福建安海湾表层沉积物粒度特征及其现代沉积过程分析

通过对福建安海湾表层沉积物的粒度分析和对比,应用系统聚类分析、粒径趋势模型和切应力计算公式,探讨了研究区粒度的分布特征、沉积环境分区、表层沉积物输运趋势及其影响因素.研究结果表明,研究区包括6种表层沉积物类型,以黏土质粉砂和粉砂为主,沉积物大体呈现自海湾两侧潮滩向潮汐通道变粗的分布趋势.表层沉积物粒度的分布特征与水动力条件和物质来源密切相关,湾口附近及湾内深槽内,细颗粒的沉积物被再悬浮带走,粗颗粒的含量增大;在湾内潮滩上,悬浮物质因水动力作用逐渐减弱发生分选沉降,形成向岸变细的横向分异.海湾外泥沙随潮流不断地向海湾东侧岸滩运移,海湾周边陆源来沙由湾顶部往湾口方向下泄,两者是导致表层沉积物出现明显的顺时针方向汇聚趋势的原因之一;表层沉积物的输运趋势、悬浮泥沙的输运、潮滩植被与湾口沙嘴的遮蔽效应共同影响了研究区内浅滩地形的形成和变化.研究区可分为四类沉积环境区,以潮滩和潮汐通道环境为主,不同沉积区内的粒度参数、粒级频率和敏感粒级均有差异,动力条件差异和不同物源的影响程度是现代沉积环境格局的主要影响因素.     

Sediment changes upstream and downstream of the Altnahinch Dam in the River Bush in Northern Ireland: a preliminary study

The River Bush must reach a standard of good ecological potential (GEP) by 2015 due to the requirements of the water framework directive. The role of sediments within a water body is extremely important to all aspects of a river’s regime. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of Altnahinch Dam on sediment distribution in the River Bush (a heavily modified water body) with comparison made against the Glendun River (an unmodified water body). Samples collected from the rivers were analysed by physical (pebble count, sieve analysis) and statistical methods (ANOVA, GRADISTAT). An increase in fine sediments upstream of the dam provides evidence that the dam is impacting sediment distribution. Downstream effects are not shown to be significant. The output of this study also implies similar impacts at other drinking water storage impoundments. This research recommends that a sediment management plan be put in place for Altnahinch Dam and that further studies be carried-out concentrating on fine sediment distribution upstream of the dam.     

Sources and history of heavy metal contamination and sediment deposition in Tivoli South Bay, Hudson River, New York

Persistent inorganic constitutents preserved in sediments of aquatic ecosystems record temporal variability of biogeochemical functioning and anthropogenic impacts.²¹⁰Pb and¹³⁷Cs dating techniques were used to study the past variations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Zn) and accumulation rates of sediments for Tivoli South Bay, in the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve ecosystem. South Bay, a tidal freshwater embayment of the Hudson, may play an important role in the sediment dynamics of this important river. The measured sedimentation rate range of 0.59 to 2.92 cm yr⁻¹ suggests that rapid accumulation occurred during the time period represented by the length of the cores (approximately the past 50 yr). Direct measurements of sediment exchange with the Hudson River reveal high variability in the sediment flux from one tidal cycle to the next. Net exchange does not seem to be adequate to explain sediment accumulation rates in the bay as measured by²¹⁰Pb and¹³⁷Cs. The difference may be supplied from upland streams or the Hudson River during storm events. Concentrations of the metals Pb, Cu and Zn were found to be well correlated with each other within individual cores at five of six sites tested. This suggests a common proximate source for the three metals at a specific site. The evidence is consistent with mixing in some environmental compartment before delivery to the bay. While metals self-correlate within individual cores, absolute concentrations, depth distribution patterns, and ratios of the metals to each other vary among the cores collected at different locations within the bay. Organic matter, Fe content, and particle size distribution of sediments do not account for the intercore variations in metal concentration. It is likely that cores collected from different sites may have derived metals from different sources, such as watershed streams and tidal exchange with the Hudson River.     

Sedimentation in Proval Bay (Lake Baikal) after earthquake-induced subsidence of part of the Selenga River delta

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive investigation into the recent sediments of Proval Bay. This bay formed during catastrophicflooding of a big block of land as a result of an earthquake in 1862. Comparison of the sketch map of the bay for 1862 with its modern mapshows that the boundary of the Selenga River delta has shifted considerably eastward. The sediments of Proval Bay are sands, silty pelite,and pelitic silt. Terrigenous material is predominant and consists of mineral grains and land plant remains, admixed with diatom frustules andsponge spicules. In the southwestern part of the bay, turbidites and a soil layer have been found. The latter was buried when the water levelin Lake Baikal rose after the construction of the Irkutsk dam in 1959–1964. In the northeastern part of the bay, a peatlike layer has beenfound in the bottom sediment core. It formed in Lake Beloe, which existed in the Tsagan steppe before the 1862 earthquake. According todiatom analysis, this lake was shallow and eutrophic. The sedimentation rates in different parts of Proval Bay differ greatly and directly dependon proximity to the Selenga River. Variations in the geochemical indicators which reflect the ratio of organic to clastic components in thebottom sediments of the bay are controlled by temperature and water level variations in Lake Baikal.     

长江中游洪水沉积特征与标志初步研究

洪水记录是研究洪水规律的重要依据。通过对1998、1999、2002年长江中游洪水沉积物的系统观察、对比和研究,结果表明,长江中游洪泛沉积在沉积体形状、沉积结构和沉积物成分等方面,具有与正常河道沉积明显不同的特点,可为古洪水事件确定提供可能和依据。根据沉积环境的不同,长江中游洪泛沉积大致可分为3种类型:溃口洪水事件的沉积、滨岸带的洪水沉积和洪水漫滩沉积。进而对各种类型的沉积学特征进行了分析、归纳和总结,初步建立了其识别标志。     

Heavy metal pollution and assessment of the tidal flat sediments near the coastal sewage outfalls of shanghai,China

Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb concentrations of the sediment collected from three tidal flat sites of Yangtze estuary were investigated in October 2003. Results showed that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments were two to three times to the environment background values of Yangtze estuary tidal flat sediment. The heavy metal concentrations in the sediments near the Bailonggang (BLG) and Laogang (LG) sewage outfalls were obviously higher than those of Chaoyang (CY) tidal flat where there are no sewage outfalls near the coast. And the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments of LG tidal flat decreased with the increasing of the distance to the sewage outfalls. The heavy metal concentration profile in the sediment core changed with the depth, and generally reached maximum values at the depth of plant roots. The assessment results showed that the sediments of LG, BLG and CY tidal flat had been polluted by heavy metals in different level. The pollution degree of heavy metals in the sediments was as follows: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr. The potential ecological risks of the four heavy metals in three tidal flat sites sediment were all at a middle level, and Cu and Pb made the main contributions. The adverse ecological effects caused by the four heavy metals did not occur frequently.     

潮滩表层沉积物磁性特征的季节性变化及其对沉积动力作用的响应:以杭州湾北岸为例

根据2004年9月—2005年8月杭州湾北岸中潮滩固定观测点重复采集的表层沉积物的磁学参数和粒度分析,探讨了研究区域潮滩沉积物磁学性质的季节性变化及其对沉积动力的响应。 结果表明, 该观测点潮滩沉积物磁学参数存在显著的月际变化,2004年12月底—2005年5月上旬的半年中,SIRM、χARM、χfd%、χARM/χ、χARM/SIRM等参数出现高值,指示了沉积物中含有较多的细晶粒亚铁磁性矿物,对应于潮滩淤积时段和较细的沉积物粒级组成,其余各月上述磁参数值较低,对应于潮滩沉积物较粗的侵蚀期。上述结果表明,沉积物的磁性特征可以很好地反映潮滩冲淤过程中沉积动力的变化。     

黄河三角洲内陆到潮滩土壤中碳、氮元素的梯度分布规律

黄河三角洲是我国典型的通过黄河冲积泥沙填海造陆形成的近代沉积区。区域受到黄河冲积、沉积等自然过程和农业耕种熟化等人类活动的双重影响。本研究通过在黄河三角洲地区内陆到河口海湾不同距离采集典型土壤类型剖面发生层样品,探讨土壤有机碳、总氮等生源要素的空间分布规律,为阐明我国典型海岸带地区陆源碳、氮的输送及循环特征提供基础依据。研究结果表明,黄河三角洲内陆与河口地区呈现出完全不同的土壤碳、氮分布规律。表层土壤碳、氮含量在黄河沿岸及三角洲南部均表现出由陆向海逐级递减的空间分布特征,而在黄河刁口流路和清水沟流路沿行水方向有梯度升高的趋势。内陆地区土壤碳、氮与盐分呈一定的负相关关系,表明土壤碳、氮主要受到耕作熟化过程的影响;而在河口地区两者呈显著的正相关关系（p〈0.01）,表明靠近海湾地区土壤碳、氮积累可能受到细颗粒泥沙沉积和滩涂湿地厌氧等环境影响。表层土壤碳、氮比变幅在3.6~8.6之间,说明该地区土壤有机质分解较快,不利于有机碳的积累。土壤剖面中,一些特殊发生层如红色夹黏层、黑色泥炭层对土壤碳、氮的富集具有明显的作用,其中红色夹黏层的土壤碳、氮含量接近耕层土壤。总之,黄河三角洲土壤在耕作垦殖、泥沙沉积等综合作用下形成的空间分布格局以及剖面特征发生层是影响碳、氮封存、释放和增汇等循环过程的关键驱动因素。     

Temporal and spatial evolution of surface sediments characteristics in the Dagu River estuary and their dynamic response mechanism

Based on the 39 surface sediment samples collected in the flood season and the dry season in 2012 respectively and the measured hydrological data in October 2012, the sediment grain size characteristics has been analyzed and the response mechanism of surface sediments to estuarine hydrodynamics was revealed by calculating the range of waves and tidal currents. The results show that: (1) The grain size of the surface sediment samples decreased gradually from land to sea in the flood season. The fine sediment was redistributed under marine hydrodynamics in the dry season and the sediments showed coarser tendency ingeneral; (2) tidal current stirring sediment was very obvious in Dagu River estuary area, and wave stirring sediments mainly occurred in the tidal flat area and estuary sand bar area; (3) in the flood season, surface sediment sat the estuary were transported towards south and southeast. In the dry season, surface sediments were transported towards southwest at the north area of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, and sediments were transported towards northeast area at the south of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge.     

长江口现代潮滩沉积物粒度特征及其在沉积相识别中的应用

本研究通过对长江口现代潮滩6个柱状样沉积物的粒度精细分析,试图提取研究区潮滩沉积相识别的粒度敏感指标,并通过对长江三角洲南部平原一个全新世钻孔(SL67孔)潮滩沉积物的粒度研究,检验现代沉积粒度敏感指标在全新世钻孔潮滩沉积相识别中的应用。研究显示,长江口现代高潮滩和中潮滩的黏性颗粒(8μm)和粗粉砂(32~63μm)含量差异显著,可以成为区分高潮滩和中潮滩的敏感组分;在开敞型的中、低潮滩之间,砂(63μm)和细粉砂含量(8~32μm)也差异明显。长江口现代潮滩沉积物的粒度频率曲线及众数值也可以有效协助区分高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩沉积物。利用上述粒度敏感组分和众数指标检验SL67孔全新世早中期在海平面波动控制下的潮滩演替过程,并揭示了7.5 cal ka BP前后的一次海平面加速上升事件。     

航空激光高程测量在黄河三角洲北部潮滩监测中的应用

调查潮滩的演化对海岸保护和开发非常重要。随着人为活动的增强,即使过去认为稳定的潮滩也在发生着显著变化。利用航空激光测高(LIDAR)数据和实测剖面数据对黄河三角洲北部潮滩的地形特征和变化进行了分析。这段海岸的西段海岸平直,潮滩坡降小于1/1000,不发育潮沟,潮间有人工开挖的沟道。海岸的东段为老黄河刁口流路岸段。老黄河口岸段突出海岸,同时在两侧形成2个小海湾。LIDAR数据揭示了本段潮滩的三维地形和剖面特征。老黄河口突出岸段西北侧潮滩剖面为平直斜坡,坡度1/1000。而其东侧小海湾湾底的剖面呈上凸的形态,该特征与平面的地形分布、潮间茂密的盐地碱蓬一起,指示淤积。再向东在大堤围成的岬湾内,潮滩受波浪作用形成潮间坝。因此,黄河三角洲北部潮滩受局部地形影响大,局部岸段呈侵蚀状态或淤积状态。LIDAR数据还揭示了潮沟的特征。顺着潮沟的走向,沟底的坡度比潮间带的坡度小,近乎水平,说明涨潮时为何潮沟水位会迅速上升。     

淤长型潮滩剖面形态演变模拟: 以江苏中部海岸为例

在泥质、砂质物质共存的淤长型潮滩, 其剖面的塑造受到潮流作用下堆积过程的控制.为探讨这种潮滩剖面的演变过程, 以江苏中部海岸为研究对象建立了大小潮周期性作用下的潮滩剖面演变模型, 模拟了潮滩均衡态剖面形态与初始坡度、潮差、沉积物供应量之间的关系及潮滩的持续淤长剖面.模拟结果表明: (1)淤长型潮滩剖面达到均衡态时的形态是上凸的, 且与初始形态无关; (2)在外源一定的条件下, 潮滩的宽度与潮差呈正相关; (3)外源物质供应越丰富, 潮滩宽度越大; (4)潮滩的冲淤状态由沉积物的供应量决定; (5)对大潮高潮位附近的无沉积带进行充填可实现对其长期持续淤长剖面的模拟; (6)有丰富沉积物来源的潮滩, 在调整至均衡态后仍持续向海淤长, 并在淤长过程中保持均衡态; (7)当在模型中输入有关江苏海岸的参数时, 模拟的潮滩宽度和坡度与江苏海岸的潮滩一致.      

杭州湾北岸芦潮港潮滩沉积物磁性特征的年际变化及其粒度控制

对杭州湾北岸芦潮港潮滩2007-2010年固定点沉积物进行了逐月的磁性测量和粒度分析,探讨了磁性特征的月际、年际变化及其与粒度的关系。结果显示,2007-2009年,芦潮港潮滩沉积物的磁性特征呈现出相似的季节性变化特征,磁性参数χ、χARM、SIRM以及比值χARM/SIRM总体上在12月次年7至月表现为高值,8-11月为低值,S-300变化趋势与之相反。粒度分析显示,每年12月至次年7月沉积物粒度总体较细,8-11月较粗,这说明潮滩较细沉积物中含有较多的亚铁磁性矿物,与已报道的2004-2005年研究结果相似。相比前三年,2010年1-7月及12月沉积物磁性矿物含量相对下降,8-11月份磁性矿物含量相对上升,导致2010年磁性参数月际变化幅度减小。同时,2010年沉积物粒度月际变化特征也发生了改变,即1-7月及12月沉积物粒度变粗,8-11月沉积物变细。相关分析表明,磁性参数与粒度之间的关系在2007-2010年中没有发生明显的变化,说明2010年沉积物粒度月际变化模式的改变是磁性特征月际变化改变的主导因素。尽管如此,长江流域来沙下降对河口潮滩沉积物物源的可能影响,仍需予以长期关注。     

Inter- and supratidal sedimentology of a fjord-head estuary, south-western British Columbia

Detailed examination of inter- and supratidal delta and floodplain sediments exposed in eroding bank sections at 52 locations along the Squamish River estuary provides the basis for recognizing seven distinct facies within the 5500 m-long estuary. Estuary sedimentation is initially driven by the development of sand bar complexes along the seaward edge of the intertidal delta. Sedimentation continues within interdistributary bay environments as intertidal sandflats and then tidal marshes develop, Aggradation of the delta within interdistributary bay environments results in a gradual transition from delta to alluvial plain. Of the seven facies identified, only the intertidal sands and tidal marsh deposits provide evidence of their tidal origin. Examination of deposits throughout the riverine estuary reveals a number of gradual yet distinct changes of sediment size, structure, and sequence architecture. These trends record the changing nature of tidal and riverine control on sedimentation along the tidal gradient. Generally, with increasing distance up-estuary, sediment grain-size increases, the thickness of fine-grained overbank deposits decreases, and bedding changes from fine parallel bedding to higher energy bedforms. In addition, fining-upward successions become capped by coarser sands, facies contacts change from gradational to abrupt and occasionally erosional, and facies successions become increasingly complex and less predictable. Squamish River estuary has been divided into four zones based on sedimentological and stratigraphical evidence, each zone reflecting changes in the relative influence of tidal and riverine control on sedimentation. Each zone contains distinctly different facies sequences, although zone boundaries generally are gradational.     

波流共同作用下潮滩剖面沉积物和地貌分异规律——以长江口崇明东滩为例

通过对崇明东滩两个海滩剖面、表层沉积物和悬沙粒度以及同步水沙资料的分析,探讨波流共同作用下表层沉积物和地貌的分异规律。受波流共同作用的影响,表层沉积物中值粒径由破波带向两侧逐渐变细,分选由破波带向两侧逐渐变差,偏度由极正偏变为正偏,峭度由很窄尖变为宽平和中等峭度。由破波带向岸方向,流速逐渐减小,含沙量逐渐增加。悬沙和表层沉积物粒度特征的对比分析表明,潮间带上部的悬沙主要来源于破波带泥沙的再悬浮。破波带内泥沙以“波浪掀沙”引起的分选运移为主,而破波带两侧的泥沙以潮流对破波带水体的“平流输移”为主。以潮汐水位和高精度海滩剖面数据对崇明东滩微地貌类型按高程进行了新的划分。     

锦州湾泥沙来源、洄淤状况与建港条件分析

锦州湾泥沙主要来源于沿岸入海河流的输送,外海水体的携带与沿岸、岛屿蚀余物质的补给。每年进入湾内的泥沙总量约为３３—３５万吨,假如这些泥沙不再向湾外流出,在湾内作均匀分配沉积,则相当于在湾底铺上５ｍｍ厚的土。水准和水深重复测量表明,潮滩以稳定的弱堆积为主,水下浅滩基本处于稳定状态。该湾在非正常情况下产生骤淤的可能性不大。综合建港条件良好。     

杭州湾南岸庵东潮坪现代沉积特征

在进行庵东潮坪水文要素定点测量的基础上,对地貌特征,沉积粒度,沉积构造及重向剖面作了全面分析与研究。结果表明,滩地位于杭州湾进、退潮流的交会点,控制其发育的主动力为潮汐作用,具明显的不规则半日潮特性,涨潮流强度远大于落潮流,造就了宽达十余公里的潮滩地貌。滩地水动力深受湾内水流影响,高潮期服从其总体潮流流向,导致潮坪上发育众多与杭州湾深槽系统相连的潮沟,破坏了沉积物正常分布规律,高潮坪存在一定向平行岸线的大型潮沟,受强劲水流影响,沉积粒度粗化,并因快冲快淤而产生变形构造;中潮坪接受退潮期潮沟漫岸物质,粒度相对较小,分选性变差,沉积构造以直脊流水波痕及板状交错层理为主;低潮坪潮流作用大、沉积粒度粗,分选性最佳,发育小型流水波痕,内部构造以槽状交错层理,“青鱼刺”层理及再作用构造为特征。潮坪近岸处潮沟迁移层序及浪成波痕层理的发现反映水动力异常强大,威胁人工海塘的安全,建议停止进一步围垦滩涂,采取促淤方法,抑制潮沟的发育,以维持滩地稳定。     

江苏王港潮间带表层沉积物特征及输运趋势

潮滩沉积物粒度参数可以用来反映沉积物沉积的水动力条件和沉积环境。根据对江苏王港潮间带采集的15 4个表层样品的粒度资料进行分析,结果表明,沉积物类型以粉砂为主;随着水动力环境由海向陆的减弱,沉积物粒度参数表现出有规律的变化趋势,即由岸向海粒径具有粗化趋势,分选变好,逐渐正偏并达到近对称。研究区与世界其他地区的潮滩在沉积特征上有较大差异,主要是由于沉积物来源、水动力环境及受生物作用的强弱程度不同所致。沉积物输运趋势分析显示,该地区沉积物输运主要受当地潮波特征、大型人工建筑物、地貌形态及生物作用的影响;在低潮线附近主要向西北方向输运,随着向陆地方向的延伸,沉积物由向西输运逐渐转变为向南输运。     

Contemporary Rates of Carbon Sequestration Through Vertical Accretion of Sediments in Mangrove Forests and Saltmarshes of South East Queensland,Australia

Mangrove forests and saltmarshes are important habitats for carbon (C) sequestration in the coastal zone but variation in rates of C sequestration and the factors controlling sequestration are poorly understood. We assessed C sequestration in Moreton Bay, South East Queensland in mangrove forests and tidal marshes that span a range of environmental settings and plant communities, including mangrove forests and tidal marshes on the oligotrophic sand islands of the eastern side of Moreton Bay and on the nutrient enriched, western side of the bay adjacent to the city of Brisbane. We found that rates of C sequestration in sediments were similar among mangrove forests over the bay, despite large differences in the C density of sediments, because of different rates of vertical accretion of sediments. The C sequestration on the oligotrophic sand island tidal marshes, dominated by Juncus kraussii, had the highest rate of C sequestration in the bay while the western saltmarshes, which were dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora, had the lowest rate of C sequestration. Our data indicate C sequestration varies among different tidal wetland plant community types, due to variation in sediment characteristics and rates of sediment accretion over time.     

Utility of clay Minerals in the Determination of Sedimentary Transport Patterns in the Bay of Cadiz and the Adjoining Continental Shelf (SW-Spain)

The contents and the distribution of clay minerals in modern sediments of the Cadiz bay and the continental shelf have been studied aiming to establish the sedimentary exchange model and the pathways followed by the clay fraction between the bay and the adjoining continental shelf. The most abundant clay minerals in the muddy sediments consist mainly of illite, smectite, interstratified illite-smectite, kaolinite and chlorite. The application of factor analysis method (PCA) to clay minerals data are considered to be useful in the determination of sedimentary transport patterns. The data from clay mineral assemblages, and their distribution map, make possible to establish the fine sediments transport paths in the study area using clay mineral as natural tracers. This model of transport takes in consideration the facies distribution, the supplies sources and the way of fine sediments are incorporated to the marine environment.

Two flows paths have been established: the outflows coming from Cadiz bay and the littoral zones; and the inflows coming from external marine zones of the bay. These flows are controlled by tidal currents and the morphology of the coast. The action of surge and the marine currents, specially the Atlantic Surface Water flow, are also important in the transport of fine sediments coming from sources located to the north of the study zone.