六角形冰晶的94 GHz毫米波后向散射特性的模拟计算分析

利用离散偶极子近似法(DDA),研究了等效半径Re在0.8 mm范围内的柱状和片状冰晶在不同空间取向、温度和尺度比时,对94 GHz雷达发射的水平偏振波产生的后向散射,并讨论了等效雷达反射率因子Ze随粒子谱中值直径及冰水含量的变化。结果表明,温度对后向散射效率的影响较低,空间取向对后向散射效率的影响与粒子大小和形状有关。当雷达波垂直指向天顶,在冰晶粒子等效半径Re0.8 mm时,水平取向冰晶的后向散射效率比随机取向大,粒子越偏离球形,差别基本上越大;在同一取向时,粒子越偏离球形,后向散射效率基本上越大。在一定冰水含量下,取向、形状和冰晶谱的形状参数对Ze的影响和粒子谱中值直径有关;对于垂直指向的雷达,如果将六角形冰晶等效为等体积球形冰晶,当粒子较大(0.4 mmRe0.8 mm)时,其Ze将被低估。     

消光—小角散射法遥感气溶胶谱分布的实验研究

本文主要论述了采用一台多波长光度计进行消光—小角前向散射的综合探测,并从实验数据反演了北京大气柱气溶胶谱分布,结合天气条件,初步讨论了谱分布的特点。     

中国地区卷云消光后向散射比的星载激光雷达遥感

利用两年的星载激光雷达数据对中国地区卷云的消光后向散射比［又称激光雷达比 (简称LR)］进行了研究分析。其中结合多次散射对光学厚度的依赖关系式和LR与透过率之间的关系式来求取LR, 并提出五条质量控制标准来保证数据质量的可靠性。统计结果指出LR的月季变化并不是很明显, 均值在24左右。中国地区的LR在热带辐合带相对较高, 并随纬度的降低而增加 (大约从22到27)。同时, 从这个结论得出, 为了更好地求取卷云的光学厚度, 在中国地区为星载激光雷达选取的LR常数应该随纬度变化而改变。     

对非球形冰晶94 GHz云雷达后向散射和衰减的研究

针对94 GHz毫米波云雷达的数据处理,基于离散偶极子近似法(DDA)计算了几种非球形冰晶的后向散射及衰减效率,探讨了不同冰云模型下冰云的雷达反射率因子(Z_e)和衰减系数(k)及冰水含量(IWC,记作W)的关系。结果表明:(1)形状对冰晶的散射及衰减效率与粒子大小有关。(2)在实际的冰云中,将六角形冰晶和椭圆冰晶看做同体积的球形粒子将低估其衰减和后向散射。将聚合物冰晶看做等体积球形,将高估其后向散射及衰减,子弹花冰晶的后向散射与同体积的球形相比有减小也有增大,但是衰减比同体积球形的小。(3)冰云模型对Z_e-k、Z_e-W关系具有较大影响,假设滴谱相同的条件下,得到了具体冰云模型下对应Z_e-k、Z_e-W关系的系数。这些探讨为我国W波段云雷达的数据处理提供了参考。     

消光法反演腾格里沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶谱分布

对腾格里沙漠4～9月份的整层大气气溶胶的光学遥感观测结果进行了分析。结果表明,由于消光因子对大粒径粒子消光效应的不敏感性,决定了消光法仅可较好地反演粒径在0.1～5μm之间的气溶胶谱分布特征,特别是对0.1～1μm的大粒子谱分布的反演结果更为稳定;腾格里沙漠气溶胶粒度谱分布基本符合Junge谱;浮尘天气的谱分布同干洁晴好天气的谱分布有着很大的差异,浮尘天气下粒径在0.1～1.0μm的大粒子以及粒径>1.0μm的巨粒子数有明显的增加,浓度要比干洁天气下的大几个量级。在干洁晴好天气下,腾格里沙漠的气溶胶是均一的、稳定的,而且>1μm的大粒子浓度很小;气溶胶的谱分布几乎是一致的,谱形大致为Junge谱,在粒度0.4～1.0μm范围内有一明显峰值。     

成都夏季气溶胶消光特性研究

本文利用成都2017年6~8月的米散射微脉冲激光雷达观测数据,对成都夏季气溶胶消光系数、边界层高度以及气溶胶光学厚度进行了反演,并结合太阳光度计观测资料、地面颗粒物浓度以及大气能见度数据研究了气溶胶消光系数日变化与月变化规律,气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布特征及影响因素。结果表明:气溶胶消光系数的日变化受人类活动以及边界层日变化影响显著,表现出凌晨与傍晚最大,早晨次之,午后最小的特征。消光高值出现在200m以下和300~700m的高度区间,夜间观察到的消光高值可能与颗粒物在夜间近地面浓度较高以及本地夜间降水频发有关。激光雷达反演的消光系数与光度计反演的气溶胶光学厚度在夏季各月的表现一致,夏季各月消光极值均出现在100~150m的近地面层。近地面消光系数与地面颗粒物浓度之间具有较好的正相关,并且粒子粒径更小时相关性更好。气溶胶光学厚度主要来自低层大气的贡献,0.1~0.2μm的细粒子气溶胶占比对于大气消光有主要影响,但气溶胶对大气的消光影响除了与粒子浓度有关,还与粒子的理化性质有关。      

非球形气溶胶粒子散射特性及其等效Mie散射误差分析

为分析形状对气溶胶粒子散射特性的影响,采用T矩阵法计算了0.633μm波段(自然光)不同种类、形状的气溶胶单粒子与体散射的散射相函数,并讨论了气溶胶粒子形状畸变与等效Mie散射误差的变化规律。结果表明:粒子形状畸变对气溶胶粒子散射能量空间分布影响较大。对于单粒子,各散射角上的等效Mie散射误差并不随粒子形状畸变程度单调变化。从相对误差量级上看,形状畸变对180°散射的影响强于0°,对35°的散射影响相对较弱。对于两种非球形粒子等效方法,等表面积法优于等体积法。不同类型的非球形气溶胶粒子体散射存在显著差异,沙尘性与海洋性的等效Mie散射误差明显大于煤烟性与可溶性粒子;对于同一种气溶胶,形状的改变对侧向与后向散射影响显著,对前向散射影响不大。     

不同环境温度下冰云粒子的单次散射参量

本文提出了直接Stokes参量变换的射线追踪方案,优化了作者过去建立的求解六角冰晶粒子散射的射线追踪模式.在冰晶有吸收(折射指数为复数)的情况下,新模式采用了有效折射指数处理粒子内的非单色折射波.其次,新模式还引入了有效单次散射参量,消除了来自几何透射线的前向δ散射效应.最后,根据不同环境温度下的冰云中冰晶粒子的粒径谱分布,本文计算了粒径谱积分平均的3D随机取向六角冰晶粒子的单次散射参量.文中给出的冰晶粒子单次散射参量的数值,对研究冰云辐射特性将有一定参考价值.     

利用实验资料检验扁椭球形雨滴和冰粒后向散射DDA算法

简要介绍了DDA法理论，并根据后向散射截面测量实验所选用的扁椭球形粒子，运用DDA法计算了它们在微波段，电磁波垂直于粒子旋转轴入射情况下的后向散射截面。经过对比，DDA法计算结果与实验测量资料一致性较好。同时评价了DDA算法计算的特点，分析了扁椭球雨滴和冰粒的后向散射特性并描述了实验测量技术。     

激光雷达后向散射研究

介绍了激光雷达在气象上的作用,并在使用光子计数法的基础上利用激光雷达方程计算出了在不同高度处大气的后向散射光子.为进行激光大气探测奠定理论基础.     

Extinction versus backscatter relationships for lidar applications at 351 nm: maritime and desert aerosol simulations and comparison with observations

Functional relationships linking at λ₀=351 nm aerosol extinction α_λ0^aer and backscatter coefficient β_λ0^aer of maritime and desert type aerosols are determined to allow for inversion of the single-wavelength lidar signals. Such relationships are derived as mean behavior of 20,000 extinction versus backscatter computations, performed for aerosol size distributions and compositions whose describing parameters are randomly chosen within the naturally observed variability. For desert-type aerosols, the effect of the particle non-sphericity is considered and it is shown that the extinction to backscatter ratio of non-spherical dust particles can be up to 60% larger than the values obtained for spherical particles. Aerosol extinction and backscatter coefficient profiles obtained inverting the single-wavelength lidar signal with the modeled relationships are then compared to the same profiles measured by a combined elastic-Raman lidar operating at 351 nm. Analytical back trajectories and satellite images are used to characterize advection patterns during lidar measurements and to properly choose the modeled functional relationship. A good accordance between the two techniques is found for advection patterns over the lidar site typical of maritime and dust conditions. Maximum differences between the model-based α_λ0^aer and β_λ0^aer vertical profiles and the corresponding ones measured by the combined elastic-Raman lidar technique are of 30% and 40% in maritime and desert dust conditions, respectively. The comparison of elastic-Raman lidar measurements and model-based results also reveals that particle non-sphericity must be taken into account when mineral dust-type aerosols are directly advected over the measurement site.     

降水现象对大气消光系数和能见度的影响

大气中各种粒子对大气消光系数和能见度有不同程度影响,除气溶胶粒子外,降水粒子对能见度影响也不可忽视。为了解降水粒子对能见度的影响,确定能见度变化与降水现象之间的关系,该文在分析降水粒子的大小、速度、形状、谱分布、光学特性等特征的基础上,忽略气溶胶粒子的影响,建立基于实测谱分布的降水与能见度的理论模型,讨论不同类型降雨、降雪对大气消光系数和能见度的影响。同时选取Parsivel降水粒子谱仪在南京地区的降雨和降雪观测记录,利用实测数据来对比验证本文所建立的降水-能见度理论模型。结果表明:能见度随着降水强度的增大呈指数降低;受降水粒子特性和天气条件等多种因素影响,能见度与降水强度之间的关系并不是唯一对应的;降雨和降雪对能见度的影响各不相同,相比而言,降雨对能见度的影响比较容易确定,而降雪对能见度的影响比较复杂,主要因为雪花或冰晶的类型复杂多变,对大气消光系数有不同程度的影响。结合理论分析和实测数据对比验证,降水现象对能见度的影响得到了证实。     

Aerosol climatology for the planetary boundary layer derived from regular lidar measurements

Regular aerosol extinction and backscatter measurements using a UV Raman Lidar have been performed for almost 3 years in Hamburg in the frame of the German Lidar Network. A set of 92 aerosol extinction and 164 aerosol backscatter profiles has been used for statistical investigations. Mean values and variances of the aerosol extinction and backscatter in the boundary layer have been calculated. Large fluctuations during the whole year have been found. The measured aerosol extinction over Hamburg shows a seasonal cycle with highest values in early fall and a second less prominent peak in spring.An analysis of the data using back trajectories showed a dependence of the aerosol extinction on the origin of the air mass. The residence time of the air mass over industrialized areas was found to be an important parameter for the measured aerosol extinction at Hamburg. However, only a small part of the total variability could be explained by the air mass origin.For 75 cases of aerosol extinction measurements under cloud-free conditions, the aerosol backscatter profile and therefore, the lidar ratio as a function of altitude could be determined. Winter measurements of the lidar ratio are often close to model results for maritime aerosol, the summer measurements are close to the model results for urban or continental aerosols.The high quality of the data has been proven by intercomparisons with other lidar systems and with star photometer measurements of the aerosol optical depth during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE'98) field campaign.     

Constraint inversion Algorithm of Lidar Equationfor Deriving Aerosol Optical Property

1.IntroductionLidarisincreasinglyusedinmeasuringtheopticalpropertiesofaerosolsandcloudssincethe1960's.Ithasbeenshownthatthedeterminationoftheextinctioncoefficientasafunctionofheightisfeasible(Klett,1980;Fernald,1984;LuDarenetal.,1977;Spinhirneetal.,...     

Effective droplet number and droplet spectra parameters that determine the radar backscatter from clouds and rain

Using the “slice” approach to the weather radar equation, it was found that, in general, for an imperfect rectangular probing pulse envelope and non-Poisson, small-scale fluctuations of particle concentration, the mean backscatter is governed by the effective droplet number and the first three moments of the cloud-rain particle size distribution function. We propose an approach to computing the effective spatial duration of a probing pulse used to estimate the effective number of scattering particles within a radar volume. We also assessed the difference between methods for estimating mean backscatter, first taking into account the factors listed above and then comparing the result to classical estimations attained through the sixth moment of the droplet spectra and a rectangular probing pulse.     

Constraint Inversion Algorithm of lidar equation for deriving aerosol optical property

A key question of the backward integration algorithm to lidar equation is how to determine the far-end boundary value. This paper develops a Constraint Inversion Algorithm (CIA) for deriving the value and then the aerosol extinction profile from lidar signals, which uses the ground-level horizontal lidar signals as the constraint information. The smaller the wavelength is, the more sensitive to the variation of aerosol ex-tinction to backscatter ratio solved by CIA. According to the property an algorithm is further proposed to simultaneously retrieve the aerosol extinction profile, the size distribution and the imaginary part of its re-flective index from the multi-wavelength lidar observations. CIA is tested in the inversion simulations with satisfactory result.     

省级MODIS植被指数序列的建立与应用

本文采用安德森分级采样直接获得的大气气溶胶质量密度换算成数密度。在此基础上,根据气溶胶数密度谱分布,验证了大气气溶胶的Junge谱与分段三参数谱相结合的谱模式。并且在得出气溶胶粒子谱基础上计算了大气气溶胶的散射、消光、吸收系数。     

广州冬季大气消光系数的贡献因子研究

2008年1月1～31日和2月6～24日在广州城区每天采集一个PM2.5样品,对样品进行有机碳、元素碳及水溶性离子分析,利用美国IMPROVE能见度方程计算得到广州冬季大气消光系数.结果发现:冬季PM2.5 日均值质量浓度为89.0±53.4/μg·m~(-3),OC(Organics Carban)质量浓度为16.9±11.9μg·m~(-3),EC(Element Carbon)质量浓度为5.9±3.4 μg·m～(-3),水溶性离子总浓度为43.9±23.5μg·m~(-3).冬季大气消光系数均值为342±185 Mm~(-1).广州冬季大气消光系数主要贡献者为(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3、POM(Par-ticular organic matter)、EC和NO_2,对消光系数的贡献率分别为36.3%、14.5%、26.6%、17.4%和5.2%.     

Error analysis of backscatter from discrete dipole approximation for different ice particle shapes

Ice sphere backscatter has been calculated using both Mie theory and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) at a wavelength of 3.2 mm (94 GHz). The electric dipole, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole contributions to spherical particle backscatter have been analyzed. The results show that there is a resonance area around particle size parameter of 1.5, where the calculated backscatter errors are very large due to the neglect of the magnetic dipole, and this is confirmed by applying Mie theory to 8.66 mm (35 GHz) and 3.21 cm (X-band) wavelengths. Based on the backscatter calculation using a cube and a hexagon column randomly oriented in space, it was found that the backscatter error from the inaccurate representation of the particle surface shape is much smaller than that from the neglect of the magnetic dipole, and the resonance occurs at different particle sizes depending upon the exact particle shapes. At a wavelength of 3.2 mm, the particle shape has little effect on backscatter when volume-equivalent spherical particle radius r_v < 500 μm, and Rayleigh backscatter can be used as a reasonable approximation for r_v < 300 μm.