基于FloodArea模型的呼和浩特市城区大青山南麓山洪致灾临界雨量研究

以呼和浩特市城区北部大青山南麓山洪沟流域为研究区域,利用流域内国家气象站以及区域气象站逐小时降水数据、数字高程模型DEM数据、土地利用数据等资料,采用FloodArea淹没模型,对1998年7月12日和2020年8月1日暴雨时段进行洪水动态淹没模拟和效果检验。结果表明：对于1998年7月12日暴雨过程,F1oodArea水动力模型模拟结果与实际情况较为吻合,该流域内9条山洪沟洪水淹没深度与累计9小时滑动面雨量的相关性最好,并构建了面雨量与淹没深度的回归关系方程,基于隐患点3个风险等级,最终确定了不同等级下的临界面雨量,以红山口沟为例,分别为69.9mm(1级),39.3mm(2级),17.2mm(3级)。对于2020年8月1日暴雨过程,模型模拟结果基本与山洪过程一致,也证明了上述线性回归模型的适用性,为今后进一步建立全市山洪灾害预报服务奠定了基础。     

基于FloodArea模型的一次特大暴雨洪涝淹没模拟

利用蒲河流域内所有国家气象站以及区域自动气象站共28站逐小时降水实况、过程降水量、数字高程模型、土地利用、土壤类型等资料,采用FloodArea水动力模型,对2020年6月19日21时-22日20时出现的历史罕见暴雨洪涝过程进行洪水淹没模拟及效果检验。模拟结果表明：1)全过程模拟水位与实测水位整体拟合度较高,确定性系数DC达93.22%;2)蒲河上游来水较小,持续性强降水是造成此次洪涝水位偏高的主要原因,模拟显示蒲河流域中上游水位上涨明显,其中石角水文站模拟的最大上涨水位达7.61米,与实测上涨水位7.14米较为一致;3)FloodArea水动力模型能够较准确地反演出蒲河流域暴雨致洪个例的淹没进程,能够直观地反映出淹没范围、淹没深度的空间差异,且淹没深度与逐小时实测水位的确定性系数较高,淹没深度的突增对洪峰的预报预警具有一定的指示意义。     

基于FloodArea的三峡库区小流域山洪面雨量分析

以三峡库区普里河下游流域作为山洪灾害淹没模拟的研究区域,通过泰森多边形方法和算术平均方法分别计算流域面雨量,采用FloodArea模型对两种方法下的同一降水过程进行模拟,结合实地考察流域内淹没时间和淹没水深资料对比分析两者的模拟结果。结论表明:泰森多边形方法下的山洪灾害淹没模拟能较好地反映普里河下游流域内的因降水导致的山洪推进路线、淹没范围及淹没水深,且该方法下推算的山洪灾害致灾临界面雨量更具有实际应用价值。该方法可用于推算流域内的山洪灾害致灾临界面雨量。     

基于FloodArea模型的龙须河流域暴雨洪涝淹没模拟研究

选取龙须河流域内及周边气象区域站和国家站的逐日降雨量资料,采用广义极值分布函数来进行拟合优度检验并计算出不同重现期的致洪面雨量。将不同重现期致洪面雨量、小时雨型分布、高程数据代入FloodArea模型进行洪水淹没模拟,得到不同重现期下面雨量淹没范围和水深。结果表明:龙须河流域中下游水位上涨明显,靠近龙须河中游的荣华水文站点模拟水淹最深,出现2次涨水,模拟水位上涨超过3m,通过和实际水文站数据对比,洪水发展过程、最高水淹深度要滞后于降水峰值5-7小时,且与实际的水文站的水位差较吻合,证明FloodArea模型在龙须河流域具有较好的洪水淹没模拟效果,为暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估和预警业务提供较好的技术支撑。     

基于嵌入河道栅格的山洪灾害淹没模拟

文章以江西省曹水作为山洪灾害淹没模拟的研究区域,通过嵌入河道栅格修订数字地形,采用FloodArea水文淹没模型对数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)对修订前后的同一降水过程进行模拟,结合实地考察流域内淹没痕迹和水文站水位资料对比分析两者的模拟结果,并利用确定性系数和Nash—Sutcliffe效率系数对2000—2010年间出现的强降水过程的模拟结果进行验证。结论表明:基于嵌入河道栅格的山洪灾害淹没模拟能较好地反映曹水流域内的因降水导致的山洪推进路线、淹没范围及淹没水深,该方法可作为推算曹水流域的山洪灾害致灾临界面雨量的基础。     

水文模型在计算中小流域致汛临界面雨量中的应用

在设定致灾标准的前提下,运用水文模型模拟降水和流量关系,反推不同基础水位达到致灾标准所需要的雨量,探讨中小流域临界面雨量计算的新方法、新思路。以湖北省荆门漳河流域为例,选取控制流域3/4面积的漳河水库为控制站点,利用新安江水文模型,通过1956—2012年36场洪水的模拟率定水文模型的参数,在此基础上结合漳河水库防洪能力,利用水文模型反推计算漳河水库不同基准水位、不同雨量分布条件下的致汛临界面雨量(到达汛限水位所需的面雨量)。结果表明:利用水文模型反推计算中小流域临界面雨量,能直观给出漳河水库不同基准水位、不同降水分布条件下的洪水入库过程曲线、水位变化过程曲线以及流域致汛临界面雨量,意义明确,技术方法可行,能有效丰富中小流域临界面雨量的计算方法。     

基于HBV模型的太子河流域致洪临界雨量的确定

以太子河流域为研究区域,基于流域内的气象水文数据、数字高程模型及土地利用等资料,采用HBV水文模型对流域的水文过程进行模拟,通过对模型参数的率定与验证,评估了HBV模型在该流域径流模拟的适用性,确定了适合太子河流域的最优化参数,结合水位-流量关系曲线,推算太子河流域不同等级洪水致洪临界雨量。结果表明: HBV模型对太子河流域的径流模拟效果较好,率定期与验证期Nash效率系数与确定性系数均超过0.60,模型中积雪和融雪模块(CFR)、土壤含水量计算模块(BETA)与响应模块(KUZ2、UZ1、PERC)中的这些参数最为敏感,模型基本模拟出了洪水对降水的响应过程。通过建立的HBV水文模型,结合小林子水文站的水位-流量关系曲线,以警戒水位、保证水位作为不同等级洪水的判别条件,推算得到了不同起始水位下太子河流域动态临界雨量指标,临界雨量随起始水位的升高而有所减小。     

基于HBV模型的淮河流域洪水致灾临界雨量研究

根据流域暴雨洪水致灾机制,文章提出了考虑前期基础水位的动态致灾临界雨量指标,并以淮河上游地区为例,基于HBV水文模型建立了降水-流量-水位关系,并根据这种关系确立了临界雨量确定的方法流程.首先基于历史水文数据率定和验证模型,得到适用于研究区的最优化模型参数,然后构建洪水上涨期水位流量关系,最后以是否达到致灾水位为标准,通过模型试算并结合水位流量关系曲线反推出致灾临界雨量值.在淮河上游地区的研究中,利用2002-2009年逐日气象水文数据对HBV模型进行了参数率定和检验,并针对洪水过程进行了参数优化,经过率定后HBV模型对王家坝以上流域具备较好的适用性,对典型洪水过程模拟的确定性系数和NASH效率系数均在0.8以上;根据王家坝站实测流量水位数据,构建了概化的单一关系曲线;结合HBV模型和水位流量关系得到了王家坝以上流域的动态致灾临界雨量指标,临界雨量值随前期基础水位升高而减小,并且随着前期水位的变化,临界雨量值呈现了明显的非线性响应特征.     

基于不同数据的新疆山洪淹没模拟及致灾阈值分析

利用实测淹没深度、数字高程(DEM)、土地利用类型、小时降水、定量降水估测(Quantitative Precipitation Estimation,QPE)等数据,通过FloodArea模型对新疆博尔博松流域3次(2013年8月25日、2015年6月28日、2016年6月17日)洪水过程进行再现模拟,对模拟结果的分布特征进行分析,以实测数据进行精度检验,并建立了面雨量-淹没深度关系,在此基础上确定了研究区四个淹没等级对应的致灾临界雨量。运用不同数据模拟得出淹没分布特征为随着时间的变化淹没深度具有上升的趋势,淹没过程可分为蓄积期、稳定增长期和波动上升期3个阶段;通过精度验证得出:FloodArea模型运用自动站降水数据模拟的淹没深度与实测数据相比偏高,而QPE、R-QPE(订正后QPE)数据模拟的则偏低,这三种数据的模拟结果与博尔博松村和塔尔村两个考察点的绝对误差分别为0.46 m、0.78 m、0.35 m和1.35 m、1.44 m、0.65 m,R-QPE数据模拟出的淹没深度效果最好,更能精确地反映出该流域洪水淹没情况;通过相关性分析可知,模拟洪水淹没深度与7 h累计时效的面雨量的相关性最好,相关系数达到了0.989,在此基础上建立了面雨量-淹没深度的关系;按照面雨量-淹没深度的关系和山洪灾害等级划分标准得出,预警点累计时效7 h面雨量对应四个等级的致灾临界雨量阈值分别为:四级6.25 mm、三级23.61 mm、二级49.64 mm、一级75.67 mm。     

基于FloodArea模型的大通河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

利用流域内所有国家气象站及区域自动站共39站逐小时降水实况、过程降水量和降水落区预报、数字高程模型(DEM)、土地利用、土壤类型以及实地灾情调查等资料,采用Flood Area模型的暴雨淹没情景,对2013年7月5日20时—6日20时大通河流域出现的历史罕见强降水时段进行洪水淹没模拟及效果检验。模拟结果表明:大通河流域中上游水位上涨明显,大部地区涨水超过1 m,部分支流水位上涨超过3 m,竹阳乡、酉华乡和乔木乡的局部地区涨水超过6 m。灾情调查检验表明,对于洪水淹没范围和淹没水深,Flood Area模拟值与实况值均较为吻合,表明Flood Area模型在大通河流域具有较好的洪水淹没模拟效果,可用于暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与预警业务。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.