Stability analysis and supporting system design of a high-steep cut soil slope on an ancient landslide during highway construction of Tehran–Chalus

The stability of both natural and cut slopes in mountainous areas is a great challenge to highway constructions and operations. This paper presents a successful case study of stability analyses and protection treatments for high-steep cut soil slopes in an ancient landslide zone which was located at Km12+700 to Km15+000 along the Tehran?CChalus highway. This report has three parts. First, geotechnical investigations of in situ direct shear test, SPT tests and laboratory tests were implemented to get the subsurface profiles and the mechanical properties of the soil mass. Second, finite difference analysis was carried out to evaluate the stability of both the natural and cut slopes. Minimum safety factors and potential failure modes of cut slopes were obtained under both static and dynamic conditions. These results indicated that the ancient landslide could not be reactivated under the present climatic and morphological conditions, but there were some potential shallow failures in some cut soil slopes (failure actually occurred during excavation). Protection treatments and reinforcements were thus necessary. Third, the stability of the cut slopes was re-assessed by simplified Bishop limit equilibrium analysis (using Slide 5.0). Some potential failure zones were designed to be protected by back-anchored concrete retaining wall at the slope toe, rock bolts and frame beams on the slope face and planting grass on the slope face. Numerical analysis indicated that these protection measures could stabilize this remedial slope. These practical experiences may be of benefit for similar highway construction projects.     

Deep-Seated Slope Failures Induced by Inappropriate Cutting in China

Given insufficient geological investigation and inadequate interpretation of geological settings, remedial works for localized cut slope collapses may induce large-scale failures and cause remarkable damage, as well as economical loss. A number of recent reports have addressed individual large-scale failures due to inappropriate cutting, but the systematic classification of failure patterns has received less attention. In this study, a re-profiling triggered landslide is described in detail. The deep slip surface is located by field measurements; then, the stability of the slope before and after cutting is assessed with the limit equilibrium method. Three types of slopes prone to deep-seated failures are introduced: the loose deposits type, the ancient landslide type, and the deep adverse discontinuities type. The mechanism of each failure pattern is illustrated with a case study. The stability analyses indicate that inappropriate slope profiling may greatly reduce the factor of safety (FS) of a slope. Recommendations are given for mitigating the deep-seated landslide induced by inappropriate cutting, and a case history of successful measures is presented.     

土坡悬臂式抗滑桩一种抗震设计计算方法

在强震动力作用下,边坡常会产生较大的永久位移,且抗滑桩锚固段顶端前侧局部地层易进入塑性屈服状态,这在传统的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计计算中没有给予充分考虑。基于Nemark滑块位移法和极限分析原理,提出了考虑边坡设计安全系数和地震永久位移的作用于抗滑桩上设计滑坡推力的计算方法;同时,根据锚固段地层进入塑性屈服状态的情况提出把锚固段分为塑性区锚固段和弹性区锚固段分别计算,前者按极限地层反力法采用悬臂梁模型计算,后者按照弹性地基梁模型计算,在两者界面处需满足桩体内力和变形以及地层反力的连续条件。结合一土质边坡工程算例,给出了所提出的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计三段分析法的具体计算过程和结果,进一步表明所提出的方法具有技术合理性和经济性。     

某码头软黏土岸坡破坏机制分析及重建

在某吹填软黏土岸坡上修建码头时发生了较大规模的滑坡,待滑体稳定后采取了一系列的工程措施,实现了码头的重建。详细阐述了岸坡发生滑动的全过程,通过现场勘察和有限元模拟分析了岸坡发生滑动破坏的原因。分别考虑了打桩与交通荷载作用,导致地基土中产生超静孔压,从而对岸坡的稳定性造成影响。分析结果表明,岸坡发生失稳破坏是多种不利工况叠加的结果,其主要原因是在低潮位时的超挖引起的,打桩及交通荷载作用也是造成滑坡的不利因素。在破坏的岸坡上重建码头,采用了振动砂桩加固地基,同时在地表铺碎石垫层作为预压荷载,加速地基土的固结。有限元分析和码头的成功重建表明,使用砂桩加固地基可以同时达到提高地基承载力和加速土体排水固结的目的,对于码头的重建是有效的技术措施。     

预加固高填方边坡的滑动机制:攀枝花机场12#滑坡

近年来,高填方边坡失稳给山区机场建设和运营带来了严重影响。本文以攀枝花机场12#滑坡为研究实例,阐述了高填方边坡的滑动失稳机制及其稳定性支护措施的有效性。论文首先介绍了滑坡的地质环境、滑坡基本特征及边坡的预加固方案。在对滑坡的形成条件及其影响因素分析的基础上,结合数值模拟,揭示了12#滑坡的形成机制及其变形发展过程。研究表明,导致滑坡的主导因素包括:填方边坡底部的软弱泥岩层、边坡内部丰富的地下水、边坡加固桩不合理的布置以及强降雨。12#滑坡的形成机制可以概括为:推移式蠕滑-累进性剪断-溃滑与超覆。     

Investigation of the failure mechanism and stabilization of a landslide in weathered tuffite,Giresun, northeastern Turkey

This study investigates the causes and failure mechanism of the Aksu landslide that occurred during the construction of the Giresun–Espiye road between KM: 1 + 030–1 + 170 in northern Turkey and recommends proper stabilization techniques. For the purpose of investigating the causes and mechanism of this slope failure, engineering geological mapping, geotechnical investigation and rock mass characterization were performed. From top to bottom, weathered tuffite, tuffite, flysch, and dacitic tuffite were the major units in the study area. The disturbance of the slope by the excavations performed at the toe of the slope (i.e., due to the foundation excavation for the Tünel restaurant building and for the road cut) led to a “translational slide”. The “translational slide” occurred in completely weathered tuffite due to the disturbance of the stability of the slope by the excavations performed at the toe of the slope, particularly for the foundation excavation of the Tünel restaurant building and for the road cut along the Giresun–Espiye road. The rise in the groundwater level was also another important factor that has contributed to the occurrence of the landslide. After establishing the geometry of the landslide in detail, the shear strength parameters of the failure surface were determined by the back analysis method. Sensitivity analyses were performed and landslide failure mechanisms were modeled to quantify the contributing factors that have caused the formation of the Aksu landslide. The influence of an earthquake was investigated through pseudostatic slope stability analysis. Toe buttressing, ground water drainage, and surface water drainage alternatives were considered for stabilizing the slope.     

A calculation method for the embedded depth of stabilizing piles in reinforced slopes

Embedded stabilizing piles are a significant optimization measure for traditional piles used to reinforce slopes or landslides. The determination of the embedded depth of the pile top is essential for engineering design. On the basis of the potential overtop-sliding failure mechanism for a piled slope, the corresponding overall slip surface is assumed to consist of the upper part from the original slip surface of the landslide, and the lower part occurs in the local slide mass upslope of the piles. The imbalanced thrust force method is used to determine the thrust force of the upper slide mass, and a variational calculus method within the framework of limit equilibrium for the lower slide mass is provided to calculate its limit resistance. According to the equilibrium relationship between the thrust force and the limit resistance under a design factor of safety of the piled slope, a closed-form solution to the piled-slope stability is specifically derived. It can quantitatively exhibit the influences of some important factors, including the embedded depth on the factor of safety and the corresponding slip surface of the slope. The analysis results of some practical examples show that the factor of safety decreases nonlinearly as the embedded depth increases. The proposed method can be applied in practical engineering.     

Kinematic analysis of pile behavior for improvement of slope stability in fractured and saturated Hoek–Brown rock masses

Because of a multitude of steep slopes being constructed adjacent to roadways, there is greater concern of landslide occurrence, particularly in instances where poor geomaterials are present. Installation of piles along the slope is one commonly adopted method. This paper presents the assessment of the stability of a rock slope with stabilizing piles based on kinematic analysis. The pile effect is introduced with a resultant lateral force and a moment. Upper bound solutions of the pile's lateral force are derived with a log‐spiral rotational failure mechanism. The slope performance based on the bearing capacity of surcharge loading is also discussed with consideration of pore water pressure. In order to substantiate the derived theoretical solutions, numerical analysis with optimization technique is carried out. Results demonstrate that rock materials with high quality are conducive to ensure slope stability. Reduced lateral force on the pile is produced with lower rock weight, slope height, and surcharge loading. Finally, the safety factor and stability coefficient are discussed to complete the evaluation of the slope stability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field monitoring and deformation characteristics of a landslide with piles in the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Landslides often occur within the reservoir area behind dams. In China, a common strategy for stabilizing these landslides is to install large piles through the landslide and into the stable ground below. The piles interact with the landslide and constitute a landslide-stabilizing pile system. The deformation of this system under the reservoir operation is more complicated than the deformation of the landslide itself. Understanding the behaviour of this system is very important to the long-term safety of landslides stabilized with piles in reservoirs. The Majiagou landslide, which was selected as a case study, was triggered by the first impoundment of the reservoir behind the Three Gorges dam. A row of anti-slide piles was installed in the landslide in 2007, but monitoring results found these were ineffective at stabilizing the landslide. Subsequently, in 2011, two longer test piles and an integrated monitoring system were installed in the landslide to better understand the failure mode of the landslide and to measure the deformation characteristics of the landslide-stabilizing pile system. Monitoring results show that the Majiagou landslide is a translational landslide with three slip surfaces. The test piles provided local resistance and partially slowed down the sliding mass behind the piles, and the landslide deformation response to external factors decreased for a time. However, after 2 years, the deformation of the landslide-stabilizing pile system reverted to seasonal stepwise cumulative displacements influenced by cycles of reservoir drawdown and rainfall. The monitoring results provide fundamental data for evaluating the long-term performance of anti-slide piles and for assessing long-term stability of the stabilized landslide under the reservoir operation.     

广东高速公路路堑边坡失稳原因与防治分析

通过大量实际工程实例的综合分析研究,论证了近年来广东高速公路路堑边坡失稳的主要原因、防治设计理念、治理程序、边坡监测和应急措施,认为在水及气候条件、地层岩性、地质构造、人工活动等方面的存在不利因素。由此,提出了由地质测绘、工程地质勘察、稳定性综合分析、方案设计、施工图设计组成的五阶段,并通过实例分析了路堑边坡的防治设计措施。     

缓倾外层状结构边坡变形破坏模式及支护对策研究

高速公路开挖形成越来越多的工程边坡。缓倾外层状结构边坡作为一种典型的岩质边坡,一般情况下整体稳定性较好,但在特定的结构面组合状况下,开挖后也可能产生整体变形破坏。本文以软弱结构面和长大裂隙发育的公路工程边坡为例,通过岩体结构及边坡一定范围内已有边坡破坏现象的调查研究,采用工程地质类比和三维离散元法综合分析边坡变形破坏模式,并针对变形破坏模式的特点,提出支护对策。研究结果表明,结构面贯通坡体形成切割块体的后缘和侧缘边界时,缓倾外层状结构边坡可沿层面产生滑移-拉裂变形,若滑面与临空面具有一定夹角,边坡的变形可表现为旋转式滑移-拉裂;结构面组合控制的缓倾外层状结构岩质边坡稳定性受坡体中下部的关键块体控制,一旦关键块体失稳,将引起上部块体的连锁失稳,此类边坡变形控制的重点是对关键块体分布区域进行强支护;支护工程实施后的变形监测结果表明,基于变形破坏模式分析的边坡支护方案保证了边坡施工和运营过程中的安全。     

Progressive failure behavior of pile-reinforced clay slopes under surface load conditions

Stabilizing piles are widely used to improve stability level of slopes to avoid landslides. In this paper, the full failure process of clay slopes reinforced using stabilizing piles was produced using serialized centrifuge model tests under surface loading conditions. The strength of pile material and the pile location closer to the slope top were both indicated to have a positive influence on the limit bearing capacity of the reinforced slope on the basis of test observations. The displacement field over the reinforced slope was measured during loading and used to capture a significant progressive failure caused by the surface loading. Local failure started near the inner edge of the load plate and expanded in a downward direction to produce a final slip surface. The pile exhibited a bending failure coupled with the progressive failure of the slope. The failure mechanism could be illustrated with the deformation localization in the slope that developed prior to the slip surface. The surface load exhibited a significant spreading behavior within the slope according to the displacement distribution of the slope.     

预加固高填方边坡滑动破坏的离心模型试验研究

2009年10月3日,攀枝花机场260×104 m3万方的高填方预加固边坡整体失稳,沿基覆界面下滑,并超覆于其下方的易家坪老滑坡之上,使易家坪老滑坡再次复活。这一填方边坡失稳事件最终导致机场停航两年。通过大型离心模型试验,再现了攀枝花机场预加固高填方边坡的滑动失稳过程,获得了边坡变形破裂的特征参量,阐明了边坡的滑动失稳机制。研究表明：天然工况下,边坡变形以坡顶沉降和沿基覆界面软弱层的蠕滑为主,坡体总体处于蠕滑变形状态;降雨和地下水工况下,坡体中后部拉张破裂和中前部挤压变形显著,具有塑性流动及推移式破坏特征,并最终产生溃滑失稳;预加固抗滑桩承受较大的边坡变形推力,且越靠近坡体后部的桩推力越大,最终从后向前逐排产生累进性剪断破坏,说明该填方边坡多排抗滑桩的平面布置和受力确定欠合理;降雨和地下水工况下,坡体的最大孔隙水压力是天然工况下的3.7倍,孔隙水压力对坡体失稳有重要作用;通过模型和原型的综合对比分析,该边坡的滑动失稳机制为推移式蠕滑-累进性折断-溃滑与超覆。     

基于GIS的住宅区周边危险边坡三维稳定性评价

为了评价日本千叶县某住宅区周边大范围边坡的滑坡危险度,探讨了一种基于GIS的三维边坡稳定性评价方法。首先根据已有的CAD格式的地形等高线图及有限的钻孔数据,得到地表、地层、地下水的三维GIS数据。在依据边坡倾角、倾向等地形特性对该大范围边坡划分边坡单元的基础上,采用一种基于GIS栅格数据的边坡稳定三维极限平衡分析模型计算了研究区域各边坡单元的安全系数,进行了滑坡危险性分区评价。本研究对于如何利用有限的现场调查数据来进行高精度的数值计算分析,以及GIS在地质防灾领域的更深层次的应用具有一定的参考价值。     

常吉高速公路湘西段路堑边坡结构特征与防护措施

常吉高速公路湘西段地形起伏大, 地质条件复杂, 路堑边坡数量众多, 边坡稳定性问题突出。本文根据岩体产状与边坡坡面的关系研究, 认为常吉高速湘西段路堑边坡主要包括顺向坡、正交坡与反向坡, 其中顺向坡的变形破坏机制与它的物质组成、岩体结构合风化程度等有关。分析、总结了路堑边坡的变形破坏模式, 提出并实施了针对不同边坡结构类型与变形破坏模式的边坡防护措施。     

河北省宽城县遵(化)小(寺沟)铁路某滑坡治理措施研究

河北省宽城县遵(化)小(寺沟)铁路穿越一个体积约77104m3的古滑坡体,因在滑坡前缘以路堑方式穿过,开挖施工导致古滑坡复活。为保障未来铁路的运营安全,需要对其进行彻底治理。在现场地质调查及试验,以及分别对沿复活滑坡体新滑面和古滑面在不同工况下的稳定性计算的基础上,结合复活滑坡体的具体特征,提出2种治理方案,即抗滑桩方案和削方+抗滑桩+桩间挡土墙方案。通过综合比选确定后者为采用方案,并具体进行了削方、抗滑桩、截排水系统和坡面防护等设计。     

Charnockite bedrock,Chennai coast,Tamil Nadu: Micromorphology and geochemical signatures in stages of the weathering processes

Occurrences of landslide are most common and critical issue in North-East India. The various types of slope failures have been affected most part of slopes and road section between Malidor to Sonapur area (approx 30 Km) along NH-44 within Jaintia hills district, Meghalaya, India. These slope failures causes considerable loss of life and property along with many inconveniences such as disruption of traffic along highways. The unscientific excavations of rock slopes for road widening or construction purposes may weaken the stability of the slopes. The rocks exposed in the area are highly jointed sandstone and shale of Barail Group of Oligocene age. The Sonapur landslide is most dangerous and destructive rock fall-cum debris flow. The present study includes the kinematic analysis of the slope to assess the potential failure directions as the rocks are highly jointed in some parts of road cut sections. The continuous slope mass rating (CSMR) technique has been applied for slope stability analysis at five vulnerable locations. Kinematic analysis indicates mainly wedge type of failure along with few toppling and planar failures. These failure required immediate treatment to prevent the slide and long term stability of the slope.     

攀枝花机场北东角滑坡整治措施研究

攀枝花机场地形及地质条件复杂,在修建过程中实施了大量的挖填方工程,填方边坡形成的沉降变形和滑坡成为机场主要的工程病害。本文阐述了机场北东角滑坡的基本特征及成因,综合反分析演算和试验结果确定了滑动面的抗剪强度参数,并对滑坡稳定性进行了参数敏感性分析。在滑坡推力计算的基础上,对滑坡整治方案进行对比论证,从而确立了以抗滑桩、预应力锚索框架、削坡减载和地表防排水为主的综合整治措施。     

某大型高速公路滑坡稳定性分析及锚桩加固的模拟研究

某大型高速公路高陡岩质边坡地质条件复杂、软弱结构面发育、开挖高度大、坡度陡、临空面多,为边坡变形提供了有利的空间,故边坡多处出现失稳破坏迹象。在已查明滑坡工程地质条件、滑动面、滑带位置的基础上,分析评价了该滑坡体的稳定性现状; 根据钻孔资料提供的岩土体和滑面的参数,并结合参数的反算,得到了滑面的c、φ值,最后计算得到非正常工况下(暴雨)的滑坡稳定安全系数为0.91,说明当遇到长时间暴雨时,滑坡会进一步发展,需要及时治理。文中提出了相应的治理设计措施,即在对滑坡体进行削方减载后,在边坡的一级平台位置设置预应力锚索抗滑桩。在对该边坡破坏过程和机制定性分析的基础上,采用离散元程序UDEC进行了滑坡治理效果的数值模拟。根据已确定的滑面,采用UDEC模拟边坡开挖,通过对治理前后边坡位移图的比较分析,表明采用预应力锚索抗滑桩的治理措施安全有效。通过抗滑桩与预应力锚索抗滑桩的对比,揭示了预应力锚索抗滑桩改变了传统抗滑桩的受力状态,变悬臂梁为类简支梁,变被动支护为施加预应力,具有诸多优点。     

桂柳高速公路石城坪滑坡工程地质特征及治理评价

针对广西第一条高速公路上的第一大滑坡——石城坪滑坡的两次治理所取得的不同效果进行了系统研究, 目的在于找出失败的原因和教训, 总结成功的经验, 供同类工程借鉴.从地质、形态、变形、结构4个不同角度入手, 阐述了石城坪滑坡的基本特征, 在此基础上, 对前、后两次治理方案进行了分析和对比, 认为石城坪滑坡由新、老滑坡体组成, 新滑坡是由于老滑坡效应和因修路开挖坡脚和降水诱发所致, 边坡变形主要是由于对老滑坡认识不足, 造成原治理设计方案不合理所致, 确切地说, 主要是由于桩长不足和削坡不当引起.后期治理在充分利用原有抗滑桩水平承载力的基础上, 进一步采用削坡减载、排水及少量锚固桩综合治理方案, 在新桩之间及新老桩之间设钢筋砼水平系梁相互连接, 构成门型桩, 既提高了边坡整体稳定性, 又节省了治理费用约230万元, 经过4年时间的风雨检验, 证实后期治理取得了圆满的效果.