煤储层压裂轻质陶粒支撑剂粒级配比优化

水力压裂是目前煤储层改造增透的主要技术措施之一,支撑剂在压裂裂缝中的铺置范围和输送距离是衡量水力压裂效果的重要指标。针对潞安矿区煤储层特点,采用物理实验和数值模拟方法,对比分析试验煤层气井压裂支撑剂导流能力、铺砂范围、粒径组合等因素对裂缝导流能力的影响,筛选出最优的支撑剂粒径和粒级配比。结果表明,随着闭合压力增大,不同粒径覆膜轻质陶粒支撑剂对裂缝导流能力降低;相同粒径覆膜轻质陶粒在裂缝中形成的砂堤和铺砂区长度是传统石英砂的2倍左右;40~60目(0.25~0.38 mm)、16~40目(0.38~1.00 mm)、12~20目(0.83~1.40 mm)3种粒级覆膜轻质陶粒中,12~20目压裂裂缝长度、支撑缝长和平均支撑剂浓度最小,而导流能力最高;当3种粒级40~60目、16~40目、12~20目配比为1∶6∶2时,覆膜轻质陶粒压裂效果最好,平均裂缝缝长320 m,裂缝宽度0.672 cm,支撑剂密度5.16 kg/m2,裂缝导流能力为1.263。潞安矿区煤层气井采用覆膜轻质陶粒支撑剂压裂时,通过优化支撑剂粒度配比,显著提高裂缝导流能力,以提高煤储层渗透性和煤层气开采效果。      

20世纪90年代以来机械防砂技术的新进展

防砂对于出砂油藏有着重要意义，防砂的成功与否直接关系到油气藏是否能够正常开发。随着新科技和新材料的不断发展和完善，机械防砂技术也获得了日新月异的进展。特别是20世纪90年代以来各种新的防砂技术在油田现场应用均取得了良好的效果。论述了20世纪90年代以来机械防砂技术的现状及发展趋势。     

新集煤层气开发试验井水力压裂增产改造

根据新集试验区地质、储层条件,提出了适合该地区煤层气井水力压裂选井选层方法。通过对3口试验井8个目标层段进行水力压裂增产改造,认为活性水压裂液、兰州砂支撑剂应作为该地区的首选压裂液和支撑剂。利用先进的压裂软件进行压裂设计、实时分析以及压后评价,通过严密组织、合理施工获得了单井最大日产气量3 278m3/d,为该地区今后进行煤层气勘探开发提供了技术基础。      

凝胶压裂液的研究及在煤层改造中的应用

煤储层改造施工过程中,压裂液是形成裂缝并将支撑剂有效地带入裂缝的主要载体。本文从国内实际情况出发,研究凝胶压裂液的配制机理。通过室内对比实验,筛选出了组成凝胶压裂液最主要的添加剂有稠化剂、胶联剂、防腐剂、破胶剂和表面活性剂等。同时还对性能以及性能随时间、温度而变化的趋势进行了测试,得到了合理的浓度,为现场实际配制和施工提供了可靠的理论依据。该凝胶压裂液经现场应用,其携砂能力、返排情况、压裂后的导流能力均达到满意的效果,为今后煤层气的勘探开发增添了新的技术支持。      

底部抽真空预压法砂井地基固结解析解

基于谢康和等应变条件砂井地基固结理论和Hansbo砂井固结理论,考虑底部抽真空预压法加固方法中真空作用面位于固结土层底部的实际边界条件,推导出忽略竖向渗流情况下的底部真空预压加固地基固结方程解析解答。根据超孔压固结方程形成过程以及其解析解表达式,分析其与一般负压径向固结解答的区别。通过室内模型试验实测数据与解析模型计算结果的对比表明,不同位置处孔压和固结度计算值与实测结果吻合较好,从而验证了该模型的合理性,同时运用该模型也可有效验证已有关于底部抽真空室内模拟及现场原位试验结果。底部抽真空轴对称固结解析解可为底部抽真空技术的实际工程应用提供基础性的理论支持,推动底部抽真空技术的大规模推广应用。     

水下软基处理工程设计与施工—袋装砂井排水固结法

概述了南昌大知引桥工程中采用袋装砂井排水固结法处理软弱地基的经验；介绍了从工程勘察，设计，施工和检测的全过程的取得的技术经济效果。     

煤储层水力压裂支撑剂的优选实验研究

针对我国600 m以深煤层气井采用石英砂支撑剂和活性水压裂液,难以取得商业化开发价值产气量的现状,运用FCES-100裂缝导流能力评价仪,分别测试了石英砂、陶粒和覆膜酸枣仁在不同闭合压力下的导流能力,统计了支撑剂的破碎率,并通过扫描电镜观测支撑剂的圆度和球度。实验结果表明:闭合压力小于15 MPa时,陶粒、石英砂和覆膜酸枣仁均有良好的导流能力;当闭合压力为15~25 MPa时,陶粒和覆膜酸枣仁的导流能力相对较高;当闭合压力大于25 MPa时,只有陶粒保持相对较高的导流能力。在煤层气井水力压裂设计时,可根据煤层埋深选择水力压裂支撑剂。若煤层埋深小于600 m,选用石英砂支撑剂;若煤层埋深介于600~1 000 m,采用木质支撑剂（覆膜酸枣仁）或陶粒;若煤层埋深大于1 000 m,建议用陶粒支撑剂。      

天然气水合物开采储层出砂研究进展与思考

天然气水合物开采井眼出砂问题是当前水合物产业化急需突破的瓶颈之一,解决水合物开采时防砂与产能平衡问题是实现水合物安全高效、长期可控开采的关键。我国海域典型水合物储层属于弱固结的低渗泥质粉砂储层,其面临的防砂控泥与增产矛盾较为突出。厘清不同水合物储层和开采条件下的井眼出砂规律并揭示其机理,进而制定科学合理的防砂控泥措施以实现产能最大化是解决上述矛盾的途径所在。从理论分析、数值模拟、室内实验和现场试采4个角度介绍了世界范围内已开展的水合物出砂防砂情况,分析总结了水合物储层出砂影响因素及出砂机理,最后探讨了目前出砂研究存在的问题和挑战,并给出了相应的建议,旨在为后续水合物开采井眼出砂预测和防控研究提供思路和参考。     

天然气水合物储层超声雾化防砂排水采气实验研究

天然气水合物储层具浅埋藏、弱固结、低渗透、高泥质、非均质等特点,钻采过程中易出现严重的出砂问题,是制约天然气水合物安全高效开采的“瓶颈”之一。现有的天然气水合物储层防砂技术主要来源于常规油气开采中常用的防砂方法,防砂精度控制和稳产增产矛盾突出。为此,本文提出了一种天然气水合物储层超声雾化防砂排水采气方法,配合挡砂介质在有效防住10 μm以上砂的同时,将水雾化成5 μm左右的小水滴产出,降低水的携砂能力并加速水气产出,进而实现连续排水产气。基于该方法搭建了简易实验模拟评价装置,进行了初步的模拟实验。实验结果表明该方法具有一定的可行性,水气可以通过雾化片的锥孔不断产出。但是由于储层砂中还存在大量直径小于雾化片锥孔直径的泥质成分,雾化装置还需针对泥质成分的存在做进一步优化,否则泥质成分将堵塞在雾化片锥孔附近降低雾化片的振荡频率,造成排水产气的中止。这些初步的工作可以为天然气水合物储层防砂增产提供新的思路。     

排水板自载预压联合强夯加固软土回填地基的试验研究

采用塑料排水板分级推填不同材料（块石、砂及块石土混合物）压载并联合强夯的静态－动态顶压法加固含水量高达７０％以上的软土地基,只要合理地确定施工参数和掌握施工工艺,是可以达到理想的加固效果的。本文通过在福建省内尚属首次应用的某工程现场试验,论证了该法适于加固闽江口下游软土回填地基的可用性和合理性。根据试验结果,还着重讨论了不同排水间距,不同填料及不同夯击能量时的静态排水固结过程中,地基上的变形与固结     

Crushing and embedment of proppant packs under cyclic loading:An insigh to enhanced unconventional oil/gas recovery

Crushing and embedment are two critical downhole proppant degradation mechanisms that lead to a significant drop in production outputs in unconventional oil/gas stimulation projects.These persistent production drops due to the non-linear responses of proppants under reservoir conditions put the future utilization of such advanced stimulation techniques in unconventional energy extraction in doubt.The aim of this study is to address these issues by conducting a comprehensive experimental approach.According to the results,whatever the type of proppant,all proppant packs tend to undergo significant plastic deformation under the first loading cycle.Moreover,the utilization of ceramic proppants(which retain proppant pack porosity up to 75％),larger proppant sizes(which retain proppant pack porosity up to 15.2％)and higher proppant concentrations(which retain proppant pack porosity up to 29.5％)in the fracturing stimulations with higher in-situ stresses are recommended to de-escalate the critical consequences of crushing associated issues.Similarly,the selection of resin-coated proppants over ceramic and sand proppants may benefit in terms of obtaining reduced proppant embedment.In addition,selection of smaller proppant sizes and higher proppant concentrations are suggested for stimulation projects at depth with sedimentary formations and lower in-situ stresses where proppant embedment pre-dominates.Furthermore,correlation between proppant embedment with repetitive loading cycles was studied.Importantly,microstructural analysis of the proppant-embedded siltstone rock samples revealed that the initiation of secondary induced fractures.Finally,the findings of this study can greatly contribute to accurately select optimum proppant properties(proppant type,size and concentration)depending on the oil/gas reservoir char-acteristics to minimize proppant crushing and embedment effects.     

煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂技术与装备

针对碎软煤层渗透率低、瓦斯抽采衰减快、压裂不均匀、裂缝易闭合、瓦斯抽采效果差、无法实现区域瓦斯超前预抽的问题,提出了煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂强化瓦斯抽采的技术思路,研发适合煤矿井下煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂煤层增透技术,研制了成套的煤矿井下水力加砂压裂泵组装备、定向喷砂射孔装置及工具组合、防砂封隔器及工具组合。水力压裂泵组装备最大排量90 m3/h,最大泵注压力70 MPa,最大携砂能力20%,支撑剂粒径小于等于1 mm;定向喷砂射孔装置通过水压驱动喷射器定向,最大旋转角度180°;防砂封隔器最大承压70 MPa,最大膨胀系数为2。研发的定向长钻孔连续定向喷砂射孔工艺技术和定向长钻孔拖动式水力加砂分段压裂工艺技术,在山西阳泉新景煤矿井下开展工程试验,完成2个压裂钻孔(孔深均为609 m)共计16段水力加砂分段压裂施工,累计实施80次定向喷砂射孔作业,石英砂的体积分数2%~3%,定向喷砂射孔压力22.6~28.6 MPa,共计使用石英砂19.8 t;水力加砂分段压裂单段注入压裂液153.8~235.1 m3、核桃壳砂的体积分数2.02%~2.56%,累计注入压裂液2 808.57 m3,注入核桃壳砂36.47 t;综合评价本次水力加砂分段压裂影响半径为20~38 m,统计分析压裂后2个钻场100 d瓦斯抽采数据,1号钻场、2号钻场日均瓦斯抽采纯量分别为1 025、2 811m3。试验结果表明:压裂装备加砂量大,施工排量大,能够实现连续作业,压裂后煤层透气性显著增加,极大地提高瓦斯抽采浓度和瓦斯抽采纯量。研究成果对碎软煤层区域瓦斯增透提供新思路,为我国类似矿区区域瓦斯超前治理提供技术借鉴。      

Volumetric sand production model and experiment

A sand production model was developed for volumetric sand production predictions that take into account the effects of the external stresses and fluid flow rate. The model couples the poro‐mechanical behaviour of the solid–fluid system with the erosion behaviour of the solids due to fluid flow. It predicts reasonably experimental volumetric sand production data from a hollow cylinder test on a weak sandstone. The test results show that in weak and compactive sandstones, sand production is associated with decohesioning and plasticification of a zone around the inner hole which can then be mobilized by the hydrodynamic forces of the fluid flow. The sand production rate increases both with external applied stress and fluid flow rate but it is constant with time under constant external stress and fluid flow rate. In both cases a critical lower limit has to be exceeded for sand production initiation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火山灰增强微生物固化砂土效果的试验研究

为了提升微生物固化砂土的效果,考虑火山灰的多孔结构及活性特征,设计进行了火山灰增强微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）固化砂土试验,综合宏观物理力学试验和微细观检测,系统分析了火山灰对微生物固化砂土的增强效果及增强机制。结果表明：（1）火山灰能够显著提高砂土微生物加固过程中的固菌率和胶结物产量,火山灰掺量在10%左右达到最佳,与常规MICP相比,固菌率提高了118.28%,胶结物生成量提高了29.55%。（2）火山灰的掺入提高了固化体的抗压强度和抵抗变形的能力,不同围压下固化体的抗压强度提升了52.26%～62.96%,破坏时的应变增加了100.00%～112.58%。（3）火山灰掺入后,固化体的孔隙大小及孔隙率明显减小,整体的密实性及抗渗性能进一步提升,孔隙率从20.12%减小为14.17%,渗透系数降低了一个数量级。（4）火山灰对微生物固化砂土的增强机制主要包括3个方面,一方面,火山灰在砂颗粒间起到了良好的充填作用,大幅减少了颗粒间的大孔隙,使得固化体的密实性增强;另一方面,火山灰良好的吸附作用有效提高了试样内细菌的含量,使固化体碳酸钙的产量及分布的均匀性均增加;第3方面,火山灰中的活性物质参与反应生成的胶凝物质与碳酸钙晶体形成复合凝胶体,使得固化体的胶结性能和密实程度进一步增强。     

The equilibrium gravel coverage of the deflated gobi above the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, China

Blown sand has caused considerable damage to the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes of China. Controlling the blown sand requires a clear understanding of the processes that govern its production and movement. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel and in the field to define the relationships between sand production and gravel coverage in the gobi above the Mogao Grottoes. The gravel that covers the gobi’s surface controls wind erosion, irrespective of its shape and size. The equilibrium coverage by gravel over which no further sand is emitted due to wind erosion increases and the equilibration time that is taken to form the equilibrium gravel coverage decreases with increasing wind velocity. Gravel coverage has reached an equilibrium state in the portion of the gobi directly above the grottoes, but decreases towards the Mingsha Mountains. Drifting sand from these mountains is the main source of sand damage at the Mogao Grottoes. If no additional sand from the mountains were supplied to the gobi, gravel pavements would reach an equilibrium level of coverage and prevent further production of blowing sand. Sand blown from the gobi represents secondary reactivation of sediments originally produced in the Mingsha Mountains. Therefore, to control the blowing sand above the Mogao Grottoes, emphasis should be placed on controlling erosion from the Mingsha Mountains rather than local erosion of sand in the gobi.     

海水环境下巴氏芽孢杆菌驯化及钙质砂固化效果研究

为了提升微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(MICP)技术在海洋环境下对钙质砂的加固效果,在以往研究的基础上,设计进行了人工海水环境下巴氏芽孢杆菌多梯度人工驯化培养试验,并结合MICP固化钙质砂柱的力学试验和微细观结构分析,对巴氏芽孢杆菌的驯化效果进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)海水环境下五梯度驯化后细菌的菌液浓度可达到淡水环境的97%以上,其与胶结液作用后碳酸盐的生成量较淡水环境下有一定幅度提高;(2)驯化后的巴氏芽孢杆菌具有很好的温度适应能力,在10～30℃温度下均有较好的MICP性能;(3)海水环境下加固的钙质砂柱无论是碳酸盐生成量还是无侧限抗压强度均较未驯化前高,尤其是五梯度驯化后的细菌,驯化后的细菌菌体变小,在海水环境生成的碳酸盐(碳酸钙和碳酸镁)晶体更小,更加致密,能更好地填充钙质砂颗粒的孔隙并胶结相邻的钙质砂颗粒,具有更优异的MICP性能。相关研究思路和方法可为MICP技术在海洋环境钙质砂地基加固方面的研究与应用提供参考。     

Effect of Compressive Load on Oblique Pull-out Capacity of Model Piles in Sand

Model tests on steel piles embedded in sand were carried out in the laboratory to study the effects of compressive load (i.e. 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their ultimate capacity in compression) on oblique pull-out capacity of piles. The model piles were of 20 mm × 20 mm cross section, which had an embedded length of 400 and 600 mm. The pull was applied at an inclination of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° with vertical axis of the piles. The experimental results indicate that the net oblique pull-out capacity of piles decreases with increase in % of compressive load and the decrease depends on the magnitude of the compressive load. Semi-empirical methods, based on experimental results, have been suggested to determine the oblique pull-out resistance of piles subjected to static compressive loads. A comparison of predicted values of the ultimate oblique resistance by proposed methods of analysis with experimental values, and also with those reported by others, showed reasonably good agreement.     

微生物沉积碳酸钙固化珊瑚砂的试验研究

向珊瑚砂中注入巴斯德芽孢杆菌菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液,利用微生物沉积碳酸钙固化珊瑚砂;并对珊瑚砂固化体进行了渗透、强度及微观结构等试验。试验结果表明,巴斯德芽孢杆菌的活性随时间呈衰减趋势,但衰减速度缓慢,能较好地满足珊瑚砂固化的需要。随着菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液注入次数的增加,珊瑚砂柱渗透性逐步降低,最终渗透性降低了1～2个数量级。微生物固化后的珊瑚砂柱应力-应变曲线大致可分为3段,即应力随应变缓慢增加段、快速增加段以及突降段。试样发生压裂脆性破坏,无侧限抗压强度最高达到14 MPa左右。抗压强度随干密度增加而增大,随渗透性降低而增大。微生物固化后珊瑚砂颗粒被生成的碳酸钙完整的包裹,孔隙间极少见生成的碳酸钙,与普通硅砂微生物固化后的微观结构不同,较好地解释了渗透性降低不多的原因。     

Major factors influencing proppant behaviour and proppant-associated damage mechanisms during hydraulic fracturing

The ultra-low permeability of shale reservoirs necessitates engineering applications such as hydraulic fracturing to enable the extraction of economically viable amounts of gas. In this process, a high-pressure fluid is injected into the reservoir to create a network of fractures. Proppants are solid, spherical, high-strength particles with size range between 8 and 140 mesh (105 μm–2.38 mm), which are injected into the reservoir simultaneously with fracturing fluid to prompt the opening of the fractures created, and they play a major role in the hydraulic fracturing process. As a result, appropriate management of proppants in shale reservoirs based on precise identification of their behaviour in shale reservoirs is necessary, because unexpected proppant performance or behaviour, commonly known as proppant damage mechanisms, can greatly reduce fracture conductivity. Therefore, it is essential to determine the major factors affecting proppant behaviour in order to maintain constant fracture conductivity. Numerous factors have been found in previous studies, and they can be summarized into three major groups: proppant properties, reservoir properties and hydraulic fracturing production, which affect proppant damage mechanisms. In the present paper, case studies have been provided on the determination of potential factors influencing proppant behaviour, followed by a discussion of their effects on fracture conductivity. The aim of this study is to present current opinions on potential factors influencing proppant behaviour based on a comprehensive literature review.     

Hydro‐mechanical erosion models for sand production

Sand production is a complex physical process that depends on the external stress and flow rate conditions as well as on the state of the material. Models developed for the prediction of sand production are usually solved numerically because of the complexity of the governing equations. Testing of new sand production models can very well be performed through calibration with laboratory experiments, which by construction possess geometric symmetry facilitating explicit mathematical analysis. We introduce an erosion model that is built upon the physics (poro‐mechanical coupling of the fluid‐solid system) usually incorporated in erosion models for the prediction of sand production. Around this model, we set up a mathematical framework in which sand production models because of erosion can be tested and calibrated without having to resort to complex numerical work or specialised software. The model is validated by data of volumetric sand production from a hollow cylinder test on synthetic sandstone. Generalisations of the model, which are naturally incorporated in the same framework and have useful phenomenological features, are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.