Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Special Issue:Aerosols,Clouds,Radiation,Precipitation,and Their Interactions Call for papers

正Lead Editor:Xiquan Dong(University of North Dakota,USA),dong@aero.und.edu Guest Editors:Christine Chiu(University of Reading,UK),c.j.chiu@reading.ac.uk Jiwen Fan(Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,USA),Jiwen.Fan@pnnl.gov Yangang Liu(Brookhaven National Laboratory,USA),lyg@bnl.gov Teruyuki Nakajima(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,Japan),teruyuki.nakajima@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp Byung-Ju Sohn(Seoul National University,Korea),sohn@snu.ac.kr     

A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE CLOUD CLUSTERS IN TYPHOONS AND MESOSCALE HEAVY RAINS

1INTRODUCTIONHeavyrainsassociatedwithtyphoonsareoneoftheimportantmeteorologicaldisastersintheFujianProvince,whichbringsaboutgreaterdamageinshort-lived,severeprecipitation.Muchdocumentationhasbeenreportedonthestudyofthemesoscaleconvectionsystemsandmesoscaleconvectivecomplex(MCC)andassociatedprecipitation[1-3].UsinglandfallcasesoftropicalcyclonesFrankie(No.9607),Gloria(No.9608),Joy(No.9610),Winnie(No.9714)andanunnamedtyphoon(No.9802)andhourlyinfraredcloudimagery,thecurrentworkstudiesth…     

基于葵花8号新一代静止气象卫星的夜间雾识别

基于葵花8号新一代静止气象卫星的高时空分辨率多通道数据,利用3. 9μm与11. 2μm通道亮温差法(BTD3. 9～11. 2)和3. 9μm伪比辐射率法(ems3. 9)开展了中国地区夜间不同等级雾的识别,确定了各站点和网格点上对不同等级雾两种方法的参数最优阈值;并利用地面站点观测资料和CALIPSO星载激光雷达产品对陆地和海上雾的识别结果进行了验证。结果表明:(1)通道亮温差法和3. 9μm伪比辐射率法均可以较准确地识别出不同等级的雾,3. 9μm伪比辐射率法准确率略优;随能见度的下降,两种方法识别准确率都明显提升,虚警率明显下降。能见度小于50 m时,通道亮温差法(3. 9μm伪比辐射率法)识别雾的击中率HR、虚警率FAR和KSS评分分别为0. 89(0. 90)、0. 15(0. 15)和0. 74(0. 75)。(2)剔除云影响后,4个雾等级下两种方法对雾识别的HR和KSS评分均有明显提升,FAR均有明显下降。能见度小于1 000 m时,剔除云后通道亮温差法(3. 9μm伪比辐射率法)的HR由0. 71(0. 74)提高到0. 81(0. 85),FAR由0. 27(0. 28)降低到0. 12(0. 13),KSS评分由0. 44(0. 46)提高到0. 69(0. 72),KSS评分提高0. 23(0. 26)。(3) 3个个例分析表明,基于通道亮温差法、3. 9μm伪比辐射率法以及RGB合成图均可清晰识别出大部分雾区,雾区和非雾区的BTD_(3. 9～11. 2)(ems_(3. 9))差异明显,强浓雾区BTD_(3. 9～11. 2)(ems_(3. 9))约为-5℃(0. 75);基于葵花8卫星海雾的识别结果与CALIPSO星载激光雷达VFM反演产品一致。     

拉格朗日法在数值天气预报中的应用(一)

序 1921年,理查森(L.F.Richadson)的专著“数值方法的天气预报”问世,文中给出了对控制大气运动的流体动力学方程组进行数值积分的方法,由于条件的限制,他计算失败了.时至1950年,查尼(J.Charney)、菲耶托夫特(R.Fjortoft)和纽曼(J.von Neumann)在罗斯贝(C.G.Rossby)早期工作的基础上,首次做出了成功的数值预报.自此,     

近10年青藏高原及其周边湍流通量变化的数值模拟

应用改进地表粗糙度的中尺度模式WRF模拟青藏高原及其周边地区2004-2013年地表湍流通量的变化特征,结果发现,自2004-2013年以来,青藏高原中部和东南部地区感热通量增加,分别增加了9. 952 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)和14. 595 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1);青藏高原其他区域感热减小,减少了-4. 473 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1);青藏高原周边东南部横断山脉增加了9. 928 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1),云贵高原地区增加了9. 868 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)和江南丘陵地区增加了15. 177 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1);其他周边地区感热减小,减少的量级为-10. 26 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)。青藏高原东部地区潜热有较弱的增加[1. 175 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)],青藏高原其他区域都减小[-3. 762 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)];青藏高原东侧四川盆地、南侧孟加拉湾附近以及周边北部地区减弱,分别为-0. 27,-2. 416和-2. 287 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1);周边其他地区潜热通量都有不同程度的增加,我国东南部江浙地区有较强的增加[11. 385 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)],印度半岛增加的幅度不大[2. 988 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)],云贵高原以东缅甸增加[9. 287 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)]和黄土高原增加[1. 160 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)],但云贵高原是减少的[-2. 705 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)]。     

山杏种植面积的动态规划

河南省鹤壁市一果园 ,由较高山、低山、丘陵和平地组成 ,拟用 60 .0 0 hm2 土地种植收益较高的山杏。经调查在已经种山杏的其它地区 ,四种地形净收益 (表 1 )后 ,我们采用最优控制理论中的动态规划法为其决策。表 1　不同地形不同面积 (hm2 )种植山杏的净收益　　　　　　　　　　　　万元6.671 3.33 2 0 .0 0 2 6.6733.33 4 0 .0 0 4 6.6753.33 60 .0 0平地 (g1(u) ) 8.2 1 3.1 37.543.560 .0 82 .585.686.0 95.0丘陵 (g2 (u) ) 4 .61 2 .539.562 .572 .1 79.681 .589.1 98.1低山 (g3(u) ) 3.1 6.1 35.1 39.1 39.648.1 63.678.981 .5较高山…     

Main features of regional circulation variation during onset of the south china sea monsoon in 1998

1.IntroductionTheAsiansummermonsoonconsistsoftwosystems,i.e.,theSouthAsianmonsoonandtheEastAsianmonsoon.TheSouthChinaSea(SCS)monsoonisoneoftheimportantsubsystemsoftheEastAsianmonsoon.IthaslongbeenconcernedabouttherelationshipoftheSCSmonsoonwithchangesofthegeneralcirculationandweatherpatternsinadjacentregions.TaoandChen(1987)suggestedthattheonsetoftheAsiansummermonsoonstartsfirstinthenorthernSCSusuallyinmid--May,thenpropagatesnorthwardtothemainlandofChinaandthewesternPacificsouthofJap…     

国外经济作物产量预报方法

根据1971年10月WMO农业气象委员会第5次会议第12号决议,该委员会成立一个关于“农业气象因子对经济作物产量影响和产量预报方法”工作组并邀请E.S.乌兰诺娃(Ulanova,苏联)任组长,成员有:J.古瑞安(Goudriaan,荷兰)、B.W.凯利(Kelly,美国)、M.库珀洛娃(Kurpelova,捷克)、R.弗奥(Pfau,西德)和B.普利莫尔特(Primault,瑞士)。经过该组10年的调查研究,得出了一些成果,现仅就其中的     

波浪操纵说

(一)通论谈天气学者,挽近可分三派:曰挪威派创自皮叶克纳司(V.Bjrk-ncs),其说以为天气之变化,其主因仅限于对流层内,是为极面学说(Polarfront-Theorie)。曰弗朗克孚(Frankfurt a.M.)派,以为天气之变化,其主因并不在于对流层,而在平流层中。此说导源于费干(H.v.Ficker)及德芳(A.Defant),但发挥而光大之,则为弗朗克孚大学已故教授司徒沸(G.ve)及其助手米盖(R.Mügge),是为平流层操纵说(Stratosphrische Steuerung)。曰来布齐(Leipzig)派,创自魏克孟(L.Weickmann),以为天气之演变,由于大气中波浪之起伏,此种波浪,既可导源于平流层,亦可导源于对流层,是为波浪操纵说(Wcllen-     

A survey of unbalanced flow diagnostics and their application

1.IntroductionImbalanceisdefinedintermsoftowhatextenttheflowdepartsfromabalancedstate.Despitetheapparentcomplexityofatmosphericmotions,thepressure(massfield)andvelocity(momentum)distributioncanberelatedbyrathersimpleapproximateforcebalances(sothatparcelaccelerationscanbeignored).Davisetal.(1996)pointedoutthattheunderlyingassumptionofbalanceddingnosticsisthatthenowevolvesinawayconsistentwiththerestrictionsimplicitwithinthediagnosticframework.ThesimplesttwobalancerelationsaregeostrOPhl'cbalance…     

A Numerical Study on Effects of Land-Surface Heterogeneity from “Combined Approach” on Atmospheric Process Part I: Principle and Method

1.IntroductionAnideallandsurfacemodelmustbothrealisticallydescribethelandsurfacecharacteristics(especiallytheuniversalheterogeneity)andbecomputationallyinexpensive.CurrentlyPOpularlandsurfacemodelsareallbasedon"bigfeartheory,inwhichamodelgridcellisdividedintomanypatches(e.g.,abaresoilpatchoravegetationpatch;manyregularpatchesdividedintoaccordingtogeographicallocations),andinwhichonlyinterpatchvariabilityistakenintoaccountwhileseldomintrapatchvariabilityis,whentheheterogeneityisconsidered.Even…     

一种查算积分湍流系数的图解

本文根据A. C. 莫宁(Монии)和A. M. 奥布霍夫(Обухов)的相似理论,并考虑到实际工作的需要,利用梯度观测资料和C.A.普尔松(Paulson)与F.I.贝吉莱(Badgley)提出的通用函数,设计了一种查算近地面层积分湍流系数的图解。采用热平衡各分量闭合误差的方法对本图解查算结果作了检验,表明它与卡山斯基(КазанскийА.Б.)—莫宁图解的查算结果很接近,且具有使用方便的优点。     

Retrieval of Tropospheric CO Profiles Using Correlation Radiometer:I.Retrieval Experiments for a Clear Atmosphere

1.IntroductionMeasurementofCOprofilesinthetroposphereisofprimaryimportanceforimprovingourunderstandingoftheglobalsystem.ThisopinionhasbeenputforwardinthereportoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(1985);"DefinitionoftrendsanddistributionfortroposphericCOisessential."(WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,1985).ThisisbecauseCarbonmonoxide(CO)playsaveryimportantroleinthechemistryofthetroposphereandlowerstratospherethroughitsinfluenceoverhydroxylradical(OH)andozoneconcentration.Becauseofitsshorta…     

Modeling N_2O Emissions from Agricultural Fields in Southeast China

l.Intr0ductionWiththedevelopmentofeconomy,theenvironmentalproblemsarebec0mingincreasinglyserious.Am0ngthem,theenhancementofgreenh0useeffectsandglobalwarm-ingaretwoimPOrtantonesthathavear0usedwideattention.Nitrousoxide(N,O)isanim-POrtantgreenhousegasandplayingagreatroleinthesetwoprocesses.SincetheIndustrialRevolution,theatmosphericN2Oconcentrationhasincreasedbyaboutl5%(IPCC,l995).Inthelast4Oyears,itincreasedrapidlyatarateof0.2%ro.3%yr-'(IPCC,l99O).Ifitin-creasesatthisrate,theatmospheri…     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM VARIATION OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OF CONVECTION DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Datasets of equivalent temperature of black body (TBB) and sea surface temperature (SST) ranging from 1980 to 1997 are used to diagnose and analyze the characteristics of frequency spectrum and strength of intraseasonal variation of convection. The relationship between the strength of intraseasonal oscillation of convection, strength of convection itself and SST in the South China Sea (SCS) is studied. It is shown that, there are distinguishable annual, interannual and interdecadal variations in both strength and frequency spectrum of intraseasonal variation of convection in SCS. There are connections between strength of convection, strength of ISO1 in the summer half (s.h.) year and SST in ensuing winter half (w.h.) year in SCS. The strong (weak) convection and strong (weak) ISO1 are associated with negative (positive) bias of SST in ensuing w.h. year in SCS.     

柴达木盆地GPS大气可降水量精度检验及其变化特征

利用柴达木盆地格尔木站2014年每日00:00和12:00 (世界时,下同) L波段探空数据计算得到的大气可降水量资料(P_(WV_RS))用来验证GPS数据反演的大气可降水量(P_(WV_GPS))精度。在此基础上,利用格尔木、德令哈两站P_(WV_GPS)资料,对该地区大气可降水量P_(WV)变化特征进行分析。结果表明:柴达木盆地P_(WV_RS)和P_(WV_GPS)逐日变化具有很好的一致性,P_(WV_GPS)略高于P_(WV_RS),两者相关系数在0. 9以上。夏秋季P_(WV_RS)和P_(WV_GPS)相关性明显好于冬春季,00:00的相关系数略高于12:00。00:00和12:00 P_(WV_GPS)均方根误分别为1. 8和2. 4 mm,平均相对误差分别为0. 2和0. 4,平均偏差分别为4. 2和4. 3 mm。柴达木盆地P_(WV_GPS)能够反映这一地区实际大气可降水量水平。柴达木盆地P_(WV_GPS)月变化呈单峰型分布,7月最大、12月最小。P_(WV_GPS)夏季最为丰富、秋季次之、冬季最小,呈南多北少的空间分布特征。柴达木盆地日均P_(WV_GPS)为0. 4～28. 0 mm,逐时P_(WV_GPS)为6. 9～7. 3 mm。     

A Study of the Relationship between Low-level Jet and inversion Layer over an Agroforest Ecosystem in East China Plain

1.IntroductionWindprofilewiththerelevantlow--leveljet(LLJ)isoneofthemostimportantfactorsthatcharacterizethestructureoftheatmosphericboundarylayer.TheLLJswerereportedinEurope(SladkovicandKanter,1977;Krausetal.,1985),Africa(Anderson,1976;Hart,etal.,1978),NorthAmerica(Stull,1988;Arrittetal.,1997),Australia(MalcherandKraus,1983;Garratt,1985)andEastAsia(Wangetal.,1996;ChenandHsu,1997).DifferentinvestigatorsuseddifferentcriteriaforidentifyingtheLLJs.SomerequiredwindspeedgreaterthanaParti…     

The impact of nonlinear stability and instability on the validity of the tangent linear model

l.Intr0ducti0nTheequationsgoverningthemotionsoftheatmosphereandoceanaren0nlinear0nes.Itisdiffcultandcomplicatedtodealwiththenonlinearproblem.Sothetangentlinearmodel(TLM),whichisobtainedbylinearizingthenonlinearmodelinthevicinityofthebasicflow.iswidelyutilizedinthetheoreticalresearchandpracticalimplementationintheatmosphericandoceanicsciences.First-TLMcanbeusedtoestimatetheev0luti0nofsmallPerturbati0nsinaf0recastmodel.Second,itisadoptedinextendedKalmanfilterinthedataassimilation(Evensen,l99…     

Mitigation options for methane, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from agricultural ecosystems

1.IntroductionNitrousoxide(N,O)andmethane(CH.)arethemostimportantgreenhousegassesintheatmospherewithitscontributiontoglobalwarmingjustlowerthanCO2.Theirconcentrationsinatmospherehavebeennotedtoincreasecurrentlyattherateof0.25%yr--'andl.02%yr',respectively(IPCC,1995).Atpresent,theincreaseofNZOandCH4intheatmospherehasbeenestimatedtoaccountfor20--25%oftheglobalwarming(FAO&IAEA,1992;Bailes&Bridges,1992).NOdoesnotabsorbradiationdirectlyintheatmosphere,buttheincreasingconcentrationofNOmay…     

Baroclinic Instability in the Generalized Phillips' Model Part Ⅱ:Three-layer Model

1.IntroductionBaroclinicinstabilityistheprocessbywhichtheavailablepotentialenergyofarotatingstratifiedfluidmaybeconvertedintothekineticenergyofagrowingdisturbance.Throughthegenerationofeddiesandthesubsequentinteractionbetweentheseeddiesandthemeanflow,baroclinicinstabilityisanimportantfeatureofthedynamicsoflarge-scalegeophysicalsystems.Thefirstcompletetheoreticalexplanationsofthephenomenonweregivenindepen-dentlybyCharney(l947)andEady(l949),whousedsimplemodelstoexplainthelarge-scalewavesobserve…