吐哈盆地北缘中侏罗世植物化石稳定碳同位素的古环境意义

新疆吐哈盆地北缘三道岭煤田中侏罗统西山窑组的植物化石属于Coniopteris-Phoenicopsis植物群的典型组合。从该植物群中挑选出优势属种,分别为似银杏、拟刺葵、枝脉蕨以及斯堪尼狭轴穗,对其进行稳定碳同位素分析。前3种为叶片化石,它们的δ13C值分布在-21.66‰~-23.83‰,属于典型的C3植物。最后一种为繁殖器官化石,其δ13C值为-20.91‰,比叶片的值高。将δ13C值根据公式转换为大气CO₂的δ13C_a值,发现基于银杏类叶片获得的现代和中侏罗世的δ13C_a值与其他方法获得的值相似。这说明银杏类叶片是重建地质历史时期δ13C_a的一类可靠植物,为今后研究中生代-新生代δ13C_a变化提供了一个简便而可行的方法。C_i/C_a比值是一重要的植物生理生态特征值,因此进一步将银杏类化石叶片的δ13C值换算成C_i/C_a。化石似银杏的C_i/C_a值为0.6,而现生银杏的C_i/C_a为0.63,二者相似。虽然三道岭地区中侏罗世的CO₂浓度约为现在的4.5倍,但是化石和现生银杏类植物的C_i/C_a值仍然保持恒定,表明银杏植物的气孔参数对CO₂变化比较敏感,是重建古CO₂浓度的良好指示植物。这也为判断一种植物能否用来重建古CO₂浓度提供了一种简便而有效的检测方法。     

中国南方灯影峡期海洋碳酸盐岩原始δ13C和δ18O组成及海水温度

中国南方灯影峡期(晚前寒武纪)是白云岩广泛发育的海洋碳酸盐沉积时期,在灯影组中部发育从海水直接沉积沉淀的原生白云岩,目前仍保留其原始组构特征。从40个原生白云石(岩)中测得:泥晶白云石的δ¹³C值为3.64‰,δ¹⁸O值为-1.17‰(n=6);白云岩的13C值为3.52‰,δ¹⁸O值为-1.86‰(n=15);海水纤状白云石胶结物δ¹³C值为2.90‰,δ¹⁸O值2.65‰(n=8);海水刃状白云石胶结物的δ¹³C值为2.96‰,δ¹⁸O值为-2.41‰(n=8);晶纹层和海水纤状白云石胶结物的δ¹³C值为2.79‰,δ¹⁸O值为-3.13‰。40个岩样的δ¹³C平均值为3.25‰±0.44‰,δ¹⁸O平均值为-2.12‰±0.98‰(均以PDB标准)。对于灯影峡期海相云岩的原始δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值,不采用所有样品的平均值,而是采用原生白云石沉积物与海水白云石结物δ¹³C值和δ¹⁸O值两个图示分布区重叠部分的最重同位素值,即：δ¹C值为4.43‰(PDB标准),δ¹⁸O值为-0.62‰(PDB标准),将其作为灯影峡期海洋碳酸盐岩的原始同位素组成。对海水原生白云石胶结物包裹体盐度进行了测定,海水δ¹⁸O计算值为2.90(SMOW标准),用原始δ¹⁸O值计算的原生白云石形成时的海水温度为40.8 ℃。这说明中国南方灯影峡的海洋为炎热的较高的海水温度环境。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地台北凹天然气的地球化学特征及其来源

本文在论述新疆维吾尔自治区东部吐鲁番-哈密盆地台北凹陷天然气地质与地球化学特征的基础上,讨论了天然气的来源,对采自吐哈盆地十余个天然气样进行了气体组分和碳、氢、氦同位素分析。天然气甲烷含量为60.85～84.40%,干湿指数（C₁/C+₂）为1.57～6.37,属湿气.甲烷碳氢同位素组成(δ13C₁、δD)分别为-43.0～-49.4‰和-220～-281‰.乙烷的δ13C₂-20.1～-34 0‰,δD:-259～-257‰。丙烷的δ13C₃-21.3～-26.7‰,δD:-114～-203‰。丁烷的δ13C₄-22.2～-28.2‰,δD:-93～-116‰。天然气中氦的同位素组成（He/He）为（3.17～7.01）×10.目前主要产层属侏罗系,天然气一般与轻质油同藏,侏罗系中于酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型,R。值为0.4～1.0%。地质地球化学资料表明台北凹陷天然气与来自侏罗系的轻质油可能不完全同源,相当一部分天然气也许来自古生界。天然气中的氦为地壳来源的氦。     

赣南地热气体起源的同位素与地球化学证据

对取自赣南地区10个温泉的地热气体进行了气体化学成分及氦、碳、氖同位素组成的分析。该区地热气体可分为CO₂型和N₂型两种类型。CO₂型地热气体分布在赣南东南部地区,主要成分是CO₂,占总体积96.47%以上,二氧化碳气体的δ¹³C值为 -5.50‰～-3.49‰（PDB）,平均为 -4.66‰,为幔源无机成因,其氦同位素组成为1.36～2.27 R_a,具有明显的幔源成因特征,最高约有28.2%的氦源于地幔,其N₂-Ar-He关系研究表明,该型地热气体中的氮源于地幔-地壳-大气混合成因。研究揭示该区CO₂型地热气体属幔源无机成因气,是地幔脱气作用的产物。N₂型地热气体分布在赣南西部地区,N₂含量占91.04%以上,其中二氧化碳气体的δ¹³C值为 -23.7‰～-12.6‰,平均为 -17.82‰,为壳源有机成因,其氦同位素组成为0.06～0.13 R_a,具有明显的壳源放射性成因特征,³He/⁴He 与 ⁴He/²⁰Ne关系和He-Ar-N₂关系研究表明,N₂型温泉气主要来源于大气,并有壳源气体的贡献。     

塔中地区奥陶系喜马拉雅山期S干气充注的证据

塔中地区奥陶系天然气成因多样;Ⅰ号坡折带中东部奥陶系天然气以高干燥系数、 甲烷同位素值重为特征;与塔深1井寒武系原油裂解气接近;应主要来自寒武系原油裂解气成因。寒武系贫H₂S、 高成熟原油裂解气在喜马拉雅山期时;气侵奥陶系油气藏;得到了以下主要证据的支持: 1）天然气甲烷δ¹³C值大多比Chung et al.（1988）天然气模式甲烷δ¹³C值计算值高3‰以上;2）干燥系数与甲烷δ¹³C值大体上具有正相关关系;3）天然气干燥系数与H₂S含量大体上具有负相关关系。这些特征表明;存在贫H₂S、 相对富¹³C甲烷为主的干气与富H₂S、 相对贫¹³C甲烷的湿气混合作用。奥陶系中H₂S-δ³⁴S 值为14‰～20‰;远低于中深1井寒武系原地热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）成因的H₂S（33‰）;支持了奥陶系中H₂S并不是来源于寒武系古油气藏。于是提出;来自寒武系贫H₂S的干气在喜马拉雅山期对良里塔格组和鹰山组油气藏发生了气洗;油气藏的气/油比值增大、 导致了原油蜡含量增高、 甲烷δ¹³C值发生正偏移。     

不同立地条件下胡杨叶片稳定碳同位素组成及水分利用效率的变化

研究了黑河流域下游额济纳荒漠河岸不同立地条件下胡杨(Populus euphratica Olivier)叶片稳定碳同位素组成及水分利用效率的变化特征. 结果表明: 5个典型样地中, 胡杨叶片δ¹³C值在(-25.80～±0.05)‰～(-29.19～±0.05)‰间变化, 均值为(-27.70～±0.13)‰; 就生长季胡杨叶片δ¹³C均值而言, 沙丘样地具有最高的δ¹³C值, 其次为戈壁样地, 最低值出现在河岸低地. 样地间δ¹³C值的差异主要是由样地间土壤含水量和地下水埋深的不同导致的; 整个生长季胡杨叶片δ¹³C值在样地间表现为2种变化趋势. 5个典型样地生长季胡杨水分利用效率在(60.41±0.47)～(95.46±0.47) μmolCO₂·(mmolH₂O)^-1间波动变化, 其平均值为(75.69±1.37) μmolCO₂·(mmol H₂O)^-1, 从水分利用效率波动范围和平均值可以看出, 胡杨是个具有高水分利用效率的物种. 从河岸低地到河岸沙堆再到戈壁、沙丘, 随着土壤含水量逐渐下降, 地下水埋深逐渐加深, 胡杨逐渐提高了其水分利用效率.     

内蒙古白乃庙铜矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征及其地质意义

内蒙古白乃庙铜矿床位于中亚造山带温都尔庙加里东增生带铜多金属成矿带,矿床包括南、北两个矿带,南矿带矿体产于白乃庙组绿片岩中,北矿带矿体主要产于加里东期花岗闪长斑岩体内。成矿作用大致分为早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以石英－黄铁矿,石英－黄铜矿、辉钼矿,石英、方解石－方铅矿、闪锌矿组合为标志。同位素测试结果显示：石英流体包裹体中的δ¹⁸O_H2O值在-3.2‰~5.5‰之间,δD变化范围为-94.2‰~-69‰,随着成矿作用的进行,δD基本不变,δ¹⁸O_H2O逐渐降低;热液方解石的δ¹³C_PDB为-5.4‰~-2.4‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOW为-3.1‰~10.9‰,随着成矿作用的进行,δ¹³C_PDB基本不变,δ¹⁸O_SMOW逐渐降低;硫化物的δ³⁴S值变化范围为-0.6‰~-6‰,显示出幔源硫的特征。碳、氢、氧、硫同位素显示南、北矿带不同成矿阶段流体主要来自岩浆系统,且南、北矿带间没有明显差异,但南矿带流体显示有更多大气降水和壳源物质的加入。结合矿床地质特征分析,认为在加里东期古洋壳经俯冲作用发生部分熔融形成花岗闪长岩岩浆,并沿着裂隙上升到浅部,带来成矿物质,对原始矿源层的成矿物质进行活化富集,在白乃庙岛弧带形成白乃庙斑岩铜矿床。     

广西南宁下泥盆统华南鱼类化石新发现及其地层和古地理意义*

笔者描述了广西南宁下泥盆统布拉格阶那高岭组下部盔甲鱼类的新发现,建立了华南鱼科2个新种——丘比特华南鱼(Huananaspis cupido sp. nov.)和梁氏亚洲鱼(Asiaspis liangi sp. nov.)。前者以头甲个体较小、不发育中背棘、两角末端超出头甲后缘等特征区别于属型种武定华南鱼(H. wudingensis),后者以头甲长大于宽、角向头甲侧后方延伸、角后缘发育锯齿、中背孔呈纵长椭圆形等特征区别于属型种宽展亚洲鱼(A. expansa)。广西南宁地区那高岭组具有可靠的地质时代证据,其中所产的徐家冲鱼类化石组合能够为华南地区早泥盆世地层的对比研究提供鱼类化石标准,而华南鱼属(Huananaspis)和亚洲鱼属(Asiaspis)在那高岭组的发现,丰富了华南鱼类的多样性,扩大了徐家冲鱼类组合的化石内容,并为云南武定坡松冲组与广西南宁那高岭组之间的对比提供了直接化石证据。广西南宁莲花山组与那高岭组过渡层中的徐家冲鱼类化石组合物种多样性最高,几乎涵盖了其他地区该组合的所有属种,说明广西南宁地区可能是盔甲鱼类辐射和扩散的中心之一。该地区早泥盆世布拉格期的古鱼类、早期维管植物和腕足动物均表现出显著的地方性色彩,可能跟华南海是一个半封闭的陆表海湾有关,即由于封闭海效应,鱼类在这个封闭的环境中独立演化,表现出很高的多样性和很强的土著性,最终在华南板块上形成一个独立的动物区系——“盔甲鱼—云南鱼”动物区系。     

新疆伊宁县塔北铅锌矿床地质特征和S、Pb、C、O同位素组成

塔北铅锌矿床是西天山吐拉苏盆地中新近勘查成功的一个重要热液型铅锌矿床。矿体赋存于晚泥盆世-早石炭世大哈拉军山组第五岩性段酸性凝灰岩中,受断裂构造控制。矿石硫化物的δ³⁴S值介于0.5‰~7.3‰,估算获得成矿流体的总硫同位素值δ³⁴S_∑S约2.7‰,具岩浆硫的特征。晚期石膏的δ³⁴S值为4.7‰~5.3‰,表明石膏可能是火山热液中的SO₂发生歧化反应或火山喷发带出的H₂S挥发分在近地表的氧化环境中反应生成的。矿石铅同位素组成十分稳定,并与大哈拉军山组火山岩的铅同位素组成相似,指示成矿物质来源于赋矿火山岩。碳、氧同位素组成指示成矿流体中碳主要来源于深部岩浆。塔北铅锌矿床可能属于矿化较深的浅成低温热液型矿床。     

黔西南郭家湾地区中三叠世坡段组幻龙化石埋藏环境 ——来自碳酸盐岩岩相与碳、氧同位素的指示

为详细刻画黔西南郭家湾一带中三叠世安尼期幻龙化石的埋藏环境,对所属地层坡段组进行岩相和碳、氧同位素分析。结果显示该组属于开阔台地、台地边缘礁和礁缘斜坡亚相,包含五种沉积微相类型。全岩碳氧同位素分析结果显示,δ18O_PDB值为-6.28‰~-2.11‰,平均值为-4.36‰;δ13C_PDB值为+0.50‰~+2.86‰,平均值为1.58‰,与黔西南及邻区同期地层碳氧同位素组成一致。获得古海水温度为16℃~20℃,盐度为125.77~131.62,指示为正常温暖的海相沉积环境。淡水的加入是导致δ13C_PDB和δ18O_PDB在化石层显示轻微负偏的主要原因。综合分析还原化石的埋藏活动表明:地震活动导致碳酸盐岩台地局部地层失稳,形成含大量幻龙骨骼的碎屑流最终于礁缘斜坡地带发生卸载,形成异地埋藏化石层。研究结果为进行黔西南及邻区三叠纪化石群特异埋藏分析提供资料。     

蒙古国塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷铜钵庙组火山碎屑岩中片钠铝石胶结物的成因

塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷铜钵庙组火山碎屑岩中发育大量的片钠铝石自生矿物。通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析等,查明了火山碎屑岩中的胶结物与自生矿物类型和成岩共生序列。含片钠铝石火山碎屑岩的成岩共生序列为粘土包壳-方解石-一期微晶石英-一期高岭石-二期微晶石英、二期高岭石、片钠铝石-铁白云石;通过MAT253稳定同位素质谱仪确定了片钠铝石和铁白云石的稳定同位素组成为片钠铝石的δ¹³C_PDB为-8.15‰~-2.81‰,与片钠铝石平衡的CO₂的δ¹³C_CO2为-12.91‰~-7.55‰,通过与海拉尔盆地及BGS盆地系碳氧同位素数据的类比,表明片钠铝石中的碳主要为幔源岩浆来源,形成片钠铝石的钠和铝主要来源于安山岩岩屑、长石晶屑碎屑、玻屑和火山灰等;铁白云石的δ¹³C_PDB为-6.76‰~-2.65‰,与片钠铝石的碳氧同位素数据相似,结合相关地质实例及地球化学模拟实验,可以推断铁白云石中的碳也是幔源岩浆来源,铁白云石中的铁离子主要来源于安山岩岩屑、玻屑、火山灰和蒙脱石等矿物。     

The Paleoceanography during the Time with High δ13C of Phanerozoic marine carbonates

Carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates is a record for various important geological events in the process of earth development and evolution. The carbonates of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic, as the transition from Paleozoic to Mesozoic-Cenozoic have very high ¹³C value. Taking this as the main point, and combined with the oxygen, strontium isotopic composition in carbonates, distribution of carbonate basin area through geologic time, the correlation of carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates to sea level change, organic carbon burial flux, exchange of CO₂ content in atmosphere and ocean, and long cycle evolution of the earth ecosystems were approached. The results are shown as follows: ①The interval of ¹³C >3‰ during Phanerozoic was concentrated in Carboniferous, Permian and the beginning of Triassic, but the beginning of Triassic was characterized by higher frequency and larger fluctuations in ¹³C value during a short time, whereas the Carboniferous-Permian presented a continuously stable high ¹³C value, indicating a larger amount of organic carbon accumulation in this time interval. Relatively high ¹⁸O values during this time was also observed, showing a long time of glaciations and cold climate, which suggest a connection among rapid organic carbon burial, cold climate, as well as pCO₂ and pO₂ states of atmosphere. ②The over consumption of atmosphere CO₂ by green plants during the time with high ¹³C of seawater forced CO₂ being transferred from ocean to atmosphere for the balance, but the decrease in the seawater amount and water column pressure caused by the global cooling could weaken dissolution capacity of CO₂ in seawater and carbon storage of marine carbonates, and also reduce the carbonate sedimentary rate and decrease the carbonate basin area globally from Devonian to Carboniferous and Permian. During the middle-late Permian carbonate was widely replaced by siliceous sediments even though in shallow carbonate platform, which resulted in the decrease of marine invertebrates, suggesting the Permian chert event should be global. ③The Phanerozoic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr trend of seawater showed a sharp fall in Permian and drop to a minimum at the end of the Permian, indicting input of strontium from the submarine hydrothermal systems (mantle flux). Such process should accompany with a supplement of CO₂ from deep earth to atmosphere and ocean system, but the process associated with widespread volcanism and rises of earth’s surface temperature pricked up the mass extinction during the time of end Permian. ④Cold climate and increase of continental icecap volume, the amalgamation of northern Africa and Laurentia continentals were the main reasons responsible for the sea level drop, but the water consumption result from the significantly increased accumulation of organic carbon should also be one of the reasons for the sea level drop on the order of tens of meters. ⑤The mass extinction at the end Permian was an inevitable event in the process of earth system adjustment. It was difficult for marine invertebrates to survive because of the continuously rapid burial of organic carbon, and of the decrease of sea water amount and its dissolution ability to CO₂. At last, at the end of Paleozoic, the supplement of CO₂ to atmosphere and ocean by widely magma activities resulted in a high temperature of earth surface and intensified mass extinction.     

Research Progress in Responses of Modern Terrestrial Plant Carbon Isotope Composition to Climate Change

Global climate change has been one of the most concerned environmental problems in the world since the 1980s. Since stable carbon composition (¹³C) in plant tissues can record abundant information on climate changes, it has been widely used as an important climate proxy in global change studies and becomes a powerful tool for obtaining paleoclimate information, understanding paleoenvironment reconstruction and modern climate change, and predicting future climate trends. However, a lot of potential uncertainties have always involved in the reconstruction of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment by carbon isotope of the past period sediment or fossils. Among them, the most dominant uncertainty is due to our poor understanding of the relations between carbon isotope ratios of plants and climatic factors and the climatic and environmental significance indicated by modern plant ¹³C. This may limit the application of plant ¹³C in the study of climatic and environmental changes. Based on the Summary of plant ¹³C fractionation and carbon isotope distribution of different photosynthetic plants, the effects of environmental factors, e.g., temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, and altitude on terrestrial plant ¹³C and their relationships were reviewed in this paper, and the response mechanism of plant ¹³C to climate changes were also analyzed. Furthermore, the current existing problems and the future prospects in carbon isotope study were discussed. It is pointed out that strengthening some studies such as the response of C₄ plants ¹³C to climate environmental parameters, the transformation relation of different scale plant ¹³C, intersection and permeation of related disciplines, and various proxies and scientific method, will undoubtedly make us have a more accurate understanding of the climate history and eventually broaden the development of the field during the process of global change study by plant carbon isotope techniques.     

Researches on Plants from the Lower Devonian Xujiachong Formation in the Qujing District, Eastern Yunnan

Fossil plants Hedeia sinica Hao et Gensel 1998, Huia gracilis Wang et Hao 2001 and Guangnania cuneata Wang et Hao are described from the Lower Devonian Xujiachong Formation, the Qujing district, eastern Yunnan, China. They contribute to our knowledge of the flora in this district. Based on the occurrence of common plants (Hedeia, Huia, Guangnania and Zosterophyllum australianum) and their horizons, it is proved for the first time that the mid-lower assemblage of the Xujiachong flora is comparable with the Early Devonian ((late) Pragian) Posongchong flora of southeastern Yunnan and the upper Baragwanathia flora of Australia. In view of this fact and the stratigraphic sequence, the mid-lower part of the Xujiachong Formation is considered to be of (late) Pragian age. Through comprehensive analyses of plant, bivalve and fish assemblages and the lithology, the upper part of the Xujiachong Formation is dated to be of early Emsian age. The Xujiachong flora belonged to the northeastern Gondwana palaeophytogeogr     

窑街煤田碳酸盐与突出气体的同位素组成特征

为探讨窑街煤矿突出CO₂气的成因与来源,对煤田中方解石、菱铁矿和水中溶解HCO₃-及沉淀碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成进行测试研究,并对“5.24”突出点涌出气的13C_CO2值和3He/4He值进行了测定.结果表明,煤田中CO₂气的碳同位素组成发生了复杂的分馏效应而和各种可能母质的碳同位素组成难以进行简单的对比;突出点气体的3He/4e值表明其为典型的壳源气;煤田中烧变岩可能为突出气的气源.     

新疆阿尔泰巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床成矿作用研究

巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床赋存于上志留-下泥盆统康布铁堡组变质火山-沉积岩系中, 近矿围岩为石榴子石矽卡岩、角闪斜长变粒岩和浅粒岩。矿体总体顺层分布, 呈似层状、透镜状及不规则状, 空间上与矽卡岩密切相关。流体包裹体研究表明, 矽卡岩阶段形成的石榴子石中发育纯气体包裹体、气体包裹体、液体包裹体、含子矿物包裹体及熔融包裹体; 退化蚀变阶段发育液体包裹体和少量气体包裹体; 石英-硫化物阶段主要发育液体包裹体、含液体CO₂的三相包裹体及少量纯气体包裹体、气体包裹体和含子矿物包裹体。矽卡岩阶段均一温度变化为217 ℃~499 ℃, 在255 ℃出现峰值, 盐度(NaCl_eq)变化为8.68%~22.65%; 退化蚀变阶段均一温度变化为181 ℃~432 ℃, 在225 ℃出现峰值, 盐度变化为12.85%~22.65%; 石英-硫化物阶段均一温度变化为140 ℃~482 ℃, 在155 ℃出现峰值, 盐度变化为0.18%~42.40%。石榴子石、石英和方解石的 δ¹⁸ O_SMOW 变化为1.8‰~7.1‰, δ¹⁸Ο_Η2Ο为 -4.79‰~4.57‰, δD_SMOW 为 -128‰~-84‰, 表明矽卡岩阶段成矿流体主要为岩浆水, 混合少量大气降水; 石英-硫化物阶段大气降水所占比例明显增加。方解石δ¹³ C_V-PDB 变化为 -3.2‰~-2.0‰, 表明流体中的碳来自深部或地幔。     

重庆东部地区寒武系龙王庙组碳、氧同位素特征及其意义

在野外露头和镜下薄片观察分析的基础上,对重庆东部地区下寒武统龙王庙组83个碳酸盐岩样品的碳、氧同位素进行测试,并分析了其所保留的海水原始信息的有效性。结果表明,扣除无效数据后,重庆地区龙王庙组δ¹³C值分布在-4.300‰~2.694‰之间,平均值为-0.031‰;δ¹⁸O值分布在-9.880‰~-0.100‰之间,平均值为-7.396‰;纵向上,碳同位素值整体呈现先降低后升高的趋势,底部、中上部及顶部为正值且变化幅度小;中下部整体为负值且波动幅度大,正、负漂移事件频发。古环境恢复结果显示,龙王庙期重庆东部地区整体处于海相沉积环境,海水盐度在龙王庙组早期较低,晚期较高;海水温度主要介于20~30,℃之间,属温暖或炎热的亚热带气候;龙王庙期共经历3期海退—海侵作用,海平面上升、海洋生产力增加、有机碳快速埋藏使得海洋中¹³C含量升高,反之则使其降低。龙王庙组沉积中期与末期,δ¹³C值负偏,水体较浅,盐度较高,是白云岩发育的最有利阶段。