海底扇规模优质储集体的分布模式与成因分析——以上新世—更新世孟加拉扇为例

利用高品质3D地震资料搜索刻画深水水道—朵叶复合体的沉积构成并揭示油气储集体的分布模式对于深水油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。利用PaleoScan全三维智能解释手段和三色(RGB)混相分频技术识别解剖了孟加拉扇上新统—更新统深水水道—天然堤体系6种富砂沉积单元,包括补给水道、分支水道、似点坝、决口扇、漫溢扇和末端朵叶。研究认为:补给水道、决口扇、末端朵叶是潜在的规模且优质深水油气储集体类型;而漫溢扇、分支水道和似点坝分别是潜在的规模非优质、非优质非规模以及优质非规模深水油气储层类型。补给水道主要分布在水道—朵叶复合体的上游和中游;决口扇、漫溢扇、分支水道和似点坝主要发育在水道—朵叶复合体的中游;而分支水道和末端朵叶主要分布在水道—朵叶复合体的下游。漫溢扇向供源水道一侧楔状增厚,形成“砂盖泥”的格局;而决口扇向供源水道一侧楔状减薄直至尖灭形成“泥包砂”的格局,相应形成海底扇岩性圈闭。     

西非Rio Muni盆地深水水道特征与成因

深水水道沉积构型及其演化一直是沉积学界研究的热点。基于Rio Muni盆地深水区470 km²高分辨率三维地震数据,在精细地震解释的基础上,对研究区发育的深水水道的沉积构型、演化进行探讨。主要取得4点认识：(1)深水水道的弯曲度主要受控于物源供给和海底坡度,研究区发育弯曲水道、顺直水道2类深水水道;(2)起源于陆架边缘的深水水道,物源供给相对充分,弯曲度高,其剖面往往不对称,水道壁发育滑塌或阶地,垂向演化具有侧向迁移特征,发育废弃水道;(3)而起源于中上陆坡的深水水道,其弯曲度低,剖面具有U形特征,水道壁光滑无滑塌或阶地, 主要以垂向加积为主。由于物源供给不足,顺直水道逐渐被深海泥质披覆沉积充填;(4)同一条深水水道,由上陆坡向下陆坡,随着海底坡度的降低,其弯曲度呈增大趋势。     

刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道充填结构及演化特征

深水水道作为深水油气勘探的主力储层,其内部结构及演化特征的研究对于深水油气田勘探和开发都具有非常重要的意义.基于钻井及3D地震资料,对刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道的内部充填期次、结构和演化特征进行了分析.从层序地层学的角度出发,将研究区内的水道划分为多个不同级别层序格架内形成的水道单体和水道复合体,从而对切谷内部的水道期次和组成特征进行精细表述.研究表明,研究区内水道单体自下而上发育底部滞留、滑塌充填、侵蚀水道、加积水道、天然堤和废弃水道6种沉积微相类型,整体表现为流体能量逐步降低的过程;三级水道复合体形成于复杂的多期侵蚀-充填过程,受到海平面变化、坡度及重力流流变学特征的影响,纵向演化可划分为初始侵蚀、初始充填、加积充填、后期充填和水道废弃5个阶段,各阶段切谷内充填结构和水道平面展布特征呈现有规律的变化.      

安哥拉深水水道地质知识库建立及应用

利用浅层(上新统)三维高频地震资料的剖面、切片和属性信息,对安哥拉陆坡区深水水道特征和定量关系进行研究,在复合水道和单一水道两个层次上建立了安哥拉地区浊积水道定量化地质知识库.研究结果表明:研究区单一水道活动方式类似于曲流河点坝模式,即单一水道仅沿侧向(垂直于古流向)整体迁移,不存在整体“下游扫动”分量,且在平面上其侧积复合体呈“同心半环状”,单一水道的砂体以垂向加积方式充填在轴部,厚度向边部减薄;单一水道的宽度与深度、弯曲弧长与弯曲度之间存在较好的正相关性;复合水道样式按照内部单一水道的活动方式分为(Ⅰ)侧向迁移、(Ⅱ)斜列迁移和(Ⅲ)摆动迁移三类模式,且(Ⅰ)类主要发育在高弯曲段(弯曲度>1.3),Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类主要发育在低弯曲段(1<弯曲度≤1.3);该地质知识库成功应用到实际三维地质建模中,具有推广价值.本文研究不仅可以完善深水水道定量分布模式,而且可以有效降低此类油田开发风险,具有理论和实际意义.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组深水水道沉积类型及演化

深水水道沉积是深水区重要沉积类型之一,对其形成机制研究不仅能提高深水沉积认识,还能为油气勘探提供帮助.以露头资料为基础,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组深水水道形成机制进行了详细研究.拉什仲组岩性以灰绿色页岩及砂岩为主,另见少量的粉砂岩及砾岩.槽模、交错层理、粒序层理及变形构造等发育.总体反映深水沉积环境,重力流沉积较为发育.其中,深水水道沉积极为典型.根据形态、结构及沉积方式等,将研究区深水水道沉积划分为限制型和非限制型水道沉积.前者包括复合型及垂向加积型水道沉积,后者由迁移型及孤立型小水道沉积组成.复合型水道沉积厚约7.5 m,岩性以粗砂岩为主,底部见砾岩,水道轴部沉积、次级水道及水道-堤岸复合体沉积发育,可分为早期、中期和晚期.垂向加积型水道沉积宽为12.4 m,厚为1.3 m,宽深比为9.54,以中砂岩及细砂岩为主,水道内部以层状砂岩充填为主.迁移型水道沉积宽为6.9~12.3 m,厚为0.23~0.73 m,宽厚比14.11~53.48,以中-细砂岩为主,具有明显的北西向迁移特征;孤立型小水道沉积宽为0.5~0.6 m,厚为0.15~0.25 m,宽厚比为2.4~3.33,多为细砂-粉砂岩组成,透镜状,规模小.重力流爆发初期,能量高,侵蚀作用强,发育复合型及垂向加积型水道沉积;重力流中-后期,能量逐渐降低,迁移型水道沉积开始发育;在重力流后期及末期,其能量进一步降低,发育孤立型小水道沉积.而在空间位置上,复合型及垂向加积型水道沉积多发育在斜坡中上部,中部及下部发育迁移型水沉积道,斜坡脚及深海盆地以孤立型小水道沉积最为发育.      

新西兰深水Taranaki盆地中新统深水水道迁移及沉积演化

深水水道砂体是深海油气的重要储集体之一,其复杂的演化规律常常影响水道砂体储层的分布,无法充分了解深水水道的演化过程是阻碍深海油气勘探开发的原因之一,增大了深海油气的勘探开发难度。以新西兰深水Taranaki盆地中新统深水水道为例,基于高分辨率三维地震数据,应用地震地貌学、地震沉积学的理论及技术手段,探究水道的沉积演化规律及相关控制因素。研究区水道体系可划分为5个发育期次,即残余部分结构的复合水道Ⅰ、侧向迁移的复合水道Ⅱ、垂向叠置的复合水道Ⅲ、富泥充填的复合水道Ⅳ及零散分布的复合水道Ⅴ。复合水道Ⅰ和Ⅳ呈相对顺直的平面形态;复合水道Ⅱ多为侧向迁移运动,表现为高弯曲的平面形态,而复合水道Ⅲ多为垂向叠置运动,其弯曲度较复合水道Ⅱ有所减小;复合水道Ⅴ包括多条零散的细小单水道,不同单水道的平面形态存在较大差异。各期次复合水道的演化过程可归纳为初期下切侵蚀、中期充填沉积及末期填平消亡等3个阶段。深水水道沉积演化过程受多种因素综合控制,早期水道结构会影响后期水道发育环境的限制程度,强限制性的复合水道Ⅰ～Ⅳ经历有序的演化过程,非限制性的复合水道Ⅴ则经历了无序的演化过程;重力流规模及能量的变化会影响各期次...     

孟加拉湾若开盆地深水沉积体系结构单元类型及演化模式

利用多个地震数据体的地震反射特征,分析了孟加拉湾若开盆地深水沉积体系的不同沉积结构单元类型(峡谷、水道及水道复合体、天然堤—漫溢沉积、朵体以及块体搬运沉积)的典型地震响应特征、及其发育的位置,构建了研究区陆架—陆坡—盆底的沉积结构单元演化模式。研究表明,一个深水沉积体系垂向上自下而上的组合样式为:底部块体搬运沉积及厚层大规模朵体沉积,上覆水道复合体沉积,之后为水道—天然堤复合体沉积、以及一些小规模朵体沉积,顶部为薄层深海泥岩沉积。横向上自陆架向深海盆地的发育模式表现为:陆架/上陆坡峡谷—上陆坡侵蚀型水道—下陆坡侵蚀沉积型水道—沉积型水道—盆地朵体。     

盐构造与深水水道的交互作用--以下刚果盆地为例

在被动大陆边缘盆地,水道作为深水油气的主要储集体,是深水油气勘探的重要目标。在下刚果盆地,由于盐构造的多期活动导致对水道砂体的展布规律认识不清。研究水道和盐构造的交互作用方式有利于预测含盐盆地中水道砂体的平面分布。利用三维地震资料,在盐构造与深水水道广泛发育的下刚果盆地研究盐构造与深水水道的交互作用,建立了盐构造与水道的交互作用模式。盐构造与水道的交互作用方式主要有6种,分别为限制、改向、封堵、侵蚀、迁移和剥蚀。盐构造的活动时期与水道形成演化时期的先后关系、水道中重力流的侵蚀能力决定了盐构造与水道的交互作用方式。水道经过早期发育的盐构造且水道中重力流侵蚀能力较弱多发生限制和改向;若水道中重力流侵蚀能力很强,可发生水道对盐构造的侵蚀;若盐构造的规模较大,其可阻止水道向下游输送沉积物并造成水道中重力流的回流,形成朵体沉积。若水道与盐构造同时活动多发生水道的迁移。晚期活动的盐构造可导致其上方的水道沉积体遭受剥蚀。     

内蒙古桌子山中奥陶统拉什仲组深水水道沉积

内蒙古桌子山中奥陶统拉什仲组发育一套典型的浊流沉积。通过详细的野外观察和室内岩石薄片鉴定,分析了拉什仲组的岩石类型及其组合关系,划分出5种岩相类型及3个深水水道复合体。在此基础上,综合分析了拉什仲组水道复合体沉积特征,建立了拉什仲组深水水道沉积模式。研究表明,下部水道复合体砂岩具有向上变细变薄的特征,水道侧向迁移加积趋势明显,可能位于深水水道的弯曲带;而中部及上部水道复合体水道砂体侧向延伸稳定,二者上部均为一套粉砂岩、页岩薄互层沉积,水道复合体以垂向加积作用为主,可能发育于水道末端。     

南海北部陆坡白云深水区深水沉积结构要素

在回顾深水沉积结构要素研究的基础上,结合白云深水区的勘探实践,对白云深水区深水沉积的结构要素进行了研究。将白云深水区深水沉积划分为4种结构要素,分别为水道、天然堤-溢岸沉积、席状砂和块体搬运沉积。水道是白云深水区深水沉积的主要组成部分,也是重要的储层;水道按成因可分为侵蚀型、侵蚀/加积型和加积型;水道充填沉积物的岩性变化较大,有砾岩、砂岩、泥岩以及几种岩性的混合。天然堤-溢岸沉积主要以泥岩、粉砂岩为主,平面上,天然堤-溢岸沉积与水道走向平行,横向上远离水道扩散,侧向连续性好但垂向连续性差。席状砂位于水道末端,具有朵叶状外形,分为层状和合并状2种类型：层状席状砂具有相对低的砂岩体积分数,泥岩和砂岩互层;而合并状席状砂岩体积分数高,砂层和砂层接触,夹有少量的泥。块体搬运沉积包括滑塌、滑块、块体流、碎屑流、坡身失稳复合体、块体搬运复合体等;块体搬运沉积常直接位于层序界面上,对下伏地层侵蚀明显,分布广泛,可作为良好的油气封盖层。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.