DOS下天气图形的屏幕表现和识别（三）

6．1　绘制风矢和风向杆风矢是指用一有向线段来表示风矢量的大小和方向，即用线段的箭头表示风向，用线段的长度表示风速大小。函数Wind2（intx，inty，floatdd，floatff，intcolor）用颜色值为col-or的有向线段在坐标（x，y）处绘风向为dd，风速为ff的风矢。图10为风失的绘制方法，图中的坐标点确定如下：IXI——XWeslqlt！．10］SlllQ。lyl——y－t－－lyyt！，10）COSQ。i—1，2rxkZx。＋l’co对由十sign（k，1）X18］Lyk—yz＋！’st才出十sign（k，l）X18」k—3，4符号函数sign（i，x）一（－l）‘－‘x。．＿＿，，，l，，d；…     

用“A.I.D”方法作梅汛期雨量预报

一、“A.I.D”方法简介设有k个因子x_1,x_2…x_k,预报量是y,于是n次观测的全部资料可写成如下矩阵: “A.I.D”方法的第一步,依x_i;(i=1,2,…,k)的大小顺序,把y的资料排成有顺序的k个资料序列。考察它们的最优二分割,最优二分割相应的总变差记为S_i(i=1,2,…,K)。比较S_1,S_2…S_k,找出一个最小的,设S_(il)=(?),这就是说依x_(il)。的大小顺序来对y作最优二分割,可以使分割后两组内部的变差总和达到最小。然后对S_(il)所对应的二分割作一次F     

基于MM5模式的站点暴雨预报方法研究

基于对MM5模式输出产品的解释应用,建立了站点定量的暴雨MOS预报方法。从临沂中尺度数值预报模式产品中挑选x1（模式预报降水）,…,x12（沙氏指数）等12个模式产品和物理诊断因子为基本可能预报因子,又添加它们自身的非线性型xi^2xi^3,xi^1/2,1nxi,e^xi（i=1,…,12）和各因子间非线性交互作xixj（i=1,…,11,j=i＋1,…,12）型的126个可能预报因子。用非线性逐步判别做晴、雨二级判别,然后对雨型样本做逐步回归,得到暴雨的MOS预报方法。检验结果表明：该模型对暴雨有较强的预报能力,可应用于实际预报业务中。     

Hamilton无爪图的一个充分条件

设Ｇ是阶为ｎ，连通度ｋ的简单无爪图，证明了如果对每一个阶为ｋ＋１的独立集Ｓ中的每一对点，ｕｖ，都有│Ｎ（ｕ）∪Ｎ（ｖ）│≤ｎ－ｋ－Δ（Ｓ），则Ｇ是Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ图。     

对流层下部雨滴谱分布

本文讨论了Г(D)函数n(D)=ADαe-λD一阶、二阶、三阶原点矩与分布参数λ、α的关系。得出由实测雨滴谱算术平均直径D1、均方根直径D2、均立方根直径D3的比值k1=D1/D2、k2=D2/D3求取α的关系，进而可求出Г(D)函数的其它参数A、λ。通过机载二维降水粒子探头（2D-P）获得的空中雨滴谱资料计算表明:由k1、k2求得的参数α1、α2多数是接近的，可以用一个介于α1～α2的值α来近似。本文选取α=2对实测值进行拟合，并和广泛采用的Marshal-Palmer公式(α=0）进行了比较。结果表明:用α=2拟合不仅相关系数R、相关显著水平K较α=0拟合的对应值有明显提高，而且拟合的特征值，如D1、D2、D3、雨水含量Q、雷达反射率因子Z都更接近于实测值，即用三参数（A、α、λ）来表征雨滴谱比双参数（A、λ）要精确得多。     

长三角工业区夏季近地层臭氧和颗粒物污染相互关系研究

利用2013年5月15日到8月31日南京江北工业区（长三角典型工业区）同步的观测资料分析了近地层臭氧（O₃）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）、气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的变化特征及相互间的关系,并结合光化学箱模式分析了AOD对近地层O₃生成的影响。结果表明,观测期间PM_2.5平均质量浓度为56.2±20.1 μg m-3;AOD（500 nm）均值为1.4±0.9;波长指数α（440~870 nm）均值为1.0±0.3。PM_2.5质量浓度24 h均值超国家二级标准20.2%,超标时AOD均值增加14.7%,α平均值增加23.9%,O₃体积分数均值减少12.3%。O₃超国家二级标准10.1%,超标时段AOD增加34.9%,α变化不显著。高温低湿条件下,O₃日变化峰值（y）和PM_2.5质量浓度（x）存在较高的线性相关。相对湿度＜60%时,两者拟合曲线为y＝0.97x+43.96（拟合度R2=0.60）,温度＞32°C时,两者拟合方程为y＝1.24x+30.61（R2＝0.64）。夏季长三角工业区呈现高浓度O₃与高浓度PM_2.5叠加的大气复合污染。O₃日变化峰值和AOD变化呈显著负相关。模拟结果显示,O₃日变化峰值（y）和AOD（x）呈现极高的负相关[y＝－34.28x+181.62,R2 = 0.93或y＝220.62·exp (－x/3.17)－19.50,R2＝0.99]。     

2n阶微分方程周期解的存在性

考虑微分方程u^（2a）＋△↓G（u）=M（u）解的存在性问题，运用同胚理论及不动点方法给出在M为有界全连续算子条件下此类方程解的存在性定理。     

500毫巴环流指数、环流型及环流特征量

1.500毫巴月平均环流指数分亚欧地区(45—65°N、0—150°E)和亚洲地区(45—65°N、60—150°E),其计算公式, 其中φ_1、φ_2表示计算纬向环流指数Iz的纬度范围,Z_(1i)、Z_(2i)分别是在φ_1、φ_2两纬圈上第i点的500毫巴高度读数,L为分别在φ_1、φ_2纬圈上均匀取点进行高度读数的点数。计算经向环流指数Im时,先将所考虑范围分成n个小区,在m个纬圈上分别读取经度间距为Δλ的相邻两点间高度差ΔZi,然后进行计算(详见中央气象科学研究所《论文汇集》1965年9月)。这里所附的月平均环流指数值是根据上式计算的逐候平均环流指数,     

热带太平洋ENSO振荡的空间对称和非对称成分

用SSA（奇异谱分析）识别出ENSO振荡的前两个周期成分，在此基础上对NCEP／NCAR资料以及风应力资料采用合成场的空间对称和非对称方法，分析和比较物理量场对Nino3、4指数的两个主要周期成分的线性和非线性响应。结果表明：空间场的线性响应A^（1）决定了两个主周期成分与ENSO的位相关系；非线性响应A^（2）决定空间不对称性。A^（1）和A^（2）的相互作用对于空间场的影响分成4种情况：情况1（A^（1）〉0，A^（2）〉0）、2（A^（1）〉0，A^（2）〈0）使得空间场振荡与ENSO同位相，情况3（A^（1）〈0，A^（2）〈0）、4（A^（1）〈0，A^（2）〉0）则反之；情况1、3使得在ENSO暖位相时合成场的振荡强，而情况2、4反之。空间不对称性最大的地方与线性响应最大的地方总是比较接近：SLP位于南太平洋，作用的情况分别是1和4；SSTA位于赤道东太平洋；τx位于赤道中西太平洋，属于情况1；τy位于中太平洋赤道北侧和南侧，由北向南分别是情况3和1。这种特征使得在ENSO暖位相时，合成场中主要距平区的振荡强度偏强，更有利于形成ENSO暖事件。这与最近38a来ENSO暖事件普遍偏强的现象吻合。     

强对流天气预报业务流程

1984年以来，我台研制了一些强对流天气预报方法。近几年业务预报实践发现，各种方法自立一格，使用不便，为此综合编写出强对流天气业务预报、服务流程，以便统一使用。强对流天气预报服务流程框图（图1）的预报方法可用人机对话完成。发出预警预报后的部分通过各种通信工具和书面汇报方法完成。现将框图中各部分叙述如下：目IR对流天气预报服务认程框国14～6月份1．108时地面图上有武夷山弯曲冷锋形势预（3）凸Qse．tr十凸Qser州＜－31of（兀h1－a。0＞61℃；（5）St。＋S小q＜－6．IC；（6）St。n＋S小q＜－9．IC（7）汕头单站同时…     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on