰帽的参数,计算了最近21000年以来冰帽的融化对地球惯性张量的影响,得到理论和长期极移方向为西经74°2。现代空间测地技术的观测结果表明,关美板块不存在明显的北向运动,所以国际上9个纬度观测序列的平纬近80年的长期变化存在着随经度的系统性分布尚不能得到很好解释.,变化研究给出3－4mas/a的长期极移结果有等进一步证实。     

On the “strength” of the small bodies of the solar system: A review of strength theories and their implementation for analyses of impact disruptions

Composed of rocks, dirt, ices and metals, the small bodies of the Solar System generally show features of strength; and that property undoubtedly played a major role in their collisional evolution. But the quantification of strength is difficult because there are many different measures of strength, and those measures depend significantly on a body's composition, previous history and size. Although it is at the foundations of our scaling theories for the disruption of small bodies, and an essential part of code calculations, we have only recently begun to understand and come to grips with that strength property and in appropriate ways to model it in our theories and calculations.This is a general overview of strength theories for geological-type materials as needed for impact analyses. Dominant features of strength models are discussed, and comparisons of various models in the literature against that feature template is given. A summary of the use of strength theories in impact calculations is presented.     

Numerical theories of motion of Triton and Nereid

The ephemerides of satellites of major planets are needed in planning spacecraft missions both for studying the satellites themselves and for navigational support during the flights of spacecraft in the vicinity of planets. In addition, accurate numerical theories of motion of the natural satellites of major planets make it possible to increase the accuracy of the ephemerides of their central planets based on positional (photographic and CCD) observations of the satellites. Numerical theories of Neptune’s satellites, Triton and Nereid, constructed within the framework of the ERA software package developed at the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences are presented.     

Dynamo theories of the solar and galactic magnetic fields

Earlier criticisms of solar and galactic dynamo theories are extended to answer Parker's rebuttal, and the major modification made to his models to include Sweet's magnetic field annihilation mechanism as invoked in some theories of solar flares. His kinematic and weak-field analyses appear irrelevant because they ignore magnetic stresses which are of major importance and whose effects are evident in sunspots and elsewhere. It is shown that, even if Sweet's mechanism is effective under the most favourable conditions, these conditions are most unlikely in the solar convection zone or galactic disk.The problem is resolved by observational data which show that the fields are not tangled down to the scales required for dissipation byany known mechanism in the times available. Spot groups and many other patterns show that the solar fields are much too ordered to be products of a region of turbulence or to be dissipated by turbulence; the toroidal field must leave the Sun entirely to complete each 11-yr cycle. Faraday rotation, H I gas observations and extra-galactic fields provide strong evidence against a galactic dynamo and for a primordial field.     

Problems on the Galilean satellites of Jupiter

The purpose of this paper is to present a critical review of some problems concerning the dynamics of Jupiter's Galilean system of satellites. Theory, ephemeris and observation are considered.Two theories were proposed by Ferraz-Mello and by Sagnier. The main characteristics of these theories are that the frequencies are allowed to be kept fixed for all times from the earlier stages, and so to have a purely trigonometric solution.For a completely satisfactory work we need many more observations than actually exist. Two kinds of observations seem to be the best suitable: long-focus photographic plates and photometric records of mutual events.The most recent photographic observations are discussed in order to state guidelines for future work. The problem of the precision of Sampson's tables is discussed on the grounds of the recent observations.Paper presented at IAU Colloquium, No. 28, Ithaca, N.Y., August, 1974.     

Long-term evolution of the orbits of natural satellites

This review presents the recent works devoted to the construction or the improvement of the theories of motion of all natural planetary, satellites (except the Moon). The knowledge of the long-term evolution of these motions is strongly dependent on the accuracy of current theories. With the increasing precision of the ground-based observations, and with the past and future space missions, most of the theories have been or have to be revisited, taking into account more and more disturbing effects and specially tidal dissipation. These studies are often made difficult by the resonant behaviour of the system. We emphasize here tidal evolution in resonance. In the Jovian and Saturnian systems, tidal actions might explain the observed resonant state, as well as the heating of the satellites up to the softening and the resurfacing of some of them. However in the case of the Uranian satellites., no true resonance appears in spite of an observational evidence of tidal effects in resurfacing Ariel and Miranda, and new works try to expalin these differences.     

Numerical simulations of catastrophic disruption: recent results

Numerical simulations have been used to study high velocity two-body impacts. In this paper a two-dimensional Lagrangian finite difference hydrocode and a three-dimensional smooth particle hydrocode (SPH) are described and initial results reported.

The 2D hydrocode has successfully reproduced both the fragment size distribution and the mean fragment velocities from laboratory impact experiments using basalt and cement mortar. Further, the hydrocode calculations have determined that the energy needed to fracture a body has a much stronger dependence on target size than predicted from most scaling theories. In addition, velocity distributions obtained (using homogeneous targets at impact velocities around 2 km s⁻¹) indicate that mean ejecta speeds resulting from large-body collisions do not generally exceed escape velocities.

The SPH model provides a fully three-dimensional framework for studying impacts, so that phenomena such as oblique collisions or impacts into non-spherical targets may be studied. The gridless code allows for arbitrary levels of distortion, and is hence appropriate for modeling the large-scale deformations which accompany most impact events. Because fragments are modeled explicitly, greater numerical accuracy is achieved in the regions of large fragments than with the purely statistical approach of the 2D model. Of course, this accuracy comes at the expense of significantly greater computational requirements.

These codes can be, and have been, used to make specific predictions about particular objects in our solar system. But more significantly, they allow us to explore a broad range of collisional events. Certain parameters (size, time) can be studied only over a very restricted range within the laboratory; other parameters (initial spin, low gravity, exotic structure or composition) are difficult to study at all experimentally. The outcomes of numerical simulations lead to a more general and accurate understanding of impacts in their many forms.     

鹿林彗星的断尾事件研究

鹿林彗星在2009年2月4日(UT)发生了一次断尾事件,通过对2月4日前后的观测数据进行分析,发现在2月3日鹿林彗星就已发生过一次断尾事件.对2月3日发生的断尾事件进行研究可得出断尾移动的速度为68 km·s-1,断尾事件发生的时间为2009年2月3日(15.24土5.16)时.结合断尾事件发生前后鹿林彗星的轨道特征和STEREO-A飞船所测量到的太阳风数据,鹿林彗星2月3日发生的断尾事件可能是由于日冕物质抛射和彗星相互作用导致的磁重联引起的.     

Galileo versus Aristotle: the case of supernova 1987A

Most current supernova theories state that this phenomenon lasts a few seconds and ends with a bigfinal explosion.However, these theories do not take into account several experimental results obtained with neutrino and gravitational wave detectors during the explosion of SN1987A, the only supernova observed in a nearby galaxy in modern age. According to these experimental results the phenomenon is much more complex that envisaged by current theories, and has a duration of several hours. Indeed, SN1987A exploded on February 23, 1987, and two neutrino bursts, separated by 4.7 hours were detected: the first one at 2^h 52^m UT and the second one at 7^h 35^m UT. Furthermore, correlations between the neutrino and two gravitational wave detectors, ignored by most of the scientific community, were observed during the longer collapse time. Since the current standard theories, based on some rough simplifications, are a clear example of an Aristotelian attitude, still present in our days, we believe that a more Galilean attitude is necessary, being the only correct way for the progress of science.     

Equivalence of the perturbation theories of Hori and Deprit

A comparison is made between the perturbation theories of Hori and Deprit which are based on the use of Poisson brackets. General recurrence formulae are presented for Hori's theory which are analogous to those in Deprit's theory. Explicit relations between the determining functions for the two theories are indicated through the sixth order, these results having been obtained by a novel computer program. A general argument for the equivalence of the theories to all orders is given.     

Light-time computations for the BepiColombo Radio Science Experiment

The Radio Science Experiment is one of the on board experiments of the Mercury ESA mission BepiColombo that will be launched in 2014. The goals of the experiment are to determine the gravity field of Mercury and its rotation state, to determine the orbit of Mercury, to constrain the possible theories of gravitation (for example by determining the post-Newtonian parameters), to provide the spacecraft position for geodesy experiments and to contribute to planetary ephemerides improvement. This is possible thanks to a new technology which allows to reach great accuracies in the observables range and range rate; it is well known that a similar level of accuracy requires studying a suitable model taking into account numerous relativistic effects. In this paper we deal with the modelling of the space-time coordinate transformations needed for the light-time computations and the numerical methods adopted to avoid rounding-off errors in such computations.