1998梅雨锋的结构特征及形成与维持

应用1998年6月中旬的分析资料, 对1998年6月16~17日暴雨时段的梅雨锋结构及梅雨锋的形成与维持进行了诊断分析, 确认了暴雨发生时期梅雨锋结构的一些普遍特征, 如在对流层低层表现为θ_se锋而不是温度的强烈对比, 梅雨锋区是一个低层正涡度带以及风和水汽的辐合带等。同时揭示了1998年6月暴雨时期梅雨锋结构的典型特征:锋区从近地面可伸展到600 hPa层 (一般认为梅雨锋只存在于800 hPa以下), 近乎垂直、略向北倾; 锋区900 hPa以下是一个大气弱对流不稳定区, 向上气层变为潮湿中性直至400 hPa, 等θ_se线基本上呈垂直分布; 锋区斜压性相当弱等。研究表明, 出现强降水时的梅雨锋结构已经变性或者说它是介于温带锋面结构和ITCZ结构之间的副热带锋系结构。分析还认为, 在强盛的南海季风涌和频繁的西风带扰动组配的大尺度有利背景形势下, 低层空气的水平运动和地转偏差风对1998梅雨锋的形成和维持有明显的正贡献。     

2008年浙江梅汛期暴雨的大尺度环流特征及其梅雨锋结构分析

通过客观分析资料和实况雨量, 对2008年浙江梅汛期降水的大尺度环流特征和梅雨期两次最强暴雨过程梅雨锋结构进行了对比分析\.结果表明, （1）2008年是浙江1999年以来最典型的梅汛期降水年份, 梅雨量较常年偏多20%左右, 期间共有5次系统性强降水过程。（2）在高层, 梅雨期间稳定强大的南亚高压东北侧的偏北大风提供了暴雨区高层强烈辐散; 在低层, 低空西南风急流把来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽向暴雨区输送, 并与浙江北侧的偏东气流构成一个纬向切变, 造成了大量暖湿气流的辐合上升, 为暴雨区提供了良好的水汽和动力条件。（3）在对流层中层, 500 hPa环流形势在第一次暴雨结束后快速从单阻型向双阻型转变, 持续的双阻形势造成了长时间的阴雨天气。在温度场上, 强降水对应的梅雨锋区温度相对较低, 锋区没有明显的温度梯度, 但相当位温和水汽的梯度十分显著。（4）梅汛期两次最强暴雨过程梅雨锋结构的对比表明： 在分布形态上, 第一次暴雨接近纬向分布, 降水主要出现在锋前, 第三次暴雨则具有很强的经向度, 暴雨出现在锋区。在温湿结构上, 第三次暴雨发生时梅雨锋两侧的温度梯度远大于第一次暴雨。在涡度散度结构上, 第一次暴雨的正涡度大值区和辐合区在对流层中低层则较第三次暴雨深厚。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨中尺度系统发展的动力机制分析

应用常规资料、TBB资料和NCEP分析资料,对2007年7月25日发生在湘黔边境的一次梅雨锋大暴雨天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:深厚的高空低槽和副热带高压稳定维持,有利于冷暖空气的辐合和梅雨锋的长时间维持.梅雨锋上不断有中小尺度对流系统产生,这些中小尺度对流系统在受到大尺度强迫作用和梅雨锋自身的强迫抬升作用而发展增强并长时间维持,在暴雨区形成强烈的降水.暴雨区上空具有低层辐合、高层辐散的结构特征,低层的辐合使得涡度往中上层输送,这种耦合形势有利于垂直上升运动和暴雨的维持.积云对流释放的凝结潜热加热对流层中上层大气,引起梅雨锋锋生,维持和促进了垂直上升运动和对流活动.     

1999年6月长江中下游梅雨暴雨的环流特征分析

利用客观分析资料和加强观测期资料,对1999年6月发生在我国长江流域的持续性梅雨期降水过程的大尺度环流特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)1999年梅雨期,我国长江中下游强降水带状分布非常明显,强降水主要发生在长江中下游地区,强降水带呈东西向分布,并且雨带的南北边界非常清楚。(2)在对流层低层,从孟加拉湾来的西风气流和西太平洋副热带高压前缘的东南气流在长江流域维持,为此次强暴雨过程产生和发展提供了有利的大尺度条件。高空急流和低空急流的存在和维持为此次梅雨锋暴雨过程的发生提供了有利的抬升机制,而对流层中低层的中性对流不稳定特征则为持续性暴雨过程的发生提供了有利的不稳定机制。(3)梅雨锋区对流层低层的水汽辐合非常明显,水汽输送主要来自孟加拉湾和西太平洋,同时南海季风槽在向梅雨锋区输送水汽的过程中起到了非常重要的作用,它是热带海洋地区向我国内陆输送水汽的通道。(4)平均纬向风速u对流层高层出现了与高空西风急流与高空东风急流相对应的两个强风速核;径向平均风速v在400 hPa以下层次盛行南风,而在400 hPa以上的高层盛行北风;受两侧下沉气流的制约,梅雨锋降水带南北两侧存在位势不稳定层结中的不稳定能量无法释放,因此没有出现明显的降水。     

2003年和2006年梅汛期暴雨的梅雨锋特征分析

本文针对2003年和2006年梅汛期暴雨量集中在淮河流域而总雨量不同的特点,利用平均场的方法,较深入地研究了暴雨时梅雨锋的结构。研究得到:暴雨发生时有明显的梅雨锋区;暴雨量与锋区的强度成正比;暴雨区位于锋区中即在对流层中低层的高温高湿区的偏北区域中,也就是低空急流的北部;锋生函数的切变变形场与暴雨的落区重叠;经向锋生函数的正值区呈直柱状,与南风等风速线的密集区相重叠,纬向分布的锋生函数指示了暴雨区的范围。     

梅雨锋上三类暴雨特征的数值模拟比较研究

中国暴雨的地域性、时间性特征明显,尤其是暴雨多发区--长江流域,沿江不同地段暴雨成因各异.为综合研究长江不同地域暴雨特征和形成规律,利用我国新一代暴雨数值模式AREM对梅雨锋东端(116°E以东)初生气旋类暴雨、β中尺度深对流类暴雨和梅雨锋西端"北槽南涡"类暴雨的典型个例进行了数值模拟.通过诊断分析和比较研究,初步揭示了三类暴雨在结构和形成机制等方面的主要差异.结果表明:(1)梅雨锋上生成并发展的α中尺度气旋是造成梅雨锋东端初生气旋类暴雨的系统.强盛时,系统的垂直上升运动伸展不高,正涡度柱、辐合层以及最大加热和增湿均位于中低层.(2)β中尺度深对流类暴雨发生时梅雨锋区的南北温差很小.在低空辐合风场作用下,强位势不稳定能量的释放导致了β中尺度深对流系统的发生与发展.强盛时,系统的正涡度柱和上升运动柱贯穿对流层,深厚的辐合层达到了中层,最大加热出现在中高层.(3)"北槽南涡"类暴雨是在青藏高原大地形作用下高低空系统有利配置的结果."北槽南涡"的天气系统配置有利于低层辐合的加强和位势不稳定能量的释放,使低层涡旋向中高层强烈发展.强盛时,系统的正涡度柱贯穿对流层,积云对流发展强烈,最强上升运动和最大加热层都位于中层.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度对流系统及低层风场影响分析

本文利用常规气象观测资料,地面自动站加密观测资料和FY-2D、FY-2E卫星云图以及NCEP 1°×1°的FNL分析资料、EC 0.25°×0.25°的细网格模式数据等,对2015年6月15—18日梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统(MCS)活动特征、对流层低层风场对MCS发展的影响以及梅雨锋暴雨的垂直环流特征等进行了研究,结果表明:天气尺度梅雨锋上叠加的MCS的产生及向下游移动,以及其在安徽中部到江苏南部正涡度带作用下的发展增强,造成了江苏南部的局地强降水。强降水与中尺度低空急流核的位置吻合较好。在垂直方向上,高空急流入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显。在降水过程中,对流层低层具有较强的垂直风切变,有利于垂直涡度的增强和MCS的发展。对流层低层的垂直风切变也有利于不同源地的水汽在梅雨锋区汇集。梅雨锋北侧的干冷空气在对流层低(中)层以东北(西北)路径向锋区移动。南侧的暖湿气流沿西南路径移动、抬升,接近锋区后质点在上升过程中逐渐转向东移,在高空急流的抽吸作用下,快速向东流出,近地面层空气存在跨锋面环流。梅雨锋系统垂直方向上的次级环流是高层风场强烈辐散以及空气运动过程中质量补充和循环的结果。     

远离热带风暴中心的大暴雨个例分析

2010年9月2-3日江苏淮北出现了较罕见的大暴雨过程,暴雨中心雨量为244.7 mm.分析表明,这次大暴雨过程产生在南海登陆的热带风暴“狮子山”倒槽中,暖湿气流在北上中与对流层低层相对冷的气团相遇,在暴雨区产生局地锋生,中层干冷空气的倾斜下侵,促使大气的斜压性增强,不仅产生了对流性不稳定,而且提供了有利于暖湿气流抬升的动力条件.在锋生作用下,气旋性涡度沿锋区发展.在暴雨发生过程中,西行热带风暴倒槽东部的偏南风和副热带高压西部的偏南气流,构成了一支补偿性质的低空急流,向暴雨区输送了充足的暖湿气流.     

一次长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2C卫星云顶亮温(TBB)和中尺度模式WRF输出的15 km高分辨率资料,对2008年影响浙皖赣地区的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明,青藏高原东侧西风槽和副热带高压之间的相互作用、对流层中低层切变线的维持以及低涡东移、发展是暴雨发生的天气尺度背景.TBB数据显示,在切变线附近不断有中尺度对流云团生成并东移、发展.与暴雨区相对应,在低空西南急流左侧存在多个β中尺度强水汽通量辐合中心,高空西风急流人口区右侧排列着一系列的辐散中心,表明该地区存在较强的水汽辐合上升运动.对流层低层高温高湿、中高层冷空气侵入,导致大气层结处于极不稳定状态.湿位涡的分布与中心位置对暴雨落区及强度具有较好地指示意义.暴雨区附近对流层高、低层都存在较明显的位涡水平平流,导致位涡扰动不断地自上游向下游地区移动.锋区前暖区的对流层中低层存在强垂直位涡柱,引发气旋性环流的发展,从而促进了辐合上升运动.     

2011年6月江西省北部一次大暴雨天气过程成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、高时空分辨率TBB资料以及NCEP/FNL再分析资料,对2011年6月14—15日江西省北部梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了天气分析。同时,利用中尺度数值模式WRF对此次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分析暴雨的中尺度系统结构特征。结果表明:稳定的环流形势下,500 h Pa低槽后部冷空气与强盛的西南暖湿气流在江南北部持续对峙,使得暴雨区稳定维持在江西省北部。低层充沛的水汽供应、强的热力不稳定及强烈的天气尺度、中尺度辐合和地形抬升是此次暴雨产生的有利环境场和触发条件。锋区及其附近的锋生过程与强降水密切相关,冷暖气流在地面至对流层中低层的交馁,激发正涡度柱沿锋区倾斜爬升,强烈的上升气流穿越锋区激发大量不稳定能量释放。超低空急流的脉动和稳定维持为暴雨发生的有利水汽输送机制,高低空水平距离的缩短有利于高低空急流的耦合、垂直运动的发展和降水强度的加强。强降水区上空β中尺度对流扰动在冷、暖气流对峙区内不断生成、发展、东移,加之局地地形等作用致使大暴雨的发生。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on