期刊博览

全球30m地表覆盖遥感制图的总体技术 《测绘学报》2014年第6期 针对全球30m分辨率地表覆盖遥感制图这一世界性难题,提出了以多源影像最优化处理、参考资料服务化整合、覆盖类型精细化提取、产品质量多元化检核为主线的总体研究思路,研发了影像几何与辐射重建、异质异构服务化集成、列象化分层分类、知识化检核处理等主体技术方法;用于制定了相应数据产品规范、生产技术规范,研发了多项生产型软件,用于研制了2000和2010两个基准年的全球30m地表覆盖数据产品,将空间分辨率提高了1个数量级。     

30m全球地表覆盖遥感制图生产体系与实践

在以"多源影像最优化处理、参考资料服务化整合、覆盖类型精细化提取、产品质量多元检核"为主线的总体研究基础上,依托生产技术规范体系、全过程质量控制手段和支持环境,通过30m地表覆盖产品和技术设计、多源影像资料收集整合处理、分区按类型地表覆盖数据提取组织实施及数据产品集成与优化,构建了工程化的30m全球地表覆盖遥感制图生产体系,实现了预期的产品指标,完成了2000和2010两个基准年的30m地表覆盖数据产品研制。通过精度评价,该套数据产品分类精度达到80%以上。该生产体系的构建为开展较高分辨率全球地表覆盖数据产品研制、细化、更新奠定了基础,为开展大规模遥感影像信息提取、表达和应用起到了示范作用。     

全球地表覆盖高分辨率遥感制图

全球地表覆盖分布及变化是气候变化研究、生态环境评估、地理国情监测、宏观调控分析等不可或缺的重要基础信息。国际上现有全球五套地表覆盖数据产品的空间分辨率为1km或300m,数据精度、分类体系、时空分辨率等均存在不足。为了满足全球变化研究与地球模式模拟的需求,应该研制具有较高时空分辨率、更符合全球变化需要、精度较好的全球地表覆盖数据产品。本文简要介绍了全球地表覆盖遥感制图的情况和数据产品的不足,讨论了对新一代地表覆盖数据产品的需求,介绍了我国研制全球30m地表覆盖数据产品的863重点项目。     

中国版大洋洲地表覆盖产品研制

针对全球变化研究对大洋洲地表覆盖产品的需求,该文以2000年和2010年的Landsat卫星影像为数据源,提出了对大洋洲影像按照月份分组并进行样本采集与规则训练的方法,采用GLC树分类器进行自动分类,经过分类后处理和数据集成,完成了2000年和2010年两期、30m分辨率的大洋洲地表覆盖产品研制工作。利用高分辨率影像、实地采集照片等进行室内精度评定,该大洋洲地表覆盖产品的精度达到90%以上。     

全球30m分辨率多光谱影像数据自动化处理的实践与思考

全球地表覆盖遥感制图与关键技术研究项目要求对两个基准年度(2000年、2010年)全球30 m分辨率的多光谱遥感数据进行辐射处理和几何精纠正处理,为地表覆盖制图完成数据准备。数据以Landsat TM/ETM+为主,HJ-1A/B CCD数据为补充,共计2万多景影像需要进行辐射处理,有1000多景HJ-1A/B CCD影像需要几何精纠正。如此大规模的数据处理,自动化处理是必然的选择。本文介绍了HJ-1A/B CCD图像几何精纠正自动化实现中关键问题的解决方法和精度评价结果,Landsat TM/ETM+和HJ-1A/B CCD图像自动化辐射校正中关键问题的解决方法和精度评价结果,以及大规模的数据处理活动引发的一些思考。     

全球2000年—2015年30 m分辨率逐年土地覆盖制图

高时空分辨率的全球多类别土地覆盖数据对于地球系统的生物化学循环、气候变化等研究至关重要。目前公开的数据产品中,较高空间分辨率的全球多类别土地覆盖产品仅提供单一或短时期的数据,而全球逐年土地覆盖产品往往只有单一土地覆盖类型,难以从较长时间跨度上反映精细地物的年际变化。本文借助Google Earth Engine平台,利用现有多套全球土地覆盖产品、Landsat卫星系列影像、以及大量人工目视解译样本,结合多数据融合、时序变化检测和机器学习等的方法,研制了一套2000年—2015年全球30 m分辨率的逐年土地覆盖变化数据集AGLC-2000-2015（Annual Global Land Cover 2000-2015）。基于AGLC-2000-2015数据集,本文选择性分析了3个典型区域（中国珠江三角洲地区、青藏高原色林错湖区和亚马逊热带雨林区）的土地覆盖年际变化。结果显示,AGLC-2000-2015数据集达到了较高的精度水平：基准年份产品（AGLC-2015）的总体精度（OA）为76.10%,Kappa系数为0.72,显著优于现有30 m分辨率的全球土地覆盖产品Globeland 30（OA = 63.49%,Kappa = 0.58）、FROM-GLC（OA = 61.41%,Kappa = 0.55）和GLC-FCS30（OA = 63.46%,Kappa = 0.57）;年际间分类模型的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为84.10%和0.81,在各大洲的平均总体精度均超过80.00%,表明该模型在全球多类别土地覆盖分类中表现良好。3个典型区域的土地覆盖变化分析显示,中国珠江三角洲地区城市扩张趋势明显（195.96 km²/a）,其增量主要来源于耕地（84.88%）;青藏高原色林错湖泊对于气候变暖响应明显,湖区面积呈扩大趋势（17.95 km²/a）,湖面北岸扩张最为明显;亚马逊热带雨林南部区域毁林造田趋势明显,15 a间森林面积减少46356.53 km²,其中大部分转化为农田（39621.29 km²）。上述结果表明：AGLC-2000-2015数据集能够有效反映全球陆地区域在30 m空间分辨率下的地表覆盖分布及年际间的动态演化,为地表陆面过程研究和相关应用提供可靠的数据支撑。     

Landsat TM/ETM+与HJ-1A/B CCD数据自动相对辐射处理及精度验证

全球地表覆盖遥感制图与关键技术研究项目要求对两个基准年度(2000年,2010年)的全球覆盖30 m分辨率遥感数据进行辐射处理,转换到地表反射率,数据以Landsat TM/ETM+为主,HJ-1A/B CCD数据为补充。海量数据中有些不适宜进行绝对大气校正,为了保证全球覆盖,对这些数据设计开发了一套自动的相对辐射处理及精度验证流程算法,利用相邻数据重叠区域进行相对辐射校正的方式,将数据由Oigital Number(DN)值直接转换为地表反射率,精度验证以MODIS地表反射率产品MOD09GA作为参考,比较对应波段数据的相对一致性,算法采用了图像分块处理技术及OpenMP加速技术提高效率,实际应用结果表明该算法流程可以满足项目对辐射处理精度、速度及自动化程度的要求。     

面向地表覆盖更新的时空目标不一致性探测方法研究

正地表覆盖是地表各种生物与物理覆盖综合体,其空间分布及随时间的变化是气候模拟、生态评估、地理国情监测等不可或缺的重要基础地理信息。随着对地观测技术发展,利用遥感影像提取地表覆盖信息已成为当前的一种主要技术手段。但因地物光谱、纹理、时相等特征复杂多样,加上时相适宜、质量优良的影像数据难以全面覆盖,往往导致地表覆盖更新前后多期产品数据不一致。工程生产实践中,地表覆盖数据质检主要以人工检核为主、部分自动化为辅,耗时、费力,迫切需要一种面向地表     

Landsat 8地表温度反演及验证—以黑河流域为例

地表温度是区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的一个重要参数,目前已有的地表温度产品空间分辨率较低,缺乏高空间分辨率的地表温度产品。Landsat系列卫星提供了大量免费的高空间分辨率遥感数据,然而对应的高空间分辨率地表温度产品还未见到,为了获取长时间序列的高空间分辨率地表温度数据,针对Landsat 8 TIRS数据提出了一个物理单通道地表温度反演算法。该算法首先利用ASTER全球地表发射率产品(ASTER GED)结合Landsat 8地表反射率产品计算Landsat 8影像的地表发射率,然后利用快速辐射传输模型RTTOV结合MERRA大气廓线数据对热红外影像进行大气校正,最后利用物理单通道地表温度反演算法得到地表温度。利用黑河流域HiWATER试验2013年—2015年15个站点的实测地表温度数据对本文方法和普适性单通道算法进行了验证,同时对验证站点的空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明,本文方法和普适性单通道算法估算的地表温度整体精度均较高,能够获取高精度、高空间分辨率的地表温度数据,可以服务于城市热岛效应、地表蒸散发估算等相关研究。     

基于多尺度遥感数据地表覆盖分类的一致性研究

借助计算机自动分类和人工目视解译修正相结合的方法,研究多源影像地表覆盖分类的一致性.利用资源三号卫星影像数据地表覆盖分类结果作为检验数据,验证环境减灾卫星影像数据分类精度的可靠性.结果证明采用高分辨率和中分辨率数据相结合的方法获取地表覆盖分类,对于缺乏高分影像或者考虑节约成本的情况,用中分影像解决地表覆盖分类的宏观分析是可行的.     

Collaborative validation of GlobeLand30:Methodology and practices

30-m Global Land Cover(GLC)data products permit the detection of land cover changes at the scale of most human land activities,and are therefore used as fundamental information for sustainable development,environmental change studies,and many other societal benefit areas.In the past few years,increasing efforts have been devoted to the accuracy assessment of GlobeLand30 and other finer-resolution GLC data products.However,most of them were conducted either within a limited percentage of map sheets selected from a global scale or in some individual countries(areas),and there are still many areas where the uncertainty of 30-m resolution GLC data products remains to be validated and documented.In order to promote a comprehensive and collaborative validation of 30-m GLC data products,the GEO Global Land Cover Community Activity had organized a project from 2015 to 2017,to examine and explore its major problems,including the lack of international agreed validation guidelines and on-line tools for facilitating collaborative validation activities.With the joint effort of experts and users from 30 GEO member countries or participating organizations,a technical specification for 30-m GLC validation was developed based on the findings and experiences.An on-line validation tool,GLCVal,was developed by integrating land cover validation procedures with the service computing technologies.About 20 countries(regions)have completed the accuracy assess-ment of GlobeLand30 for their territories with the guidance of the technical specification and the support of GLCVal.     

Multisensor and Multitemporal Fusion of VHR Satellite Imagery Based on KIM

Similar to many advanced approaches in multisensor image analysis, image information mining (IIM) is hampered by sensor-specific differences in spatial resolution and spectral response. This study examines the representation of semantic categories integrating Ikonos and Quickbird imagery in the knowledge-based information mining system KIM. A processing sequence is presented, which accounts for sensor-related differences along with an evaluation of the application of IIM technologies in operational rapid-mapping scenarios.      

Service-oriented infrastructure for flood mapping using optical and SAR satellite data

In this paper, we present the service-oriented infrastructure within the Wide Area Grid project that was carried out within the Working Group on Information Systems and Services of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites. The developed infrastructure integrates services and computational resources of several regional and national Grid systems: Ukrainian Academician Grid (with satellite data processing Grid segment, UASpaceGrid) and Grid system at the Center on Earth Observation and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The study focuses on integrating geo-information services on flood mapping provided by Ukrainian and Chinese entities to benefit from information acquired from multiple sources. We also describe services for workflow automation and management in Grid environment and provide an example of workflow automation for generating flood maps from optical and synthetic-aperture radar satellite imagery. We also discuss issues of enabling trust for the infrastructure using certificates and reputation-based model. Applications of utilizing the developed infrastructure for operational flood mapping in Ukraine and China are given as well.     

面向应用的海量高光谱影像处理与分析系统集成与实践

论述了基于VC 6.0平台开发的高光谱遥感影像处理与分析系统H IPAS V1.0TM系统关键技术与总体架构,详细讨论了面向海量高光谱影像数据框架设计和针对行业应用的系统集成思路。给出了基于航空平台的高光谱图像处理与分析系统的处理流程和业务模式。解决了海量遥感影像的处理、分析以及地表参量反演等关键问题,并针对具体行业应用(如水环境监测,植被生长监测,岩石矿物填图)提供基础支撑平台。并给出了H IPAS V1.0TM系统典型的应用实例。     

开放式空间基础信息平台的发展特征与技术内涵

基于测绘和地理信息产业发展背景,针对日益增长的数据融合、实时共享、深度处理和个性化的需求,对数字城市中测绘服务特征进行分析,重点介绍符合云计算模型的开放式计算环境、多路径数据更新、多源数据一体化集成、全尺度城市编码、自适应空间数据处理和动态在线制图等理论、方法与关键技术。在此基础上,研制开发了开放式空间基础信息平台,并成功应用于数字深圳的建设中。     

Deep neural network for complex open-water wetland mapping using high-resolution WorldView-3 and airborne LiDAR data

Wetland inventory maps are essential information for the conservation and management of natural wetland areas. The classification framework is crucial for successful mapping of complex wetlands, including the model selection, input variables and training procedures. In this context, deep neural network (DNN) is a powerful technique for remote sensing image classification, but this model application for wetland mapping has not been discussed in the previous literature, especially using commercial WorldView-3 data. This study developed a new framework for wetland mapping using DNN algorithm and WorldView-3 image in the Millrace Flats Wildlife Management Area, Iowa, USA. The study area has several wetlands with a variety of shapes and sizes, and the minimum mapping unit was defined as 20 m² (0.002 ha). A set of potential variables was derived from WorldView-3 and auxiliary LiDAR data, and a feature selection procedure using principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most important variables for wetland classification. Furthermore, traditional machine learning methods (support vector machine, random forest and k-nearest neighbor) were also implemented for the comparison of results. In general, the results show that DNN achieved satisfactory results in the study area (overall accuracy = 93.33 %), and we observed a high spatial overlap between reference and classified wetland polygons (Jaccard index ∼0.8). Our results confirm that PCA-based feature selection was effective in the optimization of DNN performance, and vegetation and textural indices were the most informative variables. In addition, the comparison of results indicated that DNN classification achieved relatively similar accuracies to other methods. The total classification errors vary from 0.104 to 0.111 among the methods, and the overlapped areas between reference and classified polygons range between 87.93 and 93.33 %. Finally, the findings of this study have three main implications. First, the integration of DNN model and WorldView-3 image is useful for wetland mapping at 1.2-m, but DNN results did not outperform other methods in this study area. Second, the feature selection was important for model performance, and the combination of most relevant input parameters contributes to the success of all tested models. Third, the spatial resolution of WorldView-3 is appropriate to preserve the shape and extent of small wetlands, while the application of medium resolution image (30-m) has a negative impact on the accurate delineation of these areas. Since commercial satellite data are becoming more affordable for remote sensing users, this study provides a framework that can be utilized to integrate very high-resolution imagery and deep learning in the classification of complex wetland areas.     

Next generation of global land cover characterization,mapping, and monitoring

Land cover change is increasingly affecting the biophysics, biogeochemistry, and biogeography of the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, with far-reaching consequences to human well-being. However, our scientific understanding of the distribution and dynamics of land cover and land cover change (LCLCC) is limited. Previous global land cover assessments performed using coarse spatial resolution (300 m–1 km) satellite data did not provide enough thematic detail or change information for global change studies and for resource management. High resolution (∼30 m) land cover characterization and monitoring is needed that permits detection of land change at the scale of most human activity and offers the increased flexibility of environmental model parameterization needed for global change studies. However, there are a number of challenges to overcome before producing such data sets including unavailability of consistent global coverage of satellite data, sheer volume of data, unavailability of timely and accurate training and validation data, difficulties in preparing image mosaics, and high performance computing requirements. Integration of remote sensing and information technology is needed for process automation and high-performance computing needs. Recent developments in these areas have created an opportunity for operational high resolution land cover mapping, and monitoring of the world. Here, we report and discuss these advancements and opportunities in producing the next generations of global land cover characterization, mapping, and monitoring at 30-m spatial resolution primarily in the context of United States, Group on Earth Observations Global 30 m land cover initiative (UGLC).     

地面移动测量近景影像的建筑物道路特征线段自动分类研究

根据影像灭点理论分析建筑物道路特征线与影像平面线段间数学关系,对影像所提取线段进行分类。实验通过立体影像中模拟数据和基于影像边缘提取线段的处理实现了地物特征线段的快速自动分类,无关线段过滤效果显著,是移动测量地物自动量测与影像理解的重要基础。     

Enhancing the performance of regional land cover mapping

Different pixel-based, object-based and subpixel-based methods such as time-series analysis, decision-tree, and different supervised approaches have been proposed to conduct land use/cover classification. However, despite their proven advantages in small dataset tests, their performance is variable and less satisfactory while dealing with large datasets, particularly, for regional-scale mapping with high resolution data due to the complexity and diversity in landscapes and land cover patterns, and the unacceptably long processing time. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the comparatively highest performance of an operational approach based on integration of multisource information ensuring high mapping accuracy in large areas with acceptable processing time. The information used includes phenologically contrasted multiseasonal and multispectral bands, vegetation index, land surface temperature, and topographic features. The performance of different conventional and machine learning classifiers namely Malahanobis Distance (MD), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Random Forests (RFs) was compared using the same datasets in the same IDL (Interactive Data Language) environment. An Eastern Mediterranean area with complex landscape and steep climate gradients was selected to test and develop the operational approach. The results showed that SVMs and RFs classifiers produced most accurate mapping at local-scale (up to 96.85% in Overall Accuracy), but were very time-consuming in whole-scene classification (more than five days per scene) whereas ML fulfilled the task rapidly (about 10 min per scene) with satisfying accuracy (94.2–96.4%). Thus, the approach composed of integration of seasonally contrasted multisource data and sampling at subclass level followed by a ML classification is a suitable candidate to become an operational and effective regional land cover mapping method.     

Data fusion and classifier ensemble techniques for vegetation mapping in the coastal Everglades

This study examined the applicability of data fusion and classifier ensemble techniques for vegetation mapping in the coastal Everglades. A framework was designed to combine these two techniques. In the framework, 20-m hyperspectral imagery collected from Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer was first merged with 1-m Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads using a proposed pixel/feature-level fusion strategy. The fused data set was then classified with an ensemble approach based on two contemporary machine learning algorithms: Random Forest and Support Vector Machine. The framework was applied to classify nine vegetation types in a portion of the coastal Everglades. An object-based vegetation map was produced with an overall accuracy of 90% and Kappa value of 0.86. Per-class classification accuracy varied from 61% for identifying buttonwood forest to 100% for identifying red mangrove scrub. The result shows that the framework is promising for automated vegetation mapping in the Everglades.