巴哈马滩与西沙群岛台地生物礁地质特征对比

从生物礁碳酸盐岩的沉积特征、孤立台地生物礁沉积模式2个方面对巴哈马滩与西沙群岛进行对比分析:巴哈马滩礁区主要沉积粒状灰岩、泥质灰岩、斜坡发育生物碎屑灰岩,海底文石和镁方解石胶结作用强烈,致大部分原始孔隙度阻塞,孔隙度降低;西沙礁滩海滩岩以生物碎屑灰岩为主,地层主要发育生物碎屑灰岩和白云岩,各种藻类格架的杂乱分布增大岩石的孔隙度。巴哈马滩以孤立碳酸盐岩台地生物礁为主,发育台地边缘斜坡及滩礁型孤立台地,西沙孤立台礁区主要发育永乐、宣德2类环礁沉积系统,以及台地边缘礁、塔礁、马趾礁、环礁、点礁等多种生物礁类型。大巴哈马滩具有侧向生长的潜力和周期性进积作用的特征,西沙陡坡高能带发育进积型与侵蚀型2种沉积类型,风暴潮与盛行风作用成为灰沙岛的主要成因机制。     

川东北宣汉盘龙洞长兴组生物礁剖面沉积相分析

结合区域构造、地层概况、岩相古地理等方面的背景资料,对宣汉盘龙洞上二叠统长兴组生物礁地层剖面进行了观测描述。通过室内镜下岩石薄片鉴定分析,识别出主要岩石类型为礁灰岩、礁云岩、生屑灰岩、颗粒灰岩及晶粒白云岩。根据露头观察和室内镜下岩石薄片鉴定分析,结合岩石学、古生物等沉积相标志的研究,认为该剖面发育开阔台地、台地边缘生物礁和台地边缘浅滩三种沉积相类型,其中台地边缘生物礁发育,可进一步识别出礁基、礁核和礁前亚相,礁核以骨架礁和障积礁为主;台地边缘浅滩进一步划分为粒屑滩、鲕粒滩等亚相。初步总结出了该剖面的沉积相模式,并对该剖面的沉积演化序列和识别标志进行了讨论。     

塔里木盆地西南缘生物礁特征——以阿尔塔什剖面石炭系和什拉甫组为例

通过野外露头观察与镜下薄片鉴定，综合分析了塔里木盆地西南缘（以下简称塔西南盆地）阿尔塔什剖面石炭系和什拉甫组生物礁沉积特征和成礁模式，认为研究区生物礁为开阔台地内部发育的点礁，分为高凸起型点礁和低凸起型点礁2类；造礁生物为四射珊瑚，附礁生物种类较多，包括腕足类、腹足类、海百合与?类等；生物礁在地貌上呈隆起状，其礁基、礁核、礁盖等亚相清晰。综合研究区生物礁发育特征及古地貌和海平面的演化过程认为：高凸起型点礁是生长在台地内地貌高处的生物礁，随着海平面下降暴露死亡，主要由珊瑚骨架灰岩、含生物碎屑颗粒灰岩组成；低凸起型点礁为在台地内部较为平坦地貌处发育的礁体，因海平面上升被淹死，礁体厚度薄，横向展布广，呈条带状，主要由珊瑚骨架灰岩与生物碎屑泥晶灰岩组成。     

塔里木盆地塔中隆起南坡上奥陶统礁滩相带的发现及油气勘探意义

从沉积演化研究入手,认为塔中南坡与北坡具有相似的构造和沉积演化背景;建立塔中北坡已发现礁滩相的地震解释模型,对南坡地震资料重新进行了精细解释,识别出塔中隆起南部斜坡具有与塔中隆起北坡相似的坡折带地震反射特征,发育大型台地边缘礁滩相沉积;在地震资料识别出的礁滩相带部署钻探了地质探井,发现了巨厚的海相地层礁滩相沉积,有望找到与塔中北坡坡折带类似的生物礁型亿吨级整装含油气新区带,油气勘探意义巨大。     

西沙海域中中新世早期古地貌及其控制因素

古地貌的构造格局控制了物源体系和沉积体系的发育,对其研究有利于确定油气勘探目标。基于西沙海域丰富的地震资料、钻井资料以及高精度的多波束资料,重点经过去压实校正和古水深校正之后,恢复西沙海域中中新世早期的古地貌。该时期的古地貌显示:西沙海域以两个近北东向的西沙、广乐隆起为纽带串联周缘的深水区域,西沙隆起和广乐隆起之上水体较浅,处于滨海环境,利于碳酸盐岩的沉积。西沙隆起之上岛屿众多,岛屿之间以洼地相隔,为需要地势高点生长的生物礁的发育创造了条件,西沙隆起南部于渐新世发育大量的火山,后期多演化为孤立的台地,隆起周缘多以陡坡为主。而广乐隆起之上地势开阔、平坦,隆起南、北两侧的斜坡有一定的差异,具有"南陡、北缓"的特点,其北部斜坡地貌复杂,发育至少三组近平行的水道,利于碳酸盐岩碎屑的搬运和沉积,活跃于渐新世的断裂控制古地貌的空间格局,同时,生物礁碳酸盐岩的发育以及其碎屑的搬运和沉积作用对地貌的不断改造,造就了该时期的地貌形态。     

波斯湾海域古生界胡夫组沉积特征与成藏规律

波斯湾海域古生界蕴藏着巨大的天然气资源。从区域构造演化出发,对该区古生界胡夫组的沉积特征进行分析,建立了"大型缓斜坡碳酸盐岩台地"沉积模式,提出了该区古生界"源-相-势"复合控藏的成藏规律,并指明了下一步勘探方向。研究表明,波斯湾海域胡夫组主要发育台地与台地边缘相区,从波斯湾西北部向东南部依次发育局限—蒸发碳酸盐岩台地、开阔碳酸盐岩台地、台地边缘浅滩—生物礁,纵向上主要为灰岩、白云岩和膏盐的互层沉积。开阔碳酸盐岩台地、台地边缘浅滩—生物礁为有利储层发育相带。波斯湾海域志留系古赛巴段热页岩烃源灶分布及规模控制着胡夫组油气分布与资源规模。胡夫组沉积相带控制油气平面富集区,膏盐盖层控制油气藏纵向与平面分布。热页岩生烃灶周围的低势能古基底高与盐拱构造是古生界主要的油气聚集带,同时,储层物性、油气运移与保存条件是古生界油气成藏的关键。根据资料分析,波斯湾海域南海湾盐次盆胡夫组发育大量盐拱背斜圈闭,且志留系古赛巴段烃源岩与胡夫组圈闭叠合性好,成藏条件优越。该盐拱构造带预测资源量巨大,为波斯湾海域古生界有利勘探方向。     

西沙海域碳酸盐台地周缘水道沉积体系

高分辨率地震资料显示,南海北部西沙海域碳酸盐台地周缘广泛发育水道沉积体系。礁缘水道底界面表现出强反射特征,内部充填弱-强、连续性好的地震相,可见底部杂乱反射特征;斜坡水道在地震剖面上表现为横向上连续发育的"V"型特征,且下切深度较浅。西沙隆起与广乐隆起之间的南北向低洼地带发育大型深水水道,并且受古地貌高点影响,水道分为南北两个分支。北分支水道可分为5期,且水道迁移现象明显;南分支水道可分为4期,水道以充填强振幅、连续性好的浊流沉积体和弱振幅、杂乱的块体搬运体系(Mass Transport Deposits,MTDs)为特征,每期水道均表现出侵蚀-充填-废弃的旋回性。分析认为西沙碳酸盐台地周缘水道沉积物源来自西沙隆起和广乐隆起的碳酸盐台地和生物礁碎屑及由火成作用产生的火成岩碎屑。西沙-广乐碳酸盐台地水道相互贯通,构成台地-斜坡-深水的水道沉积体系,为碳酸盐岩、生物礁及火山碎屑向台地周缘输送提供了良好的通道。     

南海中建礁的地震反射特征及其沉积演化

新近纪以来,在南海海域陆架边缘、陆坡隆起和深海火山岩隆等构造背景上,发育了大量的生物礁滩沉积体。受沉积环境和基底的控制,不同地区的生物礁发育时间与沉积特征有所不同。中建礁位于西沙群岛西侧,与西沙群岛区生物礁不同,是在南海北部陆坡隆起背景上发育形成的孤立生物礁。在前人现代生物礁调查的基础上,首次对中建礁开展了船载重磁、二维地震和三维地震勘查,并采用地震层序地层和地震沉积学解释方法,对中建礁重力、磁力和地震资料进行了系统分析,在中建礁区识别出5个地震层序界面,明确了中建礁基底的岩性特征及形成时间;并通过对礁前斜坡扇的研究,认为中建礁经历了中中新世、晚中新世和上新世以来等3个发育阶段。     

川东地区长兴组生物礁有利相带预测技术研究

川东地区长兴组生物礁为四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩主要含气层,生物礁有利相带预测技术的研究对生物礁储层的勘探生产有重要的指导意义.通过对川东地区长兴组生物礁有利相带预测技术的研究所得到的结果表明：目前地震属性分析技术和时差分析技术为生物礁有利相带预测中最常用和最有效的关键技术;层拉平分析技术为生物礁有利相带预测的辅助技术,能近似反映古沉积环境;地震谱分解技术能够精细地刻画相带边界,但是对资料信噪比要求较高.     

四川盆地晚二叠世沉积作用的比较沉积学分析

晚二叠世时,中国南方为一多岛环绕的受限陆表海。盆内多为深水谷道分割的碳酸盐台地。在四川盆地内,晚二叠世沉积物可以分为四种基本组合类型,均为同时异性相。 晚二叠世硅质岩为上升洋流沉积。上升流带来大量有机质,有利于生物礁的生长。生物礁主要分布在碳酸盐台地边缘接近上升流的一侧,华南晚二叠世沉积作用受海平面变化引起的峡口启闭作用控制。     

川东板东构造长兴组生物礁及其地震特征研究

根据板东构造板东4井等长兴组钻探资料，对长兴组的生物礁进行了研究。研究表明板东构造长兴组储集岩有生物（屑）泥晶灰岩-含生物（屑）泥晶灰岩、礁灰岩和白云岩。综合储集岩物性特征、区域钻、测井资料及野外剖面，总结了生物礁的形成与演化模式及模式各部位所对应的岩性和物性。通过地震响应特征、反演等技术建立了长兴组储层识别模式，利用对应速度、Landmark属性提取的储层有效厚度经计算机网格化编制出了长兴组储层厚度分布预测图，与钻测井厚度对比，证实板东4井生物礁为点礁。     

The Levant Slumps and the Phoenician Structures: collapse features along the continental margin of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea

Two distinct series of slumps deform the upper part of the sedimentary sequence along the continental margin of the Levant. One series is found along the base of the continental slope, where it overlies the disrupted eastern edge of the Messinian evaporites. The second series of slumps transects the continental margin from the shelf break to the Levant Basin. It seemed that the two series were triggered by two unrelated, though contemporaneous, processes. The shore-parallel slumps were initiated by basinwards flow of the Messinian salt, that carried along the overlying Plio-Quaternary sediments. Seawater that percolated along the detachment faults dissolved the underlying salt to form distinctly disrupted structures. The slope-normal slumps are located on top of large canyons that cut into the pre-Messinian sedimentary rocks. A layer of salt is found in the canyons, and the Plio-Quaternary sediments were deposited on that layer. The slumps are bounded by large, NW-trending faults where post-Messinian faulted offset was measured. We presume that the flow of the salt in the canyons also drives the slope-normal slumps. Thus thin-skinned halokynetic processes generated the composite post-Tortonian structural patterns of the Levant margin. The Phoenician Structures are a prime example of the collapse of a distal continental margin due to the dissolution of a massive salt layer.     

中国海域及邻区主要含油气盆地与成藏地质条件

中国海域及邻区分布有近５０个沉积盆地,其中大部分发育在大陆边缘,而主要含油气盆地则分布在大陆架部位。盆地的起源,发生,发展受控于大地构造不同时期的构造运动,形成诸如裂谷型断陷盆地,走滑盆地以及非典型前陆盆地等多类型沉积盆地。从区域广度阐述了盆地沉积的有利相带对油气成藏的重要性,尤其是陆架盆地的成藏地质条件所形成的富集油气藏包括已发现的一大批大中型油气田,更具有的开发前景。     

Sedimentology and depositional architecture of a submarine delta-fan complex in the Durban Basin,South Africa

The seismic stratigraphy, evolution and depositional framework of a sheared-passive margin, the Durban Basin, of South East Africa are described. Based on single-channel 2D seismic reflection data, six seismic units (A-F) are revealed, separated by major sequence boundaries. These are compared to well logs associated with the seismic data set. Internal seismic reflector geometries and sedimentology suggest a range of depositional regimes from syn-rift to upper slope and outer shelf. Nearshore and continental facies are not preserved, with episodic shelf and slope sedimentation related to periods of tectonic-induced base level fall. The sedimentary architecture shows a change from a structurally defined shelf (shearing phase), to shallow ramp and then terminal passive margin sedimentary shelf settings. Sedimentation occurred predominantly during normal regressive conditions with the basin dominated by the progradation of a constructional submarine delta (Tugela Cone) during sea-level lowstands (LST). The earlier phases of sedimentation are tectonic-controlled, however later stages appear to be linked to global eustatic changes.     

New evidence for drowned shelf edge reefs in the Great Barrier Reef,Australia

We present four new high-resolution multibeam bathymetry datasets from the shelf edge of the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Analysis of these data, combined with Chirp sub-bottom profiles and existing submersible observation data provides a fresh insight into the detailed morphology and spatial distribution of submerged reefs and terraces at the shelf edge. An extensive and persistent line of drowned shelf edge reefs exist on the GBR margin in about 40 to 70 m. They appear as barrier reefs up to 200 m wide and comprising twin parallel ridges of rounded pinnacles. Subtle yet consistent terrace and step features lie between 78 and 114 m seaward of the shelf edge reefs in the southern study area. Submersible observations confirm that the drowned reefs now provide a favorable hard substrate for live soft corals and algae. They form a consistent and extensive seabed habitat that extends for possibly 900 km along the GBR shelf edge. The submerged reef and terraces features may reflect a complex history of growth and erosion during lower sea-levels, and are now capped by last deglaciation reef material.     

Turbidite deposition and the development of canyons through time on an intermittently glaciated continental margin: The Bonanza Canyon system,offshore eastern Canada

Bonanza Canyon is a complex canyon system on the slope from the intermittently glaciated Grand Bank on the south side of Orphan Basin. A 3D seismic reflection volume, 2D high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and ten piston cores were acquired to study the evolution of this canyon system in relation to glacial processes on the continental shelf and the effects of different types of turbidity currents on the development of deep water channels. Mapped reflector surfaces from the 3D seismic volume show that the Bonanza Canyons developed in a depression created by a large submarine slide of middle Pleistocene age, coincident with the onset of glacigenic debris flows entering western Orphan Basin. Two 3–5 km wide, flat-floored channels were cut into the resulting mass-transport deposit and resemble catastrophic glacial meltwater channels elsewhere on the margin. Both channels subsequently aggraded. The eastern channel A became narrower but maintained a sandy channel floor. The western channel, B, heads at a spur on the continental slope and appears to have been rather passively draped by muds and minor sands that have built 1500-m wave length sediment waves.Muddy turbidites recorded by piston cores in the channel and on the inter-channel ridges are restricted to marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 and were deposited from thick, sheet-like, and sluggish turbidity current derived from western Orphan Basin that resulted in aggradation of the channels and inter-channel ridges. Sandy turbidites in channels and on inner levees were deposited throughout MIS 2–3 and were restricted to the channels, locally causing erosion. Some coincide with Heinrich events. Channels with well-developed distributaries on the upper slope more readily trap the sediments on Grand Bank to form sandy turbidity currents. Channel B dominated by muddy turbidity currents has wide and relatively smooth floor whereas channel A dominated by sandy turbidity currents has a sharp geometry.     

厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块沉积特征

通过构造演化和地层发育特征分析,将厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组划分为4个层序。根据岩心中的潮汐层理、羽状交错层理、冲洗交错层理、具有大量贝壳等特征,识别研究区具有潮坪沉积环境。针对其沉积坡度缓,碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩互层沉积的特点,建立了缓坡混积陆棚边缘的沉积相模式,认为Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组发育有海岸平原、潮坪、局限台地和混积陆棚相。相序的垂向组合和平面迁移受海平面升降的控制,指出潮坪砂岩主要出现在各层序的陆架边缘体系域,水下浅滩砂岩出现在海侵体系域。从沉积角度看,潮汐水道砂体是最好的储层砂体。     

Cenozoic tectonics of Amazon Mouth Basin

The Cenozoic shelf margin of the Amazon Mouth Basin is characterized by a thick prograding prism of siliciclastic sediments. This prism, composed mainly of Upper Miocene and younger sediments, overlies a Lower Tertiary carbonate shelf. Two tectonic–sedimentary models for the area were developed with the aid of new deep-reflection seismic data. Gravitational tectonics dominate the regional geological framework. Tensional stresses are created near the shelf margin, and compressional features dominate at the base of the slope. The morphology of this compressional zone is closely associated with the St. Paul Fracture Zone and the boundary between continental and oceanic crusts.