水泥窑灰(CKD)改性膨胀土的胀-缩特性试验研究

通过向膨胀土中添加2%~18%不同比率的水泥窑灰(CKD)对其进行改性,对纯膨胀土及掺CKD改性膨胀土的水理性质、膨胀特性和收缩特性进行室内试验,确定改性效果。试验结果表明,CKD可以降低膨胀土的自由膨胀率和液限,液限降低规律符合指数函数,塑限略有提高;随着CKD掺量的增大,混合物的最大膨胀率和最大膨胀力均呈指数衰减,最终收缩率也大幅降低。改性后的膨胀土黏粒减少,水稳性提高,同时由于离子交换等作用,膨胀土-CKD混合物的亲水性降低,吸水性减弱,从而胀缩性质降低,说明CKD对降低膨胀土的胀缩特性具有很好的改性效果,建议适宜掺灰率为10%。     

掺高炉水渣膨胀土的室内改良试验研究

通过掺入10%～20%不同量的高炉水渣来改性膨胀土,对素土及其掺高炉水渣改性土的基本物理力学性质、胀缩特性进行试验对比研究,确定改性效果。试验结果表明,高炉水渣可以大幅降低膨胀土的自由膨胀率、液限和塑性指数,同时改善膨胀土的颗粒级配、强度特性。改性后的膨胀土黏粒减少,粉粒增多,干密度随含水率变化较小,水稳性提高。这说明了高炉水渣对膨胀土具有很好的改性效果。     

荆门弱膨胀土的胀缩与渗透特性试验研究

以荆门弱膨胀土为研究对象,开展了完整的胀缩与渗透特性试验,获得了5种不同压实度下膨胀土及其石灰改良土的胀缩与渗透特征。结果表明：膨胀土的膨胀力-干密度关系可用幂函数表达,而无荷膨胀率、有荷膨胀率、体缩率与干密度均非单调关系;由于压实与膨胀效应的耦合作用,95%压实度下膨胀土的无荷膨胀率、有荷膨胀率和体缩率均较小,若直接利用膨胀土进行路基与地基填筑,该压实度下土样不仅具备较大的刚度与强度且胀缩变形较小。经石灰改性后,膨胀力与湿胀变形基本消除,干缩变形大幅降低,胀缩总率仅为0.7%。膨胀土与石灰土渗透系数均很小,且都随干密度的增大而降低,其与干密度的关系仍可用幂函数描述;石灰土的渗透系数大于相应压实度下的膨胀土;而当二者干密度相近时,渗透系数接近。     

合肥,南京粘土的胀缩特性

合肥、南京粘土中粘土矿物均以伊利石为主,含有较多的蒙脱石—伊利石混层矿物,高岭石含量少于10％。硅铝率2.35—2.91,pH为7.4—7.7,粘粒组含量都大干30％。根据天然含水率下的膨胀率、膨胀力值划分,两地粘土均为非膨胀土。而按自由膨胀率与塑限、液限综合关系划分,合肥粘土属弱—中膨胀土;南京粘土仍属非膨胀土.造成这种差异的原因是试验所用的试样状态不同之故。同一试样测了原状土天然含水率、缩限状态下的膨胀率以及重塑样的膨胀率,所得膨胀率差异很大,原状样缩限状态下膨胀率最高,天然含水率下膨胀率最低,重塑样天然含水率的膨胀率居二者之间,说明土的含水状态及结构联结对土膨胀性的影响很突出。收缩性按线缩率及体缩率划分,除合肥粘土中有中—强收缩性外,均为弱收缩性。在天然含水率下收缩性强于膨胀性。胀缩性均具各向异性,水平方向强于垂直方向。影响胀缩性的主要因素是含水率、粘粒含量、Fe_2O_3含量、孔隙比及塑性指数。     

膨胀土判别与分类方法探讨

膨胀土的胀缩等级评判是进行膨胀土处治的首要任务,开展膨胀土的判别与分类方法探讨具有重要意义。对现有膨胀土判别与分类方法进行了评价,对反映和表征膨胀土胀缩机理和特性的指标进行了深入探讨,提出了以能充分反映和表征膨胀土胀缩机理和特性的液限、塑性指数、自由膨胀率、小于0.005 mm颗粒含量、胀缩总率等5个指标作为膨胀土的判别指标,建立了一种新的膨胀土判别与分类方法,并通过试验进行了验证。新的膨胀土判别与分类方法具有准确度高、易操作的优点。     

干湿循环条件下木质素改良膨胀土胀缩特性

实地调查发现河南省南阳市南阳盆地周边受持续降雨、干旱极端气候影响,出现了房屋破坏、边坡失稳等膨胀土灾害问题,危害人民财产生命安全。以南阳盆地弱膨胀土为研究对象,通过自由膨胀率试验,研究木质素磺酸钙改良弱膨胀土的最佳掺量问题,并在最佳掺量的基础上对试样进行无荷膨胀和收缩试验,进一步研究干湿循环条件下木质素磺酸钙对弱膨胀土胀缩特性的影响,结合试验过程中试样的裂隙发展规律,探究干湿循环条件木质素磺酸钙改良弱膨胀土胀缩特性的原因。试验结果表明对于弱膨胀土,木质素磺酸钙掺量在0.75%、养护天数14 d时改良效果最佳,此时改良土自由膨胀率最低。干湿循环条件下的无荷膨胀和收缩试验数据显示改良前后弱膨胀土绝对膨胀率最高由29%降至3%,绝对收缩率最高由17%降至2%,改良土相对膨胀率与相对收缩率基本不随干湿循环次数发生变化,说明木质素磺酸钙可以有效降低干湿循环过程中弱膨胀土的胀缩形变,保持干湿循环过程中弱膨胀土胀缩特性的稳定,且木质素磺酸钙的改良效果不受干湿循环次数的影响。对比未改良土与改良土裂隙发展规律,木质素磺酸钙在弱膨胀土中主要起到抑制裂隙发育,提高土体胶结能力的作用,使土体形成更致密的结构,...     

稻壳灰-矿渣固化膨胀土力学与微观特性研究

膨胀土具有强胀缩性,吸水极易膨胀软化,失水急剧收缩硬裂,这种胀缩性给工程结构造成很大危害。采用稻壳灰（rice husk ash,RHA）和高炉矿渣（ground granulated blast-furnace slag,GGBS）作为固化剂对膨胀土进行稳定化,通过击实试验、无侧限抗压强度试验、直剪试验、加州承载比（California bearing ratio,CBR）试验、膨胀试验、扫描电镜试验和X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,XRD）试验,研究了固化后膨胀土的力学强度、膨胀特性变化规律及微观机制。试验结果表明：在不同配比和掺量的固化土中,稻壳灰-矿渣为6:4配比和10%掺量固化土无侧限抗压强度最大;稻壳灰-矿渣（RHA-GGBS,RG）可降低膨胀土轴向变形,提高抗剪强度,随着固化剂掺量增加,固化土黏聚力先增大后减小,内摩擦角逐渐增大;与未处理的膨胀土相比,掺稻壳灰-矿渣固化土CBR值最高可提高至7.9倍,路基土的力学强度得到了显著改善。稻壳灰-矿渣可明显改善膨胀土的膨胀率,减小膨胀力,无荷膨胀率最多可从11.4%下降到0.5%,有荷膨胀率最多可从1.1%趋于0...     

干湿循环对合肥马鞍山路膨胀土强度特性的影响

膨胀土属高塑性黏土,是一种典型的非饱和土,性质极不稳定,其吸水膨胀、失水收缩、干缩裂隙发育等特性常常使建筑物产生不均匀的胀缩变形,造成在膨胀土地基上的建筑物位移、开裂、倾斜,甚至破坏,是一种典型的工程灾害性地质土。另外,膨胀土边坡也常由于雨水的作用失稳,造成不必要的损失。近年来,对膨胀土的强度和变形特性的研究已成为热点。其最大的特点是：在季节气候的影响下其强度特性具有明显的规律变动。通过模拟土体季节性的干缩湿胀,测定其自由膨胀率、液塑限、抗剪强度和无侧限抗压强度,并与掺入7％石灰后的改良土的试验数据及其他试验资料对比,探讨干湿循环效应对膨胀土强度的影响。     

重塑膨胀土三向膨胀变形试验研究

以广西宁明灰白重塑膨胀土为研究对象,运用自制膨胀土三向胀缩测试仪开展了不同初始含水率和三向压力的膨胀试验,研究了初始含水率和三向压力对胀限、三向膨胀率的影响规律。试验表明,三向等压时,竖向的膨胀率始终大于水平向膨胀率,比值为1.21～1.27,该比值与初始含水率、三向压力无关;三向膨胀时程均可以分为快速膨胀、缓慢膨胀和趋于稳定3个阶段;胀限与三向压力的对数线性相关,与初始含水率无关;相等初始含水率和干密度条件下,三向膨胀率均与三向压力的对数线性相关。     

碱渣改良膨胀土室内试验研究

通过室内试验,探讨利用碱渣作为添加剂对膨胀土改良的可行性和改良效果和碱渣改性土的基本物理力学性质和膨胀性。研究结果表明,随着掺渣率的增加,碱渣改性土的黏性成分的含量降低,粗颗粒含量增加,导致相对密度、液限、塑性指数、自由膨胀率、有荷膨胀量均呈明显减小趋势,这说明碱渣对膨胀土膨胀性的改良有显著效果;碱渣改性土可击实含水率范围较之膨胀土宽,这给碱渣改性土的施工带来很大方便;经过7 d养护后的土样无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度都显著增加,并在掺渣率为30%时存在一个峰值点。抗剪强度增强主要体现在黏聚力显著增加,而内摩擦角变化不大。     

弱膨胀土工程特性及其路基处治对策

针对湖北襄-荆高速公路膨胀土,在室内开展了弱膨胀土的压实特性、胀缩性状、力学特性试验研究,发现压实膨胀土的工程性状受含水率与压实度的影响,胀缩特性是膨胀土的固有特性,其大小取决于起始湿度和密度;击实膨胀土的最佳含水量和最大干密度随击实功变化而变化,压实功愈大,土的最大干密度也愈大,而对应的最佳含水量愈小;膨胀土的CBR值随其含水率的变化规律类似于击实曲线,但CBR峰值含水率大于最佳含水率,为深入认识膨胀土的工程特性提供了帮助。因此,利用弱膨胀土填筑路堤时,不仅要考虑经过击实后的土的性质,而且还要考虑在填方建成、条件改变后土的性能;膨胀土路堤填筑除考虑压实度与CBR值要求外,尚需考虑胀缩总率的影响。最后,推荐了弱膨胀土路堤结构型式,并提出了弱膨胀土用于路堤填筑的控制标准。     

Mechanical behavior and micro-structure of cement kiln dust-stabilized expensive soil

In this study, the effects of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the swelling properties, strength properties, and microstructures of CKD-stabilized expansive soil were investigated. Samples were prepared and stabilized with different CKD content ratios, ranging from 0 to 18% by dry mass. The results obtained show that the maximum swelling pressures decrease exponentially with increases in CKD content. Both the cohesion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increase at ratios below 10% CKD and then decrease slightly, above that ratio. CKD can also improve the strength of saturated, expansive soil. There is no visible change of UCS for soil without CKD when cured, while the UCS of a sample with 10% CKD content after curing for 90 days is higher than that after curing for only 1 day. This indicates that CKD can improve the long-term strength of expansive soil. Finally, microstructure analysis reveals that the addition of CKD reduces the montmorillonite content of expansive soil and decreases its swelling properties. The addition of CKD also changes the pore volume distribution, both the size and amount of macro-pores and micro-pores decrease with increase in CKD content. For saturated samples, the size of macro-pores is obviously reduced, while that of micro-pores is slightly increased for both treated and untreated soils. Hydration and saturation processes make the soil structure become dispersive which results in a lower strength, and adding CKD can restrain this process. The suggested optimal CKD content is between 10 and 14% and with a curing time of more than 27 days.     

江淮膨胀土自由膨胀率特征

自由膨胀率是公路及其他行业膨胀土判别与分类的常用指标,研究自由膨胀率特征对指导膨胀土判别分类具有重要意义。本文依托皖中地区在建的合(肥)六(安)高速公路,开展了自由膨胀率及其他相关性指标的试验研究,分析了皖中膨胀土的自由膨胀率特征。研究表明:皖中地区膨胀土自由膨胀率与反映膨胀本质的指标蒙脱石含量,以及液限、塑性指数等间接性判别指标具有较好的相关性,可将其用作膨胀土判别与分类的指标;分类实践发现《公路路基设计规范》所推荐的自由膨胀率分级评判标准不能适用于皖中地区膨胀土;根据研究结果给出了具有合理分类特征的分类标准建议。     

粉煤灰改良膨胀土试验研究

研究掺粉煤灰对合肥膨胀土的物理性质指标以及胀缩性指标等的影响,探讨利用粉煤灰改良膨胀土的措施与效果。试验研究结果表明,在膨胀土中掺入适量的粉煤灰可有效降低膨胀土的塑性指数、降低膨胀势、减小线缩率与降低活性。在膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰还可改变膨胀土的击实特性,一定击实功作用下,随着掺灰率的增加,土体的最优含水率与最大干密度均减小,膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰后,膨胀土可在较小的含水率下通过击实或压实达到稳定。掺灰膨胀土的膨胀量与膨胀力随养护龄期的增长而减小;没有经过养护的掺灰土,其无侧限抗压强度随掺灰率的变化几乎没有变化,经过7 d养护后,土的无侧限抗压强度有所增长,并且存在一个峰值点,合肥膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度所对应的最佳掺粉煤灰率约为15 %～20 %。     

Coupled consolidation model for negative skin friction on piles in clay layers

Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime.     

Effect of lime and fly ash on swell,consolidation and shear strength characteristics of expansive clays: a comparative study

Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content (weight of lime/weight of dry soil) was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content (weight of fly ash/weight of dry soil) as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime.     

南阳膨胀土的工程地质特征和填筑适宜性

施工阶段的工程地质调查发现,宁（南京）西（西安）铁路内乡-镇平段南阳膨胀土成因类型上不仅有第四系冲积洪积粘土,而且发育上第三系湖相沉积粘土。不同成因的膨胀土具有不同的空间分布特征和工程性质,X射线衍射测试表明,南阳膨胀土的主要膨胀性粘土矿物是伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物。物质组成和物理化学性质差异导致击实土在含水量变化条件下膨胀力和膨胀变形有明显的差别;对同一种膨胀土材料,其击实含水量越小,膨胀性越强,甚至含水量降低1 %～2 %,膨胀力就可以增加到200 %以上;击实膨胀土的直剪强度受到钙质结核含量的影响,对于膨胀势为高或强的膨胀土,结核含量小于15 % 时,经过干湿循环后直剪强度衰减量为40 %～65 %,结核含量为25 %～30 % 的强膨胀土直剪强度衰减量则低于30 %;对膨胀土的地质特征、工程性质、击实土的膨胀性和直剪试验结果进行分析,探讨其用于填筑铁路路基的适宜性,进行了填筑适宜性分级。依据研究成果制定的路基施工工艺取得了比较理想的工程效果     

Swelling behaviour of expansive soil treated with fly ash–GGBS based binder

In this article, the potential of a binder developed by admixing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to stabilise expansive soils is evaluated. Laboratory tests included determination of free swell index, swell potential and swelling pressure tests of the soil/binder mixtures at different mixing ratio. The test results showed decrease in the swelling behaviour of the soil with increase in binder content. The percent swell–time relationship was observed to fit the hyperbolic curves enabling us to predict the ultimate percent swell from few initial test results. Addition of 1% of lime to the binder showed further improvement in reducing swelling. A good linear relationship is established between percent oedometer swell and modified free swell index (MFSI) for soil/binder mixtures without lime but the same has not been observed in the presence of lime. The compressibility characteristics of the soil/binder mixtures reduced nominally with increase in binder content but in the presence of lime, the compressibility reduced significantly. Binder used in this study has been found to be effective and economic to stabilise expansive soils with lesser amount of chemical additives such as lime.