祁连山区夏季总云量的气候变化与异常研究

利用祁连山区周围34个测站的1961-2000年6—8月总云量资料，采用EOF、REOF、谱分析等方法，分析了40a来祁连山附近夏季总云量的空间异常特征和时间变化规律。结果表明：EOF的前3个主成分的累积方差占总方差的78％左右，可以较好地反映夏季总云量整体异常结构，即主体一致型、东南和西北变化相反型、东北和西南变化相反型。REOF的前3个主成分的累积方差占总方差的74％左右，前3个载荷向量场可以较好地代表夏季总云量的3个主要异常敏感区：祁连高原区、祁连东南区，河西走廊东部区，其相应的代表站是野牛沟、永登和民勤站。用代表站的资料分析3个异常区总云量的时间变化，其演变具有不同的趋势，但有相同的20a和10a周期。     

青海省春季降水变化特征研究

利用青海省37个测站1959-1999年春季(3—5月)降水资料,采用EOF、RFOF及波谱分析等方法,对春季降水异常空间结构及时间演变特征做了研究。分析发现青海省春季降水异常变化主要表现为东部农业区、柴达木盆地、青南高原、祁连山区、小唐古拉山5种空间型。从各气候区的春季降水时间变化趋势看：除柴达木盆地的德令哈从80年代降水呈下降趋势外,其余地区的降水从80年代呈不同程度的上升趋势。从波谱分析可知,青海省春季降水的变化以短周期为主。     

祁连山区近40年气候变化特征

利用祁连山附近30个测站1960－2000年的气温和降水资料，采用EOF和REOF等方法，分析了近40年来祁连山附近气温和降水的时空分布特征。结果表明：祁连山附近气温在空间上具有很好的一致性，年平均气温的第一主成分的方差贡献可占总方差的75％左右。夏季气温的一致性较其它季节略差。根据REOF分析，四季及年平均气温可分为河西走廊区、祁连高原区和祁连山东端区。除祁连山东端气温变暖从90年代后期开始外，其他地区与全国大部分地区一样，都是从80年代中期开始，特别是90年代后期增温明显。祁连山附近降水的一致性比气温差，占总方差的30％左右，春季和秋季好于其它季节，占总方差的50％左右。通过REOF分析，可将祁连山附近年降水变化分为河西走廊西部区、祁连山东部区和祁连走廊中部区，每个季节的降水分区有所不同。与西北地区东部不同，祁连山附近大部分地区的年降水80年代和90年代都有不同程度的上升，夏季降水增多趋势最为明显，而秋季降水80年代和90年代一直处于下降阶段。     

西北地区近40年年降水异常的时空特征分析

利用西北五省(区)137个测站1961—2000年历年月降水量资料,采用EOF、REOF、小波分析对西北地区年降水量的时空分布、演变规律及各异常区的周期特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明：(1)西北区降水受大尺度天气系统影响,第一持征向量反映了全区一致的多雨或少雨,但也存在东西和南北的差异。(2)西北区年降水空问异常可分为6个气候区(异常型),即高原东北区、北疆区、青海东部区、西北东部区、南疆区、河西走廊区。(3)近40年中除高原东北区及西北东部区降水呈下降趋势外,其余各区呈上升趋势。(4)各异常区降水存在l0年以上较长周期和3～4年短周期振荡,但其显著周期及其年代变化差异较大。     

黑河流量和祁连山气候的年代际变化

利用黑河上游莺落峡水文站流量资料和选自祁连山区2280～3360m高度处的7个气象观测站平均的历年各月标准化降水量、气温序列,分析了1944～2000年期间黑河流量与祁连山区自然气候的年代际变化。结果表明：20世纪80年代的流量是过去57年中最大的10年,90年代有所减小,但主要表现在夏、秋季,而冬、春季仍然保持高流量。祁连山区气候演变存在非常明显的季节变化、年际变化和年代际变化。自70年代以来,除夏季降水量呈上升趋势外,秋、冬、春三季均表现出明显的变干。尤其是秋、冬两季;自80年代以来,祁连山区气候明显变暖,各季气温显著升高,尤以秋、冬两季升温最快。这可能是冬季黑河流量显著增加,祁连山雪线上升的主要原因。综合分析表明,黑河流量的增加取决于两个方面：一是夏季降水量的增加,二是冬季气候的明显变暖。     

青藏高原年降水量的分区及变化特征

利用青藏高原81个气象台站近30a来年降水量资料，采用EOF、REOF、气候线性趋势分析以及累积距平法等方法对青藏高原年降水量的时空分布特征及其异常进行了分析。结果表明：EOF分解的前三个主向量的累积方差贡献占总方差的42．8％，地形特别是高原主体的阻挡和抬升作用对年降水量的空间变化影响显；年降水量的时间变化在缓慢减少的过程中未发生突变现象；青藏高原年降水量的空间异常类型可分为高原中部区、西藏北部区、青海东部区、柴达木盆地区、高原东北区、中北部边缘区、高原西北区、西藏南部区、东南区共9个区．其分区丰要受地形和高原低涡的影响较明显。     

中国东部季风区春季气候的变暖特征

利用中国东部375个测站1961—2006年地面气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、EOF、REOF、Mann-Kendall、小波分析等方法,分析了季风区春季的气候变暖特征。结果表明:季风区春季增温显著,近46 a增温率为0.25℃/(10 a)。从1989年开始增温,1996年有一次显著突变。以38°N为界,气温变化的稳定性是南部高于北部。增温率从南向北增大,增温不显著的区域主要在长江以南;根据EOF分析,该区春季气温异常可分为全区一致型、江南江北相反型、中原型3种常见分布模态。根据REOF又进一步将该区春季气温异常细分为中部、南部、北部3个区。全区性的前10个偏暖年,全部出现在1990年代以后。气温异常变化存在准4年和22年的周期,气温的转折北部比中、南部早,但北部从1990年代末期开始转为下降;北部区和中部区分别在1981、1997年发生了突变,南部突变不明显;蒙古高压是影响春季气温的主要大气活动中心,高压强度从1980年代后期以来有明显减弱趋势,造成入侵东部的偏北冷空气减弱,是春季气候变暖的可能机理。     

近60a天水市云量变化特征及与其它气候因子的关系

云是气候变化的重要因子之一,为了探究甘肃天水市地区的云量的变化特征,用境内7个气象站1951～2007年近60a的云量观测资料分析总、低云量变化特点及与相关气候因子的关系。结果表明,自1951年以来该地平均总云量稳定性较好,平均低云量以0.25成/10a的速度递增。各级降水日数及云量相关性较显著。不同时段的降水量随云量变化比较明显。年平均总云量增加1成,年降水量增加156mm,春季平均总云量增加1成,降水量增加25mm;夏季平均总云量增加1成,降水量增加75mm;秋季平均总云量增加1成,降水量增加35mm;冬季总云量增加1成,降水量增加3.8mm。平均云量与气温的相关性时段性较强,云量增加1成,春季和夏季的平均气温分别降低0.6℃和0.5℃,秋季和冬季的气温与平均云量线性相关不显著。云量对日照的影响最为直接,云量增加1成,春季总日照时数减少102.2h,夏季减少90.8h,秋季减少87.7h,冬季减少65.3h。平均云量与相对湿度呈显著正相关,云量增加1成,夏季平均相对湿度增加4%,春、秋、冬季增加3%。     

1960~2012年中国地区总云量时空变化及其与气温和水汽的关系

基于我国地区543个地面气象台站观测的总云量、平均气温和相对湿度日均值资料,采用正交经验函数（EOF）、气候倾向率和线性趋势分析等方法,研究了1960~2012年总云量的时空变化特征及其与气温和水汽的关系。结果表明:（1）我国地区总云量呈南多北少的带状分布特征,最大值在四川盆地（82%）。近53年来总云量气候倾向率为-0.8%（10a）-1,趋势系数为-0.68,通过了99.9%的信度检验。（2）总云量季节变化特点明显,夏季最多,春秋季次之,冬季最少,其中春季、夏季和秋季有显著的下降趋势。（3）EOF分解的前两个模态表明总云量不仅具有一致减少的变化特征,还具有明显的区域差异。以此同时,平均气温和相对湿度不论在总体变化趋势、地区差异、还是时间演变上,均与总云量保持较高的一致性,进一步证明总云量的变化与气温和水汽有密切关系。     

连山地区云量的影响因子分析

利用祁连山区4个测站1961~2000年1~12月平均总云量资料,采用合成分析、相关分析和功率谱分析等方法,分析了40年来祁连山区云量与大环流变化的关系。结果表明:祁连山区云量主要受副热带高压、中纬度经(纬)向环流、高原季风和太阳变动影响。当副高面积增大,向北扩展,中纬度纬向环流增强,促使副热带高空锋区北移,冷暖空气在祁连山区交绥次数减少,造成祁连山区云量减少,反之云量增多;高原夏季风强(弱),造成祁连山区云量偏多(少);当太阳活动强烈时,高原近地面大气层易出现热低压,祁连山湿润下垫面和热低压结合,促使对流云增多。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on