大连初冬一次辐射平流雾天气过程分析

利用大连机场地面观测资料、Micaps系统下常规资料、探空资料和NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,从天气形势和背景、探空资料分析和物理量诊断方面,对2009年11月30日-12月2日发生在大连地区持续性大雾天气过程做了详细分析。结果表明,本次持续性雾过程属于辐射平流雾,是在稳定的大尺度天气背景下形成的。探空资料表明,大雾发生过程中,边界层内出现一层逆温和多层逆温;边界层内近地层的逆温和充沛的水汽条件对雾的形成和长时间的维持起着重要的作用。热力结构分析表明,温度日较差大表明地面辐射冷却对本次大雾过程具有明显的作用;低层持续的弱暖平流输入,有利于近地层逆温的建立和维持。动力场结构分析表明,在中低层,大雾发生前期和维持时期,存在弱的辐合上升运动;在大雾消散期,存在明显的辐散下沉运动。水汽条件分析表明,增湿和冷却使此次大雾过程中水汽达到饱和状态产生凝结,在大雾过程的前期,存在弱的水汽辐合;在大雾消散期,存在水汽辐散。     

华北平原一次大雾天气过程的数值模拟

应用非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5V3,模拟分析了2005年11月19-21日发生在华北平原的一次大雾天气过程.结果表明,本次大雾是发生在相对稳定的大气环流背景下的辐射雾.模拟的天气形势与实况基本一致,模拟雾在范围、强度、生消时间等方面基本反映了实际大雾的生消变化规律.近地层逆温的维持和充沛的水汽条件对雾层长时间维持起着重要作用.诊断分析表明,大雾维持期间,雾区近地面层处在弱的水汽辐合区;900 hPa以上为辐散区和负涡度区,整层大气中下沉运动占主导,大规模的下沉辐散运动有利于中低层大气增温,与近地层的辐射降温相配合,有助于边界层内形成逆温;冷暖平流的作用也有助于逆温形成;地面和大气的长波辐射冷却,是最主要的降温因子;太阳短波辐射是导致大雾减轻及日变化的主要原因.     

2006年12月24—27日大范围大雾过程数值模拟

利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)和宾夕法尼亚州立大学(PSU)联合研制的第5代中尺度气象模式系统MM5对2006年12月24—27日江苏及其周边地区出现的一次罕见持续性大雾进行数值模拟和诊断分析, 同时对影响大雾过程的辐射条件进行敏感性试验。结果表明:形成持续性大雾的主要原因是大气层结稳定, 水汽充沛, 同时, 地面和大气的长波辐射冷却是雾形成和发展的最重要因素; 而日出后太阳短波辐射加热和热量湍流输送是辐射雾消散的主要原因。在大雾发展和维持期间, 雾区近地层基本上为弱的水汽辐合区; 在大雾减弱和消散期间, 雾区大部分为弱的水汽辐散区。大范围的下沉辐散运动有利于中低层大气增温, 与近地层的辐射降温相配合, 加上近地层弱冷平流作用, 使低层大气降温, 有助于逆温形成, 而深厚逆温层的存在, 对雾区的长时间维持起着决定性作用。     

山东中西部一次持续性大雾的形成及维持机制

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR提供的6 h再分析资料（分辨率为1°×1°）,对2013年1月12-16日发生在山东中西部地区的一次持续性大雾天气过程从环流背景、层结条件、动力和热力学机制等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明：中高层偏西气流、对流层低层温度脊和地面冷高压的稳定维持为这次持续性大雾过程提供了有利的环流背景;大雾过程经历了辐射雾—平流辐射雾—平流雾的复杂演变阶段,不同阶段的大雾湿层厚度及逆温强度有所不同;适当的风速和低层弱的水汽辐合有利于大雾稳定维持和发展;近地层辐合上升、中高层辐散下沉,易在界面形成逆温层,有利于大雾的出现,而整层的辐合上升运动往往容易形成中高云,不利于近地层水汽的聚集,难以形成大雾。     

陕西冬季一次大雾天气生消机制的数值模拟

利用非静力平衡中尺度模式WRF、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料及常规观测资料,对2005年12月30～31日发生在陕西的大雾天气过程进行了数值模拟,分析了大雾天气过程形成的主要原因及雾的生消机制。结果表明,WRF模式能较好地模拟出雾的水平分布特征、强度和生消过程,反映出实际雾的生消变化规律。适当提高模式水平分辨率能较明显地改进模拟效果。这次大雾为平流辐射雾,长波辐射冷却是大雾形成和发展的主要原因。逆温层的发展、维持和近地面层较高的相对湿度对雾的产生和发展起着重要作用。近地面层有弱的水汽辐合是大雾发展和维持的主要原因之一。大雾形成和发展阶段,900 hPa以下的辐合上升运动和900 hPa以上的辐散下沉运动有利于在上升和下沉运动区的界面层中形成逆温层,逆温层的形成有利于低层水汽的积累。随着高空转为辐合上升运动,900 hPa以下为辐散下沉运动,接着日出后,太阳短波辐射增温等的共同作用,使逆温减弱直至被破坏。中高云的存在影响了近地面层逆温的形成和加强,推迟了雾的形成和消散。暖平流的输入有利于逆温层的形成发展。     

济南机场初冬一次连续性大雾过程分析

利用地面气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和GDAS资料,结合天气形势、物理量场,并利用轨迹分析方法,对2019年12月7—10日发生在济南机场的持续性大雾天气做了详细分析。结果表明:本次大雾是在稳定的大尺度天气背景下发生的;连续的逆温结构是持续性大雾形成的重要原因;地面辐射冷却和低层冷暖平流有利于大雾的形成和维持;低层弱上升运动配合中层的弱下沉运动有利于大雾的维持和发展;HYSPLIT模式后向轨迹追踪表明,近低层偏南气流的水汽输送是大雾的主要水汽来源,其对大雾的水汽贡献高达61%,西北气流输送的水汽相对较少,其主要表征短波槽后的冷平流及高压前部的弱冷空气,是一支干冷的辐散下沉气流。     

粤东一次罕见持续性大雾天气过程的分析

采用高分辨率的探空、地面实测资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2010年2月23日—3月6日粤东地区一次罕见的持续性大雾天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:此次连续性大雾天气过程是由辐射雾和平流雾组成;探空资料的分析表明,大雾期间大气层结呈现对流稳定或弱的不稳定特性,同时近地面层存在明显的逆温结构;大雾期间850 hPa华南沿海西南方向气流的存在为这次过程提供了充足的水汽条件;地面不断有弱冷空气的入侵,使低层大气变得弱不稳定,并维持了冷的下垫面,但没有完全破坏近地面层的逆温;在深厚逆温条件下,持续的低空西南支暖湿水汽输送和适量的水汽辐合,导致水汽凝结,使得粤东地区的大雾和毛毛雨维持;持续强劲的暖湿气流和弱冷空气的不断入侵维持冷的下垫面,使雾雨天气在华南沿海长时间维持;大雾后期,强冷空气入侵破坏了大气的层结和逆温条件,大雾天气消散。同时,当Δθse 850～1 000<0时,将出现雾雨天气。     

一次大范围辐射雾天气过程的观测和数值模拟分析

利用观测资料分析2010年1月华中一次大范围辐射雾过程的环流背景及气象要素分布特点。发现:本次大雾过程有两层较明显的逆温层,高空系统性偏北气流形成下沉逆温,位于7000hPa附近,使大气层结维持稳定,低层水汽不能上传,为大雾生成提供高湿环境条件;地面辐射冷却作用形成近地辐射逆温层,是辐射雾形成和发展的主要因素,而日出后太阳短波辐射对地面的加热和热量湍流输送是白天辐射雾消散的重要原因。利用WRF模式进行模拟实验,发现用T213资料作为模式的初始和边界条件模拟近地层气象要素,较NCEP再分析资料有一定优势;900 m以下U大值区与最大逆温≥5℃重叠区与雾区对应较好;河流湖泊北侧在地面由高压脊转高压后部后,在低空偏南气流水汽输送作用下,出现辐射雾转平流雾可能性较大;WRF模式模拟的近地面层要素结果和实况有所差距,必须采用观测资料同化改进。     

2014年初许昌市两次持续性大雾天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料和NECP1°×1°再分析资料对2014年1月14—18日和1月30日—2月2日两次持续性大雾天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:两次过程均存在平流雾、辐射雾以及平流-辐射雾,高空冷空气入侵南下是两次大雾天气结束的原因;大雾期间,高空环流形势较为稳定,地面气压梯度较小,大气层结存在不同程度的逆温,有上干下湿的特征;当有辐射雾出现时,地面受均压场控制,风速为1~3m/s,整层均为西北气流;有平流雾时,地面受单一气压场控制,风速为4~6 m/s,特别是低层存在暖湿气流的输送,近地面存在弱辐合上升,对流层中层存在弱辐散下沉;能见度与温度露点差基本存在同位相变化,与相对湿度存在显著的反位相变化。     

一次广东省大雾过程的数值模拟分析

利用美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）和宾夕法尼亚州立大学联合研制的第5代中尺度气象模式系统MM5,对广东省地区春季出现的一次大雾过程进行了数值模拟研究。模式模拟结果与实际温湿探空的对比表明,模式很好地模拟了大雾过程的流场变化特征及表征大雾的液态水含量分布。对这次大雾生消过程起决定性作用的是925 hPa风场的变化。当925 hPa转为偏南风控制时,暖湿的海洋性空气流经较冷的下垫面从而形成大范围的平流雾;而当925 hPa转为干冷的偏北风控制时,原本形成的大雾很快就消散了。同时模式也很好地模拟了伴随此次平流雾出现的逆温过程。逆温层高度约在900 hPa附近,具有相当的厚度,这对于大雾的形成和维持有一定作用。另外,利用模式模拟的液态水含量值估算的能见度水平分布情况与实况的观测结果也较为一致。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.