太行山隆起南段新构造变形过程研究

基于TM遥感影像解译和断裂滑动矢量资料的野外观测,结合年轻地质体热同位素和放射性同位素年代学测试结果分析,重点描述了太行山隆起南段构造地貌特征,划分了新构造变形阶段,确定了新构造应力场及其转换历史。研究表明,新近纪以来,太行山南段经历了两期重要的引张变形时期。中新世中晚期,伴随华北地区广泛的基性火山喷溢活动,太行山南段受近NE-SW向引张应力作用,构造变形集中在南段东缘和南缘断裂带上。上新世至早更新世时期,强烈的NW-SE向地壳引张导致太行山隆起南段夷平地貌的解体和地堑盆地的形成。自中晚更新世以来,太行山南缘断裂带成为新构造变形的主要边界带。断面滑动矢量分析和山前年轻冲积扇体和小冲沟沿断裂错移特征分析,表明太行山南缘断裂带是一条斜张左旋走滑边界断裂带,引张方向为NW-SE至NNW-SSE.从区域大地构造角度,中新世中国东部NE-SW向拉伸作用与东部太平洋板块向西俯仲导致的弧后扩张动力过程有关;而上新世以来新构造变形是与青藏高原快速隆升及其向东构造挤出作用有关。      

Crustal lineaments and shear zones in Africa: Their relationship to plate movements

Many of the major lineaments in southern Africa are major ductile shear zones with large displacement, occurring within, though often bounding orogenic belts. An example is the boundary to the Limpopo belt in Botswana and Zimbabwe. However, some of these shear zones only record slight displacement when considered on a crustal scale; they are merely planes recording differential movement on much larger, flat to gently dipping, shear zones where the boundary to the orogenic belt is a low-angle thrust zone. These different types of shear zones are clearly shown in the Pan-African belt of Zambia where large ENE-trending lineaments have been recorded. Recent work has shown the northern group of shears to be large lateral ramps; for example, the rocks of the copper belt are part of an ENE-verging thrust package, the southern boundary of which is a major, oblique to lateral ramp. In southern Zambia shears are more analogous to major transform faults; they form as tear faults separating zones of different thrust vergence. A possible plate tectonic model is given for this part of Africa, showing the different relative plate movement vectors estimated from the geometry of the Pan-African shear zones.     

祁连山北缘—河西走廊地区大地形变与地震的关系

河西走廊—祁连山北缘地区地处青藏高原北缘,受印度板块与欧亚板块中生代末—新生代早期的碰撞及持续至今的向北推挤作用的远程效应的影响,该地区是现今的地壳活动地区,其中地壳形变是最主要的表现形式。地壳形变监测显示,隆起区垂直位移速率最大可达15mm/a,沉降区最大位移速率为-15mm/a。祁连山和河西走廊的相对隆升变化与该区地震具有密切的关系,河西走廊相对下降、祁连山相对隆升的后期是地震多发时期,河西走廊相对隆升、祁连山相对下降的后期是地震少发时期,这与该区处于挤压体制下的区域构造背景密切相关。GPS水平位移监测显示,河西走廊—祁连山北缘地区全区都一致向东位移,且位移速率非常大,大者大于10mm/a;位移速率具有南部大于北部、东部大于西部的特点,水平位移速率变化与现代活动断裂具有非常密切的关系,并以主要断裂构造为区带的边界;水平位移速率矢量与2002年玉门地震的震源机制解所显示的沿地震破裂面发生的滑动方向非常一致。     

TECTONIC DEFORMATION AND STRONG EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITIES ON THE EAST BORDER OF TIBET PLATEAU

TECTONIC DEFORMATION AND STRONG EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITIES ON THE EAST BORDER OF TIBET PLATEAU     

西秦岭晚新生代构造变形的几何图像、运动学特征及其动力机制

西秦岭位于东西向展布的秦岭-大别-苏鲁中央造山带与南北向展布的贺兰山-龙门山-川滇地震带构成的巨型"十字"构造区的交汇点,是中国大陆中部"西秦岭-松潘构造结"的重要组成部分。西秦岭晚新生代的构造变形与青藏高原的侧向扩展过程密切相关。该区构造变形的几何图像、运动特征及其深部动力学机制对于揭示青藏高原东北部的动力过程及强震活动具有重要意义。西秦岭地区主要断裂晚新生代以来的滑动速率及跨断裂GPS应变速率的结果表明,这一时期西秦岭构造带发生了明显的构造活动方式转换,主要的构造变形过程是通过其内部一系列低滑动速率的断裂活动以及断裂之间隆起山脉与盆地的变形,共同承担着自东昆仑断裂向西秦岭断裂之间的转换平衡。在调节这种构造转换过程中,西秦岭地区以"连续变形"为特征,即区域内的应变是以多条相对低滑动速率断裂的弥散变形遍布全区,并且西秦岭及其周缘块体的旋转作用也吸收了部分变形分量。综合已查明的区域构造活动特征、新生代岩浆活动、地球物理资料以及现今地貌特征可知,西秦岭在特提斯构造域的影响下,岩石圈的结构存在明显的流变学分层,一方面,西秦岭的上地壳保留了主造山期的地质构造形态,但中—下地壳的弱化使得莫霍面之上的圈层解耦,深部可流动的岩石圈地幔不但改变了陆内造山带的结构,同时也控制了现今上地壳连续变形的发育;另一方面,西秦岭内部的中强震主要发生在高速（或高阻）与低速（或低阻）的构造边界带附近。这种独特的流变学结构导致西秦岭在青藏高原向北生长和侧向扩展的过程中,不同阶段的构造变形过程是截然不同的。因此,进一步深入研究西秦岭地区的晚新生代构造转换过程及其机制,不仅对于理解青藏高原东北部的动力过程具有重要意义,更有助于深入认识南北地震构造带中段未来的强震危险性。      

江西永平铜矿区古构造应力场与构造演化

利用多重反演方法(Multiple Inverse Method,MIM)恢复永平铜矿多期古构造应力场,该方法可以划分形成断层擦痕的多个古构造应力期次.研究表明,永平矿区印支期以来至少受到3期古构造应力场作用,进而探讨了永平铜矿构造演化历史.第一期构造应力场为EW方向的近水平挤压,形成轴向近SN的褶皱,以及走向近南北的逆断层;第二期构造应力场为NW-SE方向近水平挤压,伴随着岩体的侵入,导致层间破碎带的矽卡岩化和矿体形成;第三期构造应力场为EW方向的再次挤压作用,造成控矿断层推覆距离加大,混合岩和矽卡岩破碎带向西逆冲推覆到晚古生代地层之上.     

中沙地块南部断裂发育特征及其成因机制

利用最新多道地震剖面资料,结合重力、磁力、地形等地球物理资料,揭示了中沙地块南部断裂空间展布特征、断裂发育时期、断裂内部构造形变特征及深部地壳结构,并基于认识探讨了断裂的发育机制。研究结果认为,中沙地块南部陆缘构造属性为非火山型被动大陆边缘：地壳性质从西北向东南由减薄陆壳向洋陆过渡壳再向正常洋壳发育变化;Moho面埋深从中沙地块下方的26 km快速抬升到海盆的10~12 km;从中沙地块陡坡至其前缘海域的重力异常明显负异常区为洋陆过渡带,在重力由高值负异常上升到海盆的低值正、负异常的边界为洋陆边界。中沙地块南部发育有4组阶梯状向海倾的深大正断裂,主要发育时期为晚渐新世到中中新世。断裂早期发育与南海东部次海盆近NS向扩张有关,后期遭受挤压变形、与菲律宾海板块向南海的NWW向仰冲有关。该研究有助于更好认识南海海盆的扩张历史和南海被动大陆边缘的类型。     

Neotectonic transpressional intraplate deformation in eastern Eurasia: Insights from active fault systems in the southeastern Korean Peninsula

Transpression occurs in response to oblique convergence across a deformation zone in intraplate regions and plate boundaries. The Korean Peninsula is located at an intraplate region of the eastern Eurasian Plate and has been deformed under the ENE–WSW maximum horizontal compression since the late Pliocene. In this study, we analyzed short-term instrumental seismic (focal mechanism) and long-term paleoseismic (Quaternary fault outcrop) data to decipher the neotectonic crustal deformation pattern in the southeastern Korean Peninsula. Available (paleo-)seismic data acquired from an NNE–SSW trending deformation zone between the Yangsan and Ulleung fault zones indicate spatial partitioning of crustal deformation by NNW–SSE to NNE–SSW striking reverse faults and NNE–SSW striking strike-slip faults, supporting a strike-slip partitioned transpression model. The instantaneous and finite neotectonic strains, estimated from the focal mechanism and Quaternary outcrop data, respectively, show discrepancies in their axes, which can be attributed to the switching between extensional and intermediate axes of finite strain during the accumulation of wrench-dominated transpression. Notably, some major faults, including the Yangsan and Ulsan fault zones, are relatively misoriented to slip under the current stress condition but, paradoxically, have more (paleo-)seismic records indicating their role in accommodating the neotectonic transpressional strain. We propose that fluids, heat flow, and lithospheric structure are potential factors affecting the reactivation of the relatively misoriented major faults. Our findings provide insights into the accommodation pattern of strain associated with the neotectonic crustal extrusion in an intraplate region of the eastern Eurasian Plate in response to the collision of the Indian Plate and the subduction of the Pacific/Philippine Sea Plates.     

青藏高原东北缘海原-六盘山断裂带现今地壳应力环境的数值分析

海原-六盘山断裂是青藏高原东北缘的大型边界断裂带,是中国大陆典型的地震危险区。地壳构造加载特征的定量研究有助于分析区域孕震环境,参考青藏高原东北缘GPS形变和岩石圈精细结构等资料,本文建立海原-六盘山断裂带周缘的三维岩石圈分层模型,分析现今构造加载作用下区域地壳形变和应力演化特征。数值计算结果显示:青藏高原东北缘现今处于以北东-南西向的水平挤压为主导和北西-南东向的水平引张的变形特征。青藏高原东北缘中-下地壳流变性质影响上覆脆性地壳应力环境,中地壳较低粘滞系数对应的模型地壳应力计算值与研究区实际地壳应力场相近。海原断裂中-西段构造加载作用显著,具有相对较高的库仑应力积累和最大剪应力分布;而六盘山断裂周缘地壳应力和最大剪应力小于海原断裂带。构造应力积累的空间分布差异说明六盘山断裂具有较弱的构造孕震环境,而研究区走滑型断裂的孕震加载作用显著。尽管六盘山处于较低的应力状态,但仍不能轻易忽视其长期存在的强震空区所暗示的发震潜力。     

鲁西地区韧性剪切带显微构造研究及岩组分析

通过对鲁西地区韧性剪切带显微构造及岩组特征等的研究,认为该区韧性剪切带具有多期次、多方向、多性质的变形特点,韧性变形主体具有右行剪切性质,最大主压应力方位为ＮＥＮＥＥ。从岩组分析结果可知,区内岩石韧性变形较强,并且复杂,变形以压剪性变形为主,石英变形机制主要为柱在滑移,韧性变形时温度较高。石英自由位位错密度法应力估算结果说明,区内最大差应力为７５．４ＭＰａ,平均值６８．４５ＭＰａ,金矿体的赋存与构     

青藏高原东缘活动断裂带地壳岩体构造损伤特征与模式讨论

活动断裂带强烈复杂的构造运动会对地壳岩体产生不同程度的损伤,这些损伤能够显著影响地震破裂、地貌演化和地质灾害等地质过程,并对工程岩体稳定有较大影响,但目前鲜见对大型活动断裂地壳岩体构造损伤的深入研究。本文首次提出地壳岩体构造损伤的科学概念,揭示其具有不可逆性、累积性、非均匀性与愈合性。通过对青藏高原东缘鲜水河断裂带等6条主要活动断裂带大范围岩体露头的实测分析,采用构造结构面面密度作为表征构造损伤的定量指标,将断裂带地壳岩体划分为损伤带与围岩,测得最宽损伤带达3100 m。分析了地壳岩体损伤分布特征、变形破裂特征和损伤分布影响因素,取得如下认识:(1)损伤带主要沿活动性较强的主断裂分布,其内部具有高、低损伤区交替的分区损伤特征;(2)损伤带与围岩岩体分别表现为高应变速率与低应变速率状态下脆性损伤特征,损伤带的形成与断裂近期区域应力场密切相关;(3)表征断层发展阶段的累积位移量控制损伤带的总体规模,而其局部变化主要受控于断裂的几何展布与岩石性质;(4)提出了典型活动断裂带地壳岩体构造损伤模式。研究成果可为地震动力学、构造地貌、地质灾害和大型工程建设等提供约束地壳岩体结构的科学证据,有助于深化对活动断裂带地壳岩体力学环境的认识和理解。     

The structure of the Tuapse shear zone according to the field tectonophysical data

The results of field structural studies of the Tuapse shear zone in the Northwest Caucasus are presented. This zone is characterized by shear displacements of various scales with a dominant horizontal shear, viz., a geodynamic type of the stress state, which leads to the formation of faults with mostly lateral displacement of wings, i.e., along the strike of the fault surface. The quantitative characteristics of the local stress conditions in the shear zone (the positions of principal axes and the Lode–Nadai coefficient) are determined on the basis of cataclastic analysis and geological indicators of the paleostresses. The differences between these characteristics are considered for the large tectonic zones. Significant spatial (areal) variations in orientations of the axes of major normal stresses in the shear zone and their local weak gentle variations are evidence of a consistent general stress direction during the formation of faults during the Late Eocene–Miocene deformation epoch.     

佳伊断裂带晚白垩世走滑-逆冲事件的新证据

在四平市叶赫镇发现一系列走滑-逆冲断层,断层面平直、陡倾,走向集中在NNE15°~35°范围内,组成了佳木斯—伊通两条主干边界断裂之间的分支断裂带,分支断裂呈雁列式排布,与走向NE45°的主干边界断裂呈锐角相交,指示边界断裂具有右旋走滑特征。叶赫镇走滑-逆冲断裂带的发现为佳木斯—伊通断裂存在晚白垩世晚期—末期的走滑-逆冲事件提供了新证据。叶赫镇分支断裂带是石岭镇分支断裂带向南部的延伸,两者切割了相同的地层,具有相同的构造特征和构造属性,属于同一走滑-逆冲断裂系统,它们是晚白垩世晚期—末期同一地球动力学背景下的产物。     

青海鄂拉山断裂带晚第四纪构造活动及其所反映的青藏高原东北缘的变形机制

鄂拉山断裂带是分隔青海乌兰盆地 (柴达木盆地的一部分 )与茶卡—共和盆地的一条重要边界断裂 ,长约 2 0 7km ,由 6条规模较大的主要以右阶或左阶次级断裂段羽列而成 ,阶距约 1～ 3.5km。该断裂右旋走滑的起始时代为第四纪初期 ,约在 1.8～ 3.8MaB .P .期间 ,大的地质体累积断错约 9～12km。断裂新活动形成了一系列山脊、冲沟和阶地等的右旋断错及断层崖、断层陡坎等。晚更新世晚期以来 ,鄂拉山断裂带的平均水平滑动速率为 (4 .1± 0 .9)mm/a ,垂直滑动速率为 (0 .15± 0 .1)mm/a。鄂拉山地区的构造变形受区域NE向构造应力作用下的剪切压扁与鄂拉山断裂的右旋剪切和挤压的共同影响 ,共和—茶卡盆地和乌兰盆地均属于走滑挤压型盆地。青藏高原东北缘地区在区域性北东向挤压的作用之下 ,应变被分解为沿北西西向断裂的左旋走滑和沿北北西向断裂的右旋走滑运动 ,形成一对共轭的剪切断裂。鄂拉山断裂及其他北北西走向断裂的发展演化和变形机制表明青藏高原东北缘向东的挤出和逃逸是非常有限的。     

四川大梁子富锗铅锌矿床的控矿构造样式及成矿机制研究

大梁子富锗铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西南缘,是四川-云南-贵州(川滇黔)铅锌矿集区大型矿床之一,其矿石储量4.5 Mt,Pb+Zn平均品位10%~12%,矿体主要以筒状、脉状赋存于严格受断裂构造控制的富有机质破碎带“黑色破碎带”中,赋矿围岩为震旦系灯影组的白云岩。矿区断裂十分发育,主要发育NWW向断裂、NW向断裂和NE向断裂。通过详细分析各组断裂的几何学和运动学特征,厘清了成矿前、成矿期和成矿后断裂活动特征及构造动力学特征。成矿前,该矿区受近N-S向挤压应力作用,形成NWW向逆断层;成矿期,受古特提斯洋的俯冲消减和碰撞造山作用,研究区构造应力场转变为NW-SE向挤压应力,形成矿区的NWW向张扭性断层、NW向扭张性断层和NE向逆断层;成矿后,区域构造应力场转变为近EW向,形成NWW向、NW向和NE向的破矿断裂。NWW向断裂是矿区的主控断裂,是流体运移的通道;NW向断裂是NWW向断层的主要配套断裂,是流体混合和矿体就位的空间,NWW向断裂和NW向断裂组成的负花状构造是大梁子富锗铅锌矿床最具特色的控矿构造样式。来自深部的富金属离子的流体与来自寒武系富有机质地层的还原型流体在NWW向断裂和NW向断裂控制的张裂空间的混合,是该床的主要成矿机制。矿区南部和西部类似的构造样式区是下一步找矿的方向。     

大青山逆冲推覆构造带中劈理特征及其成因

在大青山逆冲推覆构造带中发育一组非透入性板劈理构造,主要发育有两种劈理,分布在中部构造岩片和外缘构造带中。第一种劈理分布在主干逆冲断层下盘,受断层控制,为一组压扭性构造面,其产状、变形特征和滑动方向与主干逆冲断层相一致;第二种劈理为层间劈理,受岩性控制。沿着劈理面同构造新生矿物组合和碎屑颗粒变形特征表明,劈理形成于地壳中浅部构造层次上的低绿片岩相条件下,以韧脆性变形机制为主。劈理切割了大青山褶皱构造,形成时代为(121.6±1.6) Ma。应力场的分析表明,劈理构造由近南北向的地壳水平挤压应力作用形成。     

西秦岭北缘北西向断层特征和形成的构造机制及地质意义

西秦岭北缘构造带不仅发育一系列继承性多期活动或新生的近东西向断层,而且新生代地层中还发育与近东西向断层走向不一致且具有独特构造特征的北西向左旋走滑断层。这种北西向左旋走滑断层带不发育断层角砾岩、磨砾岩、碎粉岩、断层泥、摩擦镜面、擦痕线理、断层阶步等脆性断层中常见的构造现象,仅表现为地层旋转和剪切拉断形成的一定宽度的透镜化带,两条断层之间地层产状发生旋转形成了约1 km宽,平面上类似膝折构造几何形态地层扭折带。该北西向断层横切了渐新统—中新统地层,并被上新统砾岩覆盖和第四纪以来的近东西向左旋走滑断层斜切,指示了其形成于渐新世—中新世沉积地层形成之后,上新世砾岩沉积之前,即上新世早期。北西向断层带不发育脆性断层典型构造现象和断层左旋走滑作用在渐新统—中新统沉积地层中形成了类似膝折构造几何形态地层扭折带,说明其变形具有韧脆性过渡和缓慢剪切变形的特征,是西秦岭北缘一种新的断层类型。其形成机制为基底或中下地壳中大型左旋走滑韧性或韧脆性剪切带向上扩展延伸到上部沉积盖层中之结果,也就是说,新生代沉积盖层中这种北西向断层和地层扭折带是下部韧性剪切带的左旋走滑剪切在盖层中被动构造响应。这种基底或中下地壳北西向左旋韧性剪切带可能指示了上新世初期西秦岭北缘构造带深部韧性地壳物质向南东流变蠕动的构造标志,代表深部地壳缩短增厚向地壳韧性物质侧向扩展流动的转换过程。这种特殊的断层类型对理解青藏高原东北缘新生代构造变形体制转换和地壳隆升具有重要的科学意义。     

阿尔金山南缘断裂带的分段分带特征及其构造演化

通过卫星遥感图像分析和野外调查,参考最新的地质调查和前人研究成果,系统总结了阿尔金山南 缘断裂带的构造特征,表明该断裂带具有沿走向上的多级分段性、横向上的多级分带性,其构造活动性质和运动方 向具有多级周期性反复的演化特点。这是地壳波浪状构造运动在阿尔金山南缘断裂带的具体体现。因此任何单 一的左行、右行或逆冲、正滑作用模式都不能全面、合理地解释其构造演化过程。     

Structural control of geothermal reservoirs in extensional tectonic settings: An example from the Upper Rhine Graben

In extensional tectonic settings major structural elements such as graben boundary faults are typically oriented subparallel to the maximum horizontal stress component S_Hmax. They are often structurally accompanied by transfer zones that trend subparallel to the extension direction. In the Upper Rhine Graben, such transfer faults are typically characterized by strike-slip or oblique-slip kinematics. A major re-orientation of the regional stress field by up to 90° of the Upper Rhine Graben in the Early Miocene led to the present-day normal and strike-slip faulting regimes in the North and South of the Upper Rhine Graben, respectively, and a transition zone in-between. Consequently, conditions for fault frictional failure changed significantly. Moreover, it has been observed during tracer and stimulation experiments that such transfer faults may be of major importance for the hydraulic field of geothermal reservoirs under the present stress condition, especially, when located between production and injection well.In this context we have investigated slip and dilation tendencies (T_S and T_D) of major structural elements at reservoir scale for two representative geothermal sites, Bruchsal (Germany) and Riehen (Switzerland), located close to the Eastern Main Boundary Fault of the Upper Rhine Graben. We have evaluated the quality and uncertainty range of both tendencies with respect to potential variation in S_Hmax orientation. Despite significant differences in orientation of the structures and the stress regimes, the resulting variation of T_S and T_D reveal major similarities concerning the reactivation potential of both, the graben-parallel structures and the transfer faults. The conditions of criticality for tensile failure and non-criticality for shear failure suggest that transfer faults are most likely naturally permeable structures with low stimulation potential. This is in agreement with the absence of both immediate tracer recovery and seismicity in the studied geothermal sites.     

3D numerical modelling of fluid flow in the Val-d’Or orogenic gold district: major crustal shear zones drain fluids from overpressured vein fields

Fluid flow patterns have been determined using oxygen isotope isopleths in the Val-d’Or orogenic gold district. 3D numerical modelling of fluid flow and oxygen isotope exchange in the vein field shows that the fluid flow patterns can be reproduced if the lower boundary of the model is permeable, which represents middle or lower crustal rocks that are infiltrated by a metamorphic fluid generated at deeper levels. This boundary condition implies that the major crustal faults so conspicuous in vein fields do not act as the only major channel for upward fluid flow. The upper model boundary is impermeable except along the trace of major crustal faults where fluids are allowed to drain out of the vein field. This upper impermeable boundary condition represents a low-permeability layer in the crust that separates the overpressured fluid from the overlying hydrostatic fluid pressure regime. We propose that the role of major crustal faults in overpressured vein fields, independent of tectonic setting, is to drain hydrothermal fluids out of the vein field along a breach across an impermeable layer higher in the crust and above the vein field. This breach is crucial to allow flow out of the vein field and accumulation of metals in the fractures, and this breach has major implications for exploration for mineral resources. We propose that tectonic events that cause episodic metamorphic dehydration create a short-lived pulse of metamorphic fluid to rise along zones of transient permeability. This results in a fluid wave that propagates upward carrying metals to the mineralized area. Earthquakes along crustal shear zones cause dilation near jogs that draw fluids and deposit metals in an interconnected network of subsidiary shear zones. Fluid flow is arrested by an impermeable barrier separating the hydrostatic and lithostatic fluid pressure regimes. Fluids flow through the evolving and interconnected network of shear zones and by advection through the rock matrix. Episodic breaches in the impermeable barrier along the crustal shear zones allow fluid flow out of the vein field.