Investigation of surface and subsurface displacements due to multiple tunnels excavation in urban area

Underground structures are currently widely used and are built as urbanism develops. The interactions between perpendicularly crossing and parallel tunnels in the Tehran region are investigated by using a full three-dimensional (3D) finite difference analysis with elastic-plastic material models. Special attention is paid to the effect of subsequent tunneling on the support system, i.e., the shotcrete lining and rock bolts of the existing tunnel. Eventually, as the tunnels are excavated at certain levels, the interaction between the tunnels will certainly have a significant influence on both stress distribution and consequently deformations. Since multilayer tunneling is a three-dimensional phenomenon in nature, 3D numerical solutions must be utilized for analyzing effect of perpendicularly crossing tunnels at various levels. As Tohid twin tunnels and Line 7 pass beneath the Line 4 metro tunnel, changes in stress distribution, deformations, and surface settlements are studied for various conditions and the results are presented in this paper. Consequently, it is shown that there is a significant interaction between tunnels that necessitate certain preventive measures to maintain a stable tunneling operation.     

软弱围岩隧道取消系统锚杆的现场试验研究

在软弱围岩隧道中,提出初期支护结构由钢架+喷射混凝土+钢筋网+锁脚锚杆+纵向连接筋组成,即取消系统锚杆用钢架联结处的锁脚锚杆代替。以包家山隧道为依托工程,采用现场试验的方法,选取2个试验段,进行锁脚锚杆取代系统锚杆后,有、无拱部锚杆的对比试验研究。对比试验的内容包括：隧道初期支护的净空收敛、围岩压力、钢架应力、喷射混凝土应力、锚杆轴力和纵向连接筋应力等。研究结果表明：2个试验段初期支护变形趋于稳定,结构受力安全,说明取消系统锚杆不影响初期支护结构的安全与稳定;拱部锚杆有受拉,也有受压,但受力都不大,最大拉应力仅为钢材极限强度的11.8%,其支护作用不明显;锁脚锚杆大部分受拉,最大值达到191 MPa,钢架支护作用明显,在支护体系中发挥着重要作用。取消系统锚杆减少了施工工序,降低了工程造价,缩短了工序循环时间,有利于及早封闭围岩以形成完整的支护结构。经济价值和社会效益显著。     

强震区软弱破碎千枚岩隧道系统锚杆支护作用效果分析

以在建的穿越5•12强震区发震断裂带的广甘高速公路杜家山隧道为工程依托,选取20 m典型围岩区段为试验段,对有、无系统锚杆时的洞周位移、锚杆轴力、钢拱架内力、围岩与初支接触压力、及其二衬内力进行实测对比分析,探讨锚杆支护作用效果不明显的成因,提出了在强震区软弱破碎千枚岩隧道围岩中采用“钢喷”初期支护的支护方案。研究结果表明：设置锚杆的断面,其锚杆轴力值较小,最终洞周变形值及围岩与初支的接触压力值相对偏大,钢拱架和二衬的安全储备相对不足;锚杆的施工不仅在某种程度上加剧了对深部围岩的扰动,而且还延误了喷射混凝土和钢支撑支护对暴露围岩及时封闭的最佳时机;震后深部围岩的震裂损伤和震裂岩体地下水的渗透性增强,致使围岩松弛区域超过了锚杆设置范围,且锚杆与围岩间的黏结力被削弱。     

Dealing with squeezing conditions in Alpine tunnels

Summary In fault zones, excessive deformation during and after tunnel excavation is frequently encountered. Shoterete in combination with grouted rock bolts has successfully been used in many applications to control the deformation process. The magnitude of deformation frequently exceeds the deformability of the shotcrete lining. In the past, this problem has been solved by dividing the shotcrete lining into segments and leaving gaps between the segments to accommodate deformation without damage to the lining. The need for minimizing deformation in an extremely heterogeneous fault zone at the Galgenbergtunnel (Austria) led to the development of low cost yielding elements, installed between the shotcrete segments and the use of a new type of re-groutable brock bolts. New techniques in evaluating the results of displacement monitoring have improved the short term prediction.     

Schotcrete as permanent lining for the Furka base tunnel

Summary The lining concept of the 15.4 km long one-track Furka railway tunnel is described with particular emphasis on shotcrete application as a permanent support Altogether 70000 m³ dry aggregate/ cement mix and 115000 rock bolts have been applied. The tunnel was lined at a rate of approx. 400 tunnel metres per month using up to five shotcrete machines simultaneously. Systematic quality control throughout the construction work indicated an average uniaxial compressive strength of shotcrete of 40 N/mm². The support requirements were grouped into 16 different classes and an additional special class accounting for extreme geological conditions in some relatively short stretches.     

Effects of Rock Bolting on Stress Distribution around Tunnel Using the Elastoplastic Model

INTRODUCTIONThe stability of underground structures duringand after excavation is the most i mportant factor fordesigners because any kind of collapse may destroylarge parts of a finished tunnel,thereby causing ma-jor repairs and ti me loss.To avoid this problem,rock bolts are widely used as ani mportant support el-ement.These are economical,have a short installa-tion ti me,and provide reinforcement to maintain theintegrity of the stressed rock.The effect of the bearing capacity of rock b…     

爆炸平面波作用下大跨度洞室稳定性模型试验研究

通过抗爆模型试验,研究了爆炸平面波作用下大跨度毛洞和锚喷衬砌支护洞室的受力变形和稳定状态。介绍了模型试验原理及方法,根据试验实测数据分析了洞室围岩的受力特征、洞壁的运动变形特征、洞室的破坏形态及承载能力等。研究表明：设计工况和超载工况下,锚喷衬砌支护洞室侧墙部位垂直应力、拱顶加速度正峰值、拱顶位移峰值及残余值、洞壁环向应变峰值均明显小于毛洞;超载试验后,毛洞破坏严重,丧失了承载能力,而锚喷衬砌支护洞室破坏明显轻微,承载能力可提高约60%。     

氯盐和冻融循环复合作用对深埋公路隧道安全性能的影响

对氯盐和冻融循环复合作用后Ⅳ级围岩中埋深为30 m的隧道,运用同济曙光软件建立荷载-结构法拉压弹簧模型进行分析计算,该荷载-结构模型在拱顶152°范围内设置拉弹簧,其余部位设置压弹簧,计算表明：随着环向裂缝宽度（钢筋锈蚀程度的增加）以及纵向裂缝深度的增加,隧道安全性能逐渐降低;衬砌具有相同钢筋锈蚀程度和纵向裂缝深度时,拱顶处病害比拱腰处病害对隧道安全性能的影响大;当环向裂缝宽度小于0.2 mm时,环向裂缝宽度的变化对隧道衬砌安全性能影响不大。     

不等跨连拱铁路隧道围岩压力分布及受力特征模型试验研究

以兰渝铁路新作坊隧道洞口明挖段不等跨连拱结构为背景,采用室内模型试验的方法,对不等跨连拱铁路隧道围岩压力分布及受力特征进行研究。试验结果表明：隧道水平侧压力均小于竖向围岩压力,拱顶处侧压力小于墙脚处侧压力,小洞侧侧压力系数平均为0.55,大洞侧侧压力系数平均为0.65;中隔墙顶部围岩压力均大于拱顶处围岩压力,且大洞拱顶围岩压力约为小洞的1.2倍;隧道结构总体为小偏心压弯构件,大洞所承受的轴力总体比小洞承受的轴力大20%～30%;隧道先后在大小洞靠近中隔墙的拱腰及仰拱处破坏,最终发生整体失稳;靠近中隔墙的大小洞拱腰及仰拱是设计施工时应重点关注的部位;最终获得不等跨连拱铁路隧道的围岩压力分布模式,研究结果可以直接指导新作坊隧道结构的设计与施工,有利于完善不等跨连拱隧道设计施工理念。     

Stability analysis of shotcrete supported crown of NATM tunnels with discontinuity layout optimization

For tunnel constructed by New Austrian Tunnelling Method, the crown is the upper part of tunnel section, constructed during excavation process and supported by shotcrete. The stability of the crown has great influence on the safety of tunnel itself and the buildings above, which correlates, among others, with geometrical setup of tunnel and material properties of shotcrete and soil/rock. In this paper, aiming at analyzing the stability of shotcrete supported crown, a recently presented numerical method discontinuity layout optimization is adopted, which introduces a great amount of potential discontinuities cross over one another and provides a wide search space for efficient upper limit analysis. In the analysis, a well‐established hydration model of cementitious material is implemented for accounting the hydration of shotcrete. Then assumptions based on convergence‐confinement method are used for accounting the 3‐dimensional effect in 2‐dimensional analysis, finally providing time‐space–dependent assessments of stability of shotcrete supported crown.     

浅埋偏压连拱隧道中导洞坍方数值分析与处治

某连拱隧道在中导洞施工时出现坍方。针对该隧道的工程实际情况,建立了数值分析模型,采用FLAC软件模拟了隧道施工力学行为,从围岩塑性区分布、位移情况以及锚杆和混凝土衬砌内力分布情况分析了隧道变形和坍塌发生的原因,并且结合工程实际提出了有效地处治方法。     

隧道衬砌冻胀压力问题研究

冻胀压力的量值和分布不仅取决于围岩的性态和气象条件,而且同衬砌结构的材料、刚度以及施工质量密切相关,从岩石和土层两种围岩中衬砌承受冻胀压力的机理出发,探讨其计算方法.通过计算分析,对寒冷地区隧道衬砌的设计和施工提出了若干建议.     

隧道钢纤维喷射混凝土单层衬砌试验研究

为了解决隧道施工中采用单层喷射混凝土作为隧道永久衬砌的问题,对不同钢纤维及外添加剂掺量的混凝土分别进行了抗压、抗拉、抗渗以及弯曲强度等室内试验。结果表明,在喷射混凝土中加入钢纤维材料,其抗拉、抗弯以及抗渗水性能分别提高了65.6 %、94.7 %、98.1 %;并通过现场试喷,选定符合设计要求、经济合理的配合比,在摩天岭隧道通风斜井施作了湿喷钢纤维混凝土,以单层衬砌代替原设计的复合式衬砌。工程实践证明,钢纤维湿喷混凝土,其支护强度达到了设计要求,喷射作业回弹损失量减少7 %～15 %。研究成果可为类似隧道纤维喷射混凝土单层衬砌技术的应用提供参考。     

高地温隧洞支护结构受力特性

高地温问题严重制约了地下工程的施工和安全运营,结合新疆某水电站引水洞存在的高岩温问题展开研究。根据地质资料设置了6种地温边界,研究隧洞围岩及支护结构在开挖、施做喷层、施做衬砌和过水等工况下的受力及变形特性,并与不考虑温度场时的分析结果进行了对比分析。研究表明:高温对隧洞稳定性有显著的影响,高温下锚杆轴力约为不考虑温度场时的294倍,衬砌环向拉应力约为不考虑温度影响时的2.13倍;保温层作用显著,若不考虑保温层的影响,锚杆轴力和衬砌拉应力会更大;过水对衬砌受力影响较大,过水后衬砌环向拉应力迅速增大为过水前的2.65倍。研究结果为类似工程的设计与施工提供借鉴。      

隧道掌子面超前锚杆连续交替式布设方案研究

在软弱围岩隧道中掌子面不稳定问题十分常见。掌子面超前锚杆作为一种重要的掌子面支护手段,目前常规采用的间断式布设方案存在锚杆的支护效果会随隧道推进过程中其支护状态的变化而忽强忽弱的问题。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种连续交替式掌子面超前锚杆布设方案。该方案将掌子面上的所有锚杆布设点位均等划分成若干个部分,在隧道推进过程中进行连续逐部分交替布设,使隧道在推进过程中锚杆支护状态更趋均匀稳定。为系统性评价新方案的可行性,以渭武高速木寨岭公路隧道为工程依托,在掌子面锚杆用量处于相同水平的条件下,分别对常规的间断式布设方案以及新提出的连续交替式布设方案进行设计。并进一步借助FLAC3D数值模拟平台,对掌子面超前锚杆采用两种不同布设方案时,对于掌子面变形以及地层变形的控制效果进行对比。结果表明,常规间断式锚杆布设方案对于掌子面变形以及地层变形的控制效果并不稳定,受支护状态变化的影响较大,而新提出的连续交替式布设方案可以在不提高支护成本的前提下,将隧道推进过程中掌子面超前锚杆对于掌子面变形以及地层变形的控制效果维持在稳定水平,且均显著高于常规方案的最低水平,克服了常规布设方案支护效果严重高低不均的缺陷。本研究为掌子面超前锚杆布设提供了一种新方法。     

隧道喷射混凝土支护的曲线结构单元模拟

将一种新的曲线结构单元引入到块体一弹簧算法中,对圆形断面隧道围岩表面喷射不同混凝土衬砌的支护作用机理以及开挖速度对喷射混凝上材料早期强度的影响等进行分析,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

核废料地质处置概念库锚喷支护坑道热-水-应力耦合效应的二维离散元分析

假定一个核废料地质处置库位于具有一定水头的饱和节理岩体中,开挖完闭施作系统锚杆和喷混凝土支护。对坑道建造和一个50年期的热-水应力（T-H-M）耦合运营过程,使用UDEC程序进行数值模拟,分析无、有支护时近场围岩中的应力、变形、塑性区、温度、渗流的变化状态,以及不同场（温度、渗流、应力）耦合条件下的锚杆和喷混凝土中的承载情况。结果显示,喷混凝土和系统锚杆支护不仅具有常规的支护功能,并且可阻滞地下水从坑道表面的自由渗出,使得围岩中塑性区减小,裂隙水压力和温度升高;相比于应力单场作用的情况,在热-水-力耦合的条件下洞室围岩的稳定性下降,支护结构的受力状况变差。     

浅埋偏压隧道洞口坍方数值分析与处治

某公路隧道在进洞时出现坍方。针对该隧道工程的实际情况,建立数值分析模型,采用ANSYS程序模拟隧道施工力学行为,从围岩塑性区分布、位移以及锚杆和混凝土衬砌内力分布情况分析隧道变形和坍塌发生的原因。结果表明：隧道浅埋偏压、围岩力学性质差及施工支护不当导致坍方。结合工程实际提出洞内加固、地表注浆加固及开挖控制的综合处治方法,取得了理想的效果,为日后类似工程提供借鉴与参考。     

Nonlinear analysis of NATM tunnel construction with the boundary element method

This paper presents a novel approach to the simulation of NATM tunnel construction using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) as principal numerical method. This new approach has the advantage that only the excavation surface, the possible plastic zones and the tunnel lining have to be discretised. The whole rock mass is represented by the BEM whereas the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to represent the tunnel lining only. Thus, a general coupling strategy for coupling three-dimensional boundary elements with shell finite elements (shotcrete) and beam finite elements (steel arches) is presented. To achieve realistic results the effect of hydration of the shotcrete and yielding of the steel arches is considered in the excavation process. Furthermore, the nonlinear rock behaviour is modelled more realistically by using a powerful hierarchical constitutive model which considers a large range of rock materials. The combination of these ideas results in higher user-friendliness and efficiency. Some verification tests and practical applications in tunnelling are presented.     

The Hyperstatic Reaction Method for the Analysis of the Sprayed Concrete Linings Behavior in Tunneling

Hyperstatic Reaction Method considers the interaction between the shotcrete lining and the rock mass modelling half tunnel section by beam elements connected by nodes, which can develop bending moments, axial forces and shear forces. The interaction between ground and support is represented by Winkler type springs in the nodes of the numerical model, in the normal and tangential direction. 1944 analyses were developed considering three different tunnel radius values (2.0, 4.5 and 7.0 m), three different rock types (RMR = 40, RMR = 60 and RMR = 80), three different stress ratios acting on the linings (\(K = 1, \,K = 0.5\) and \(K = 0\)), three different lining thickness values (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 m) and three values of the average elastic modulus of the shotcrete (6000, 9000 and 12,000 MPa). Besides, also two different stiffness values of the tangential springs at nodes were considered. Results show that the lining thickness and the elastic modulus of the shotcrete have a strong influence on the bending moment values which develop inside. The maximum axial force is not practically influenced by the lining elastic modulus and thickness. Both maximum bending moments and maximum axial forces increase in a linear way with the vertical load value; tunnel radius, \(K\) and RMR values of the rock mass have also a great influence on the maximum bending moment and axial force. Besides, it is possible to note how the absence of shear interaction between the lining and the rock mass causes bending moment values in the lining higher with respect to the case where the stiffness of the tangential springs at nodes equals to half the stiffness of the normal springs. For this reason, the neglectance of the shear interaction between the lining and the tunnel wall leads to an overdesign of the SC lining.