宝鸡地震台地电阻率观测效能评价

根据中国地震局电磁学科技术管理组制定的《地电台站观测效能评估方案》,对宝鸡台地电阻率观测效能进行全面评价。从评价结果来看,宝鸡地震台地电阻率的台址结构条件、电磁环境、台站观测系统等均符合地电阻率台站建设规范要求;地电阻率观测精度不低于3‰测值,保证了准确测量不低于1％地电阻率异常的指标需求。宝鸡地震台地电阻率对本区及附近地区中等以上地震有一定监测能力,其观测数据在本区及附近地区地震监测、预报和地震科学研究及相关科学研究中有重要价值。     

地电场观测中几种常见干扰

利用通州地震台、延庆地震台和昌平地震台2004年以来使用铅板电极观测的地电场资料,对观测中常见干扰及观测问题进行了详细的识别与归类。资料变化主要有环境改变干扰、流散电流变化干扰、外空磁场环境变化干扰、观测系统本身变化(包括更换电极、更换避雷器等)。找出了典型干扰情况进行分析,结果表明:地电场观测对区域的观测环境变化以及细微电磁环境和观测系统的变化都有非常灵敏的反应。在使用地电场资料进行地震预测时,必须对各种干扰的因素进行仔细的排除。     

阳原地电阻率观测分析

由于大秦铁路横穿测区,夏季降雨时电极与铁轨形成通路,对地电阻率观测造成较大影响,使观测精度下降。ZD8M观测系统远离铁路并深埋电极后,可以减小地表降雨及地下水位对地电阻率观测数据的影响,使观测精度提高。河北阳原地震台地电阻率观测系统较好,数据可靠、稳定、连续,观测时间较长,对晋冀蒙交界地区的成组地震有较好响应,对晋冀蒙及首都圈地区地震监测、预报、地震科学研究中具有重要意义。     

榆树地电阻率台观测效能评价

本文根据中国地震局电磁学科制定的《地电台站观测效能评估方案》,评估了榆树地震台地电阻率观测效能。评估结果如下：榆树台台址结构条件、电磁环境、台站观测系统符合地电阻率台站建设规范、观测方法标准等规定的技术要求;数字化地电阻率观测精度不低于3‰测值,保证了准确测量不低于1%地电阻率异常的指标需求;该台地电阻率观测对本区及附近中等以上地震有一定监测能力,并记录了对应深源地震及邻区中强地震的1年尺度地电阻率异常,其观测数据在本区及附近地震监测、预报和地震科学研究及相关科学研究中有重要价值。     

嘉山地震台大地电场观测异常干扰研究

地电场观测是地震电磁前兆观测方法之一,由于其观测物理量所受到的干扰因素较多,因此通过对嘉山地震台大地电场观测中常出现的地电阻率同场观测干扰、雷电干扰、降雨影响、电极极化、磁暴干扰等5种干扰和典型变化形态进行识别分析,可有效剔除干扰,从而为提取地震前兆信息,分析和运用地电场资料进行地震预报提供可靠依据,也为观测场地大致相同的其他台站提供参考。     

天水井下地电阻率资料应用研究

本文简要介绍了天水井下地电阻率观测系统场地布设及观测方式,对井下多种方式观测资料进行了对比研究,并结合芦山MS7.0、岷县MS6.6级地震进行了分析。结果表明:深层水平地电阻率在2次地震发生前,均出现了明显的短临异常,其他观测方式短临异常不是特别显著;同时对降水、雷电以及观测系统故障干扰影响深层地电阻率观测做了分析与讨论。与传统地电阻率观测相比,采用井下观测系统能减少干扰、提高信噪比,能缓解地电观测与经济建设的矛盾,是地电观测方式的新探索。     

观测场地漏电导致的地电场观测异常变化分析

通过对弥渡地震台地电场观测系统及观测环境相关项目进行逐项核实、分析,结合观测资料的异常变化特征,进行重点排除、查找,找到引起观测资料异常变化的原因是观测场地附近路灯线路漏电所致,判定该异常不是地震前兆异常。     

我国地形变观测预报地震的现状及对地震预测问题的思考

本文展示了我国地形变观测的状况,讨论了以地形变观测预报地震的基本思路及应用情况,探讨了地震预测面临的困难及地形变观测须解决的技术问题。最后,作者认为,地震预报目前或今后很长一段时间都将是以观测为主的试验性科学,物理统计分析方法是研究地震孕育动力学过程或进行预测的最具有潜力的途径之一。     

嘉峪关地震台地电阻率观测效能评价

根据中国地震局电磁学科制定的<地电台站观测效能评估方案>,评估了嘉峪关地震台地电阻率观测效能,得到:嘉峪关地震台台址结构条件、电磁环境、台站观测系统符合地电阻率台站建设规范、观测方法标准等规定的技术要求;数字化地电阻率观测精度不低于3‰测值,保证了准确测量不低于1%地电阻率异常的指标需求;该台地电阻率观测对本区及附近中等以上地震有一定监测能力,并记录了对应远距离大震的1年尺度地电阻率异常,其观测数据在本区及附近地震监测、预报和地震科学研究及相关科学研究中有重要价值.     

地电台站受城市轨道交通干扰的 测试分析与抗干扰措施研究

地电阻率观测是地震前兆观测的重要手段之一. 从唐山地震、 松潘地震、 澜沧-耿马地震到2008年的汶川大地震, 震前地电阻率都观测到明显的异常. 但随着国民经济的快速发展, 地电阻率的观测环境受到各种干扰, 其中采用直流牵引技术的城市轨道交通干扰尤为严重, 致使一些地电阻率观测台站的观测数据无法满足规范要求, 部分台站因此被迫搬迁. 本文通过对部分受城市轨道交通干扰比较严重的台站进行测试分析, 对现有观测系统的抗干扰能力进行了分析, 提出了一些抗干扰措施, 为进一步提升地电阻率观测质量做了技术铺垫.      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.