天然闪锌矿可见光催化还原甲基橙的实验研究

本文研究了可见光下天然闪锌矿的光催化还原能力,通过可见光下天然闪锌矿对甲基橙的光催化降解实验讨论了天然闪锌矿晶格中的杂质缺陷、导带能级位置、光生空穴捕获剂和溶液pH值对可见光催化降解效率的影响。结果表明,在抗坏血酸做空穴捕获剂的条件下,经2 h的可见光催化实验,甲基橙能被天然闪锌矿完全还原降解。天然闪锌矿晶格中丰富的杂质缺陷在禁带中形成杂质能级,可将闪锌矿对光的响应拓展到可见光的波长范围。与天然金红石相比,闪锌矿对甲基橙的较强光催化还原降解效果与其导带电子更负的氧化还原电势有关。此外,空穴捕获剂和pH值的选择都是影响催化效果的关键因素。天然闪锌矿在可见光催化降解污染物领域颇有应用前景。     

热处理改性天然闪锌矿的可见光催化性能研究

天然闪锌矿是一种具有良好可见光催化性能的半导体光催化剂,然而其结构缺陷会成为光生电子的捕获阱,导致其光催化反应效率降低。为了进一步提高其可见光催化效率,本文在空气气氛下对天然闪锌矿进行了500～1 200℃的热处理改性实验研究,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis DRS)对热改性后样品的半导体物理化学性质进行了初步的表征分析;然后以甲基橙为目标降解物进行了热处理样品的光催化实验研究。研究结果显示,空气气氛下的热处理随着温度的逐渐升高,闪锌矿物相先转变为氧化硫酸锌,再转变为红锌矿和锌铁尖晶石,到1 100～1 200℃时样品完全转变为红锌矿-锌铁尖晶石二元复合半导体光催化剂,此时样品在可见光下对甲基橙的降解率从原样的54.2%提高到99.7%,1 100～1 200℃改性后样品的可见光催化性能最好。     

可见光下天然闪锌矿光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)

本文首次研究了天然半导体矿物——闪锌矿的光催化还原能力。经过9个小时的可见光催化实验,来自于湖南黄沙坪矿的天然闪锌矿样品在可见光下表现出较强的光催化还原能力:91.95%的Cr(Ⅵ)被还原,优于9.5小时后紫外光下70.58%的催化效果。闪锌矿的这种强的光还原能力归因于其导带中的电子具有更负的还原电势。此外,Fe替代Zn的晶格位置在禁带中引入了施主能级,而Fe~(2+)被氧化为Fe~(3+)也有效地捕获了空穴。Cd和Cu替代Zn同样引入了杂质能级,减小了禁带宽度,从而将闪锌矿对光的响应拓展到可见光的波长范围。天然闪锌矿中的这些杂质替代离子不…     

天然闪锌矿原位高温X射线衍射研究

对天然闪锌矿进行了原位高温X射线衍射实验研究,结果表明：闪锌矿受热膨胀,27～675℃温度范围内其膨胀系数为25.61×10-6℃-1;随着温度的升高,在543℃时产生中间物相Zn3O（SO4）2,并分解产生红锌矿ZnO;在797℃时中间物相完全消失,同时出现尖晶石结构的ZnFe2O4;加热至1160℃时的产物为ZnO和ZnFe2O4。实验表明,天然闪锌矿的热改性可产生一定比例的红锌矿（ZnO）,其与闪锌矿一起形成二元复合半导体。在光的激发下,该半导体体系产生的光生载流子由一种半导体注入另一种半导体,降低了光生电子-空穴对的复合几率,提高其光催化活性。本文的研究可为热改性提高天然闪锌矿光催化活性提供理论依据。     

天然闪锌矿矿物学特征与光催化性能

本文采集了我国19个产地的天然闪锌矿进行矿物学和光催化性能研究。样品皆为立方Zn S结构,化学成分变化较大,其中Fe对闪锌矿中Zn的替代范围为0.235%~14.826%(质量分数,下同),Cd对闪锌矿中Zn的替代范围为0.133%~1.576%。闪锌矿中Fe含量由低到高,导致颜色由浅变深直至呈黑色,半导体禁带宽度由大变小,估算获得天然闪锌矿的禁带宽度范围为3.18~2.28 e V,明显低于纯Zn S禁带宽度3.68 e V,光催化响应均在可见光范围。验证光催化实验结果表明含Fe较低、含Cd较高的天然闪锌矿可见光催化还原降解甲基橙的效果较佳,如可见光下1 g/L闪锌矿样品(含铁4.262%,含镉1.576%)对30 mg/L甲基橙催化反应4 h后的脱色降解率达到82.11%。天然闪锌矿中Fe含量影响着禁带宽度和光响应范围,Cd含量影响着光催化性能,为高附加值开发利用贱金属资源天然闪锌矿提供了科学依据。     

天然闪锌矿可见光催化降解CCl_4实验研究

研究了天然闪锌矿可见光催化还原降解四氯化碳(CCl4)的能力,并系统探讨了光源、闪锌矿用量、电子供体和溶解氧对N,N-二甲基甲酰胺有机体系中CCl4降解效果的影响,获得了该光催化反应体系的最佳实验条件。在可见光下,闪锌矿用量为1g/L,电子供体为甲酸0.5mol/L,溶解氧含量为空气平衡时,经8h光照反应,CCl4降解率达91.48%。通过GC-MS对降解产物进行分析,提出了天然闪锌矿在改有机体系中可见光催化还原降解CCl4的机理。     

天然可见光催化剂闪锌矿半导体电子结构的第一性原理计算

天然半导体矿物闪锌矿在自然界中储量丰富,具有优良的可见光催化性能,它们与日光及微生物的协同催化作用已经并且正缓慢修复着地球表层被污染的环境。天然产出的闪锌矿中存在以类质同象替代Zn的Fe、Cd和Ga等,对其电子结构产生一定的影响,继而影响天然闪锌矿的     

天然褐铁矿的光电化学响应及对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长的影响

通过对比实验研究了天然褐铁矿对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.f.)生长的影响.利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)确定实验中所用天然褐铁矿样品的主要物相为针铁矿和赤铁矿,紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和不同光照条件下的时间电流曲线表明天然褐铁矿在可见光下具有良好的光电化学响应.采用"H"型装置进行双室体系反应,设置了3组对比实验,结果显示A.f.在有光催化电子传入情况下生长较好,在96 h内细胞浓度增加了12倍,3组实验中Fe2+浓度的变化规律与A.f.的生长趋势相对应.由此揭示了天然褐铁矿促进A.f.生长的机制为:在光照作用下天然褐铁矿能产生光生电子-空穴对,光生空穴被电子供体(抗坏血酸)捕获,分离出的光生电子传入阴极室能够将Fe3+还原为Fe2+,实现Fe2+的电化学再生,提供充足的电子能量来源,促进细菌生长.     

微量元素对闪锌矿半导体性质制约机理

闪锌矿是一种重要的宽禁带半导体材料,具有优良的光、电和催化性能,在光学器件和光催化等领域有着广泛的应用前景。天然产出的闪锌矿中存在以类质同像替代Zn的Fe、Cd和Ga等微量元素,对其电子结构产生一定的影响,继而影响天然闪锌矿的半导体性质。同时闪锌矿中微量元素的种类、含量与分布受多种因素的影响,除了与闪锌矿本身的地球化学与晶体化学的性质相关,还受到成矿的地质环境、成矿的物理化学条件和成矿溶液离子浓度的影响。所以通过对不同成因类型的闪锌矿半导体性质的研究,可以得到闪锌矿中微量元素的特征,进而反映闪锌矿的成矿条件。对于寻找生命早期闪锌矿,解释半导体矿物光催化为生命起源提供能量提供可靠的证据。已有理论研究通过第一性原理的计算,得出了闪锌矿存在半导体和绝缘体两种类型。微量元素中,只有铜杂质使闪锌矿由直接带隙变为间接带隙,说明含铜的闪锌矿不宜作为光催化剂,铁、镓、锗、铟、锡和锑元素导致费米能级向高能方向移动且使闪锌矿的半导体类型由p型变成n型,这将增加电子密度且有利于电子跃迁,而锰、钴、铜、镉、汞、银和铅元素没有改变闪锌矿的半导体类型。本研究闪锌矿样品来自不同省份不同成因类型的典型矿床,结合半导体材料电阻率及其导电类型的测量方法、紫外可见光吸收光谱的方法和地球科学微量元素测量方法,通过实验对不同成因类型矿床中代表性闪锌矿的电阻率、吸收光谱、共生矿物组合、组构特征、微量元素的测量,建立闪锌矿矿石电阻率、吸收光谱与微量元素影响的定量关系及理论模型。探讨了闪锌矿电阻率、光谱吸收特征和矿床类型及地质产状的关系。闪锌矿中Fe元素含量越高,电阻率越小,可以形成空穴型导电(p型),因Fe元素进入闪锌矿晶格中要消耗能量,所以其形成温度大于绝缘体闪锌矿形成温度,黑色闪锌矿形成温度高。     

化能自养型微生物利用太阳能途径的实验研究

针对自然界中天然半导体矿物和化能自养微生物之间的能量交换途径进行了详细的实验研究.半导体光电化学实验结果显示,天然半导体矿物在光照情况下产生的光生电子可将Fe3+还原为Fe2+,其中金红石光催化还原Fe3+的效率为12.5%,闪锌矿为7.86%,该过程通过天然半导体矿物的日光催化作用实现了太阳光能→电能→化学能的转化;控制电势的微生物电化学反应实验结果显示,化能自养型微生物A.f.菌的细胞增加量与外界电子传入而生成的Fe2+的量呈线性关系,且有外来电子传入实验组的A.f.生长量是无电子传入组的441%,该过程通过菌的生长代谢作用实现了化学能→生物质能的转化.进一步的光电化学和微生物电化学耦合实验结果证明,在太阳光和天然半导体矿物共同作用下,A.f.菌的对数生长期由无光时的36 h延长到72 h,同时细菌的生长在该能量转化过程中得到了明显促进.在天然闪锌矿催化条件下,有光条件的A.f.菌数量增加到无光条件的1.90倍;而在金红石催化条件下,有光条件的A.f.菌数量增加到无光条件的1.69倍.实验结果说明,在以天然半导体矿物为媒介的情况下,化能自养微生物可间接利用太阳能来获得自身的生长繁殖所需的能量,这一过程也实现了太阳光能→电能→化学能→生物质能的能量转化途径.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of