巨灾保险机制研究——新西兰、土耳其、美国加州、中国台湾、日本案例分析

分析总结了新西兰、土耳其、美国加州、中国台湾地区和日本等国家和地区地震保险制度的特点,依据分析提出:中国需要建立巨灾保险制度,政府要在其中承担主导性职责,同时,巨灾保险需要民营保险公司和政府的分工合作。     

腾冲、长白山、五大连池新生代火山岩Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学特征

概括了腾冲、长白山、五大连池新生代火山岩岩石学、岩石化学基本特征,探讨了Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素地球化学特征和岩浆源区性质。腾冲火山岩为高钾钙碱性岩系,高８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ、高２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ、２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ、低１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ,岩浆源区为俯冲带再循环富集地幔。长白山火山岩为超钾钙碱性岩系,低Ｓｒ高８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ,εＮｄ为－２３—＋２９,Ｐｂ同位素组成变化不大,岩浆源区为俯冲带再循环地幔。五大连池火山岩为超钾碱性岩系,高８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ、低１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ和２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ、２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ,岩浆源区为地幔内部交代作用所产生的富集地幔。     

地震前兆的复杂性及地震预报、 预警、 预防综合决策问题的讨论浅释唐山、 海城、 松潘、 丽江等大地震的经验教训

唐山地震、 海城地震、 松潘地震和丽江地震等大地震的观测与预报实践, 在科学上提出许多问题, 但最重要的是地震前兆复杂性的理解和认识问题。 从上述大地震的重要观测资料中, 得到对大地震的短临前兆复杂性及其表现形式的新理解, 认为: 短临前兆异常不同于趋势异常, 异常现象的突发性、 差异性、 特殊的无序和不稳定性, 不可重复性是其主要特征。 其“场, 源”关系, 也不同于一般概念的“场, 源”关系, 它具有“混沌”性能。 前兆异常复杂性产生的根源不仅是因为孕震系统是复杂的系统, 更为重要的是, 当系统进入非弹性应变阶段后, 受到非线性动力学一般原理所支配。 因此地震及其前兆现象似乎是不可能在纯力学的基础上加以探索研究的, 准确地说, 它们应该视为在远离平衡的条件下起作用的非线性动力学体系一般性问题的组成部分。 块、 带、 源、 兆整体协同分析和长(期), 中(期)、 短(期)、 临震预报相结合的渐进式地震预报思路, 是地震预报成功与失败的实践经验总结。 只有在整体上, 从时间、 空间结构统一性上进行综合分析研究, 才有可能抓住地震及其前兆复杂性问题的本质。 该文还讨论了地震及其预报对社会的影响, 和地震预报需要面对的社会问题, 以及制约、 影响地震预报和预警的因素。 文中认为与其它自然灾害相比, 地震预报和灾害预警的难度更大, 每一步骤的决策, 无论是警报发布、 级别调整、 警报的解除都包含了许多不确定性和风险。 实践经验证明: 政府对地震预报、 预警、 预防的综合决策是有效减轻地震灾害和风险的关键。     

溧阳、邢台、菏泽、南黄海地震的相互关系

1977——1984年,华北南部连续发生了溧阳、邢台、菏泽、南黄海四次六级左右地震。分析表明: 1)这些地震均位于华北块体南边界构造网络的节点上; 2)唐山大震的发生引起块体南边界断裂带的活动加剧,并伴随应力重新分布,导致上述地段应力加强和周围广大区域应力下降,形成了有利于这些地震孕育的应力场背景; 3)当网络上某一个薄弱点发生破裂后,会引起应力再分布,从而影响着下一次地震的发生,这种快速的应力调整过程,对于中强地震的能量积累和它们的成组发生起了重要作用。研究地震现象在时空上的相互作用过程,对于地震的中短期预报具有重要意义。      

长、株、潭地区构造稳定性数学模拟研究

本文作者通过对长沙、株洲、湘潭地区现有的遥感图像线性构造解译成果和已有的地质、地震、重力、航磁等资料进行分析,选取二十个与该区构造稳定性有关的个变量,采用多元回归分析、逐步回归分析方法、数量化理论Ⅲ和聚类分析等数学方法建立该区构造稳定性评价数学模型对该区的构造稳定性进行定量研究和评价.     

苏、 鲁、 豫、 皖交界及南黄海地区地磁监测与分析

通过在苏、 鲁、 豫、 皖交界及南黄海地区开展地磁基本场矢量测量、 数据处理和分析, 计算了该区域地磁基本场和地磁异常场总强度和水平强度的曲面样条模型, 并绘制相应的地磁图和地磁异常图, 探索研究局部地磁基本场的变化特征。 分析结果表明, 通过区域地磁基本场矢量测量, 能相对精细地反应区域地磁基本场空间分布, 分辨存在的地磁基本场异常, 为地震中长期预报提供科学数据和相关地球物理场变化背景。     

团结、战斗、胜利的大会

我受领导和同志们的委托,带着广大地震战士对灾区人民深厚的无产阶级感情,怀着对毛主席无限热爱的激动心情,抱着向英雄的唐山人民和在抗震救灾斗争中做出丰功伟绩的英雄、模范学习的态度,参加了中共中央召开的唐山、丰南地震抗震救灾先进单位和模范人物代表会议。     

中国水文、工程、环境物探的回顾和展望

回顾了我国水文、工程和环境物探近50年的历史，简介了我国水文、工程、环境物探发展的四个阶段．重点论述了我国能源、交通和城市工程物探在电力、铁路、水利建设以及海洋平台工程建设等领域内取得的重大成就；介绍了水资源和地热物探在农业、工业和城市建设中的重要贡献；分析了我国水文、工程、环境物探的技术进步；最后提出了发展方向．     

火山、孤峰、溶洞、古藤、古人类遗址…… 福建第二个国家地质公园“包罗万象”

发育完整的大佑山破火山地貌、系统完整的廊道式七仙洞岩溶洞穴、千姿百态的水蚀花岗岩地貌……近日,福建三明郊野国家地质公园经国家林业和草原局发文同意命名,成为福建省获批的第二个国家级地质公园。公园计划于8月25曰在梅列区瑞云山景区举行揭牌开园仪式,为游客和市民提供郊野休闲好去处。     

长江中下游两个系列铜、金矿床及其成矿流体系统的氢、氧、硫、铅同位素研究

基于长江中下游成矿带铜、金矿床地质特征和氢、氧、硫、铅同位素研究,认 为两个系列铜、金矿床是不同动力学背景、不同时代的两个成矿流体系统演化的产物： 层状矿床组成的系列Ⅰ铜、金矿床形成于海西期拉张构造背景下,由热卤水沿同生断裂上升,经海底喷流（气）和热水沉积作用形成;与中酸性岩浆侵入活动有关的系列Ⅱ铜、金矿床形成于燕山期特提斯构造域和古太平洋构造域复合及与之相关联的地幔隆起和地壳减薄等深部过程耦合作用背景下的造山作用挤压－伸展转变期,是岩浆热液与部分大气降水混合形成的热液流体经复杂的水－岩作用和输运－化学耦合过程形成的．叠加 作用是区内大型矿床的重要形成条件．     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。