广州黄埔工业区近地层气溶胶分级水溶性成分的物理化学特征

通过对在黄埔工业区收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明 :总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度均明显高于华南大陆的值 ,其分布表现为明显的 3峰分布 ,气溶胶中以 SO2 - 4,NO- 3 ,Ca2 ,NH 4 为主要的离子成分 ;较之华南陆地测站 ,除离子浓度成倍增加外 ,SO2 - 4的浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分 ,NO- 3 ,NH 4 的含量比重显著增加 ,以及 NO- 3 ,SO2 - 4,NH 4 ,K 较多地存在于细粒态粒子中是其主要特点。     

广州市气溶胶质量谱和水溶性成分谱分析

对2006年9月—2007年1月在广州市采集的气溶胶粒子的质量谱和水溶性成分进行分析表明,广州市各测点的气溶胶质量谱基本呈双峰或三峰分布,细粒子浓度占气溶胶总浓度的四成到六成;在气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,浓度最高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,浓度最高的阳离子是NH4+和Na+;各离子多呈三峰或是双峰分布,但不同离子的峰值不尽相同;广州市的粉尘污染逐渐减少,而NH4+浓度迅速增大;相对土壤,只有Na+和NH4+富集度比较大,SO42-和K+有一定富集;相对海洋,F-的富集度非常大,其他离子则无明显富集;Cl-被严重耗损;致酸离子以SO42-为主,NO3-作用较弱些;SO42-和NH4+谱分布有很好的相关性,并且在细粒子和巨粒子粒径范围有共同的来源。     

岭南山地气溶胶物理化学特征研究

对岭南山地收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明:总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度大体在华南大陆的清洁点均值与大中城市均值之间,其分布主要表现为明显的三峰分布,分别位于巨粒子段,大粒子段与亚微米粒子段,主峰值位于巨粒子段。K 的分布最为特殊,仅仅在细粒子段位于0.065~1.1μm处表现为一个明显的峰。气溶胶中均以SO42-为主要阴离子成分,Ca2 为主要阳离子成分,较之华南乡村清洁对照点,除离子浓度成倍增加外,SO42-浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分。另外,NO3-、NH4 的含量比华南城市显著减少是其主要特点。在雨季无论是总浓度还是SO42-、Ca2 、Mg2 的浓度均比旱季时明显减少,与降水的清除过程有关。气溶胶中水溶性NH4 、K 、SO42-较多地存在于细粒态粒子中,它们的质量中值直径在旱季比广州大,在雨季略小于广州的情况;而F-、Ca2 、Cl-、Na 较多地存在于粗粒态粒子中。相对于华南土壤而言,旱季的大瑶山和白云山气溶胶中Mg2 、Ca2 有明显富集,SO42-也有一定程度的富集,雨季仅仅白云山上Mg2 有富集现象。通过离子中和情况的讨论,岭南山地气溶胶应呈酸性,对雨水酸化的缓冲能力较差,会加重该区的酸雨危害。     

合肥市不同天气条件下大气气溶胶粒子理化特征分析

为探讨合肥市霾天气大气气溶胶粒子的组成及来源,在2012-2013年代表性月份用安德森分级采样器在合肥市区进行大气气溶胶粒子采样,并分析各样本中水溶性无机离子成分(NH4+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、 K+、NO2-、NO3-、Cl-、SO42-)。根据同期气象资料把采样背景天气分为晴空、雾、霾、轻雾等4类,详细分析了这4种天气下大气细粒子(指PM2.1)和粗粒子(粒径大于2.1 μm部分)的浓度、组成以及主要离子组分的异同。结果表明:(1)观测期间晴空天多对应空气质量优良,雾、霾天对应轻度到重度污染,从晴空天到雾、霾天,PM2.1浓度大幅度上升,且其占总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的比例显著上升。(2)从晴空天到雾、霾天,水溶性无机离子质量占PM2.1质量浓度的比例上升,分别为46%(晴空)、67%(霾)、61%(雾)、80%(轻雾)。PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度居前3位的雾、霾天是SO42-、NO3-和NH4+,晴空天为SO42-、Ca2+、NO3-。(3)与晴空天相比,霾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化倍数最大的是NO3-(为晴空的6.1倍,下同)、其次是NH4+(3.6倍)和SO42-(3.0倍);雾和轻雾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化最大的是NO3-(>10倍)、其次是NH4+(>5倍)和Cl-(>4.0倍)。(4)4种天气下,与人为污染有关的离子(SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、NH4+)尺度谱存在显著差异,呈双峰型、单峰型、三峰型等;而Ca2+的尺度谱无明显变化,基本上都呈双峰型。(5)在粒径3.3 μm以下,阳、阴离子平衡较好,随着尺度增大变差,且晴空天比雾、霾天差。主要阴离子浓度间、Cl-和Na+间的比值和相关性,在晴空天和雾、霾天差异较大。      

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征吴兑，陈位超（广州热带海洋气象研究所，广州，５１００８０）近年来，我们曾在粤、桂、琼三省华南广大地区采集并分析了大气气溶胶分级样品，从气溶胶参与雨水酸化过程，吸湿性气溶胶作为凝结核的作用，以及海岸地带吸湿性粒...     

台山铜鼓湾低层大气盐类气溶胶分布特征

1989年2月在台山铜鼓湾海边对水溶性气溶胶的离子成分Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~=、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(++)进行了分析,发现其中主要离子成分是Cl~-与Na~+,它们都来自海盐气溶胶,Mg~(++)亦来自海盐;而K~+主要是陆源性的;SO_~=的来源以海盐为主,但也反映出受东亚大陆较严重大面积硫污染影响的特征;而NO_3~-有较高的富集现象,且100％为非海盐成分,应是局地人类活动,如农耕与炊事影响所致。     

广州白云山风景区酸雨梯度分布

对1999年白云山风景区1~10月的降水pH 值、化学成分以及1月、6月大气低层的气溶胶进行了监测.分析结果表明(1)白云山3个测点降水的平均pH值最低为4.83,最高为5.29;酸雨频率最低58 %,最高91 %;强酸雨频率最低19 %,最高39 %.降水酸度和酸雨频率呈梯度变化,pH值随高度增高而减小,酸雨和强酸雨频率增加.(2)冬季近地层大气中偏碱性气溶胶在白云山的组成比较稳定,山上和山下测点气溶胶水溶性离子成分基本一致;而夏季山上、山下的成分有所不同,山上的SO42-比例明显增大.另外,尽管气溶胶中NO3-的含量极少,但降水中NO3-有明显的富集现象.(3)白云山降水离子成分中SO42-占阴离子的比例最大、NO3-次之;Ca2+占阳离子的比例最大、NH4+稍低.随高度上升SO42-和Ca2+在降水中的比例有所下降,而NO3-和NH4+比例明显增加,NO3-和NH4+对山上降水酸度的影响是相对增大的.(4)受附近公路交通的直接影响,白云山降水中的NO3-比例较大,NO3-/SO42-当量浓度比值平均达到0.4;NO3-对白云山降水酸度有较大的贡献,而且这一贡献随高度而增大.     

广州地区1994年6月洪涝期间降水的物理化学特征

受9403号强热带风暴登陆和锋面暴雨的影响,致使珠江下游出现百年一遇特大洪涝灾害,本文在此期间分析了在从化气象站密集观测的雨水成分与雨滴谱资料,结果表明:（1）雨滴谱型以多峰谱为主,极少出现无峰谱;（2） 雨水的pH值均比较低;（3）在雨水离子中以SO2-4和NH+4的浓度最高,雨水中被富集的主要是NO-3;（4）气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,SO2-4和Ca2+的浓度最高。     

天津大气气溶胶化学组分的粒径分布和垂直分布

2006年8月在天津气象铁塔的10、120、220 m 3个不同高度.利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行大气气溶胶采样,样品用离子色谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行分析.结果表明,K元素主要集中在细粒子,Mg、Ca、Al、Fe元素主要集中在粗粒子,Na元素则具有双峰结构;总离子浓度随着高度的升高有增加的趋势,SO42-、N3-、NH4+、Ca2+是最主要的水溶性尤机离子;二次源是水溶性离子重要的贡献源.NO3-、SO42-、NH4+随着高度升高,浓度有向小粒径集中的趋势;各层气溶胶阴阳离子平衡值小于1,表明气溶胶偏碱性,与天津地处北方,土壤偏碱性,且非采暖期地面扬尘是主要的气溶胶来源有关;各层NO3-/SO42-平均值为0.48,表明非采暖期固定排放源(燃煤)仍然是天津大气细粒子中水溶性离子的主要来源.     

潮州沿海大气气溶胶无机离子浓度分布与气象要素的相关分析

根据2004年广东潮州沿海地区的气溶胶浓度观测资料,分析潮州沿海大气气溶胶无机离子浓度分布特征及气象要素对其的影响。结果表明:离子浓度季节性差异明显,总离子浓度呈现春夏季低、秋冬季高的特征,系由当地不同季节降雨量和风向分布不同造成的;气溶胶无机成分与海水近似,表明海盐是当地气溶胶的重要来源之一,但Cl-与Na+不一致,表明可能存在除海盐颗粒以外的异地气溶胶长距离输送;总离子浓度随采样点高度增加而降低,随采样时海陆风变化而变化;阳离子浓度日际变化不明显,阴离子浓度易受天气条件影响。     

Modification of sea-salt aerosols over the coastal area in china

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Effects of arctic sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime low-level atmospheric ice crystals,humidity and temperature at Alert,Nunavut

The effect of pollution-derived sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime arctic lower atmospheric ice crystals is investigated. These anthropogenic aerosols differ from natural background aerosols by their number concentration, strong solubility and reduced homogeneous freezing temperature when internally mixed with other compounds. Furthermore, observations suggest that the ice-forming nuclei concentration is reduced by one to four orders of magnitude when the sulphuric acid aerosol concentration is high.Simulations performed using a column model and analysis of observed data for the period of 1991–1994 at Alert (82° 30'N, 62°20'W) are used to assess the changes of the boundary layer cloud characteristics by sulphuric acid aerosols and the potential effect on arctic climate. Results show that aerosol acidification leads to depletion of the ice crystal number concentration and an increase of its mean size. As a result, low-level precipitating ice crystals occur more frequently than ice fog and thick nonprecipitating clouds during high concentration of pollution-derived aerosols. This result is in agreement with observations that indicate an increase by more than 50% of the frequency of precipitating ice crystals when the weight proportion of sulphuric acid is greater than its mean value of 20% of the total aerosol mass. Consequently, the ice crystal size increases and number decreases, and the sedimentation flux of ice crystals and the dehydration rate of the lower troposphere are accelerated in the presence of high sulphuric acid aerosol concentration. As a result, the infrared radiation flux reaching the surface and the greenhouse effect are decreased. This process is referred to as the dehydration–greenhouse feedback. One-dimensional simulation for Alert during the period of 1991 to 1994 shows that a negative cloud radiative forcing of −9 W m⁻² may occur locally as a result of the enhanced dehydration rate produced by the aerosol acidity.     

Chemical Composition Based Aerosol Optical Properties According to Size Distribution and Mixture Types during Smog and Asian Dust Events in Seoul,Korea

This study investigated the optical properties of aerosols involved in different meteorological events, including smog and Asian dust days. Carbonaceous components and inorganic species were measured in Seoul, Korea between 25 and 31 March 2012. Based on the measurements, the optical properties of aerosols were calculated by considering composition, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosols. To represent polydisperse size distributions of aerosols, a lognormal size distribution with a wide range of geometric mean diameters and geometric standard deviations was used. For the optical property calculations, the Mie theory was used to compute single-scattering properties of aerosol particles with varying size and composition. Analysis of the sampled data showed that the water-soluble components of organic matter increased on smog days, whereas crustal elements increased on dust days. The water content significantly influenced the optical properties of aerosols during the smog days as a result of high relative humidity and an increase in the water-soluble component. The absorption coefficients depended on the aerosol mixture type and the aerosol size distributions. Therefore, to improve our knowledge on radiative impacts of aerosols, especially the regional impacts of aerosols in East Asia, accurate measurements of aerosols, such as size distribution, composition, and mixture type, under different meteorological conditions are required.     

Chemical Composition of Summertime PM2.5 and Its Relationship to Aerosol Optical Properties in Guangzhou, China

Urban aerosols have a large effect on the deterioration of air quality and the degradation of atmospheric visibility.Characterization of the chemical composition of PM 2.5 and in situ measurements of the optical properties of aerosols were conducted in July 2008 at an urban site in Guangzhou,Southern China.The mean PM 2.5 concentration for the entire period was 53.7±23.2 μg m 3.The mean PM 2.5 concentration (82.7±25.4 μg m 3) on hazy days was roughly two times higher than that on clear days (38.8±8.7 μg m 3).The total water-soluble ion species and the total average carbon accounted for 47.9%±4.3% and 35.2%±4.5%,respectively,of the major components of PM 2.5.The increase of secondary and carbonaceous aerosols,in particular ammonium sulfate,played an important role in the formation of haze pollution.The mean absorption and scattering coefficients and the single scattering albedo over the whole period were 53±20 M m 1,226±111 M m 1,and 0.80±0.04,respectively.PM 2.5 had a high linear correlation with the aerosol extinction coefficient,elemental carbon (EC) was correlated with aerosol absorption,and organic carbon (OC) and SO 4 2 were tightly linked to aerosol scattering.     

华北中部夏季气溶胶和云分布特征

气溶胶与云的垂直分布特征是气溶胶间接气候效应关注的重点。基于2018年7—8月华北中部6架次飞机观测数据,研究气溶胶和云滴的垂直和水平分布特征。结果表明:华北中部780~5687 m高度内气溶胶数浓度( N_a )平均值为821.36 cm-3,最大量级可达到104 cm-3,云中气溶胶数浓度(N_acc)占总颗粒浓度的80%以上,表明细颗粒占大多数,气溶胶粒子算术平均直径( D_m )平均值为0.12~0.52 μm;大气层结对气溶胶垂直分布影响较大,逆温阻挡气溶胶垂直输送,高空(高度2000 m以上) D_m 的垂直分布受到相对湿度影响较大; N_a 和 D_m 在垂直方向波动较大,水平方向波动较小;低层云中云滴数浓度(N_c)较大、液态水含量(L)较小,而中层和高层云中N_c较小、L较大,N_c和云滴有效半径(R_e)的概率密度函数均为双峰型分布,L的概率密度函数为单峰型分布;气溶胶数浓度谱基本呈现多峰型分布,而云滴数浓度谱多呈现单峰型分布。     

中国超大城市综合实验:京、沪、穗气溶胶理化和吸湿特性

气溶胶对环境、气象和人体健康都有较大影响,这些影响与气溶胶理化特性(粒子尺度谱、化学组分、混合状态等)密切相关。为了深入研究气溶胶的环境和气候效应,发展了一套气溶胶在线综合观测系统。本文介绍了利用该系统在北京、上海、广州三个超大城市开展的综合观测实验结果。通过对比分析发现,广州气溶胶数浓度最高,其粒子尺度谱分布特征与北京特征相似,均以核模态为主,上海气溶胶数浓度则整体较低。对比三个超大城市的新粒子生成(New Particle Formation,NPF)特征发现,北京NPF的发生频率低于广州,主要由于北京地区大气中大粒径气溶胶更多,较高的碰并汇抑制了NPF的发生和发展。研究发现,观测期间北京和上海站点气溶胶的吸湿性强于广州,人为一次性排放气溶胶吸湿性较弱。气溶胶吸湿性日变化特征与人为活动、气溶胶老化程度密切相关。此外,三个超大城市中气溶胶光吸收系数的日变化特征存在明显差别,北京站点的气溶胶吸收系数呈现白天高、夜间低的特点,而广州站点气溶胶的吸收系数呈现相反的日变化趋势,这可能是由观测站周边的环境差异及大气边界层的变化特征差异造成的。     

西沙永兴岛降水的酸度及其化学组成

本文对1987年5月在西沙永兴岛的雨水采样进行了分析。在西南季风盛行初期,副热带高压控制下的孤立分散的积雨云降水中,采集了雨量大于0.1mm的5次降雨。采样点设在西沙气象台二楼平台上,距海面约13m,向西距海岸边约70余米;每次采样用一直径45cm的塑料盆(用去离子水冲洗3次),现场测定pH值和电导率,水样装入洁净的聚乙烯塑料瓶中存入冰箱。同期,每隔一周     

The spatial–temporal variations in optical properties of atmosphere aerosols derived from AERONET dataset over China

The spatial–temporal properties of aerosol types over China are studied using the radiance measurements and inversions data at four Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations in China. Based on a cluster analysis, five aerosol classes were identified including a coarse-sized dominated aerosol type (presumably dust) and four fine-sized dominated aerosol types ranging from non-absorbing to highly absorbing fine aerosols. The optical properties and seasonal variations of these aerosol types are investigated. The results of analysis show that: (1) the highly absorbing aerosols usually occur in winter, (2) non-absorbing aerosols are frequently observed in summer; (3) coarse-sized dominated aerosols are frequently occurred in spring.     

THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS AND DECADAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN CAM3.0

Using the CAM3.0 model, we investigated the respective effects of aerosol concentration increasing and decadal variation of global sea surface temperature(SST) around year 1976/77 on the East Asian precipitation in boreal summer. By doubling the concentration of the sulfate aerosol and black carbon aerosol separately and synchronously in East Asia(100-150 °E, 20-50 °N), the climate effects of these aerosols are specifically investigated. The results show that both the decadal SST changing and aerosol concentration increasing could lead to rainfall decreasing in the center of East Asia, but increasing in the regions along southeast coast areas of China. However, the different patterns of rainfall over ocean and lower wind field over Asian continent between aerosol experiments and SST experiments in CAM3.0 indicate the presence of different mechanisms. In the increased aerosol concentration experiments, scattering effect is the main climate effect for both sulfate and black carbon aerosols in the Eastern Asian summer. Especially in the increased sulfate aerosol concentration experiment, the climate scattering effect of aerosol leads to the most significant temperature decreasing, sinking convection anomalies and decreased rainfall in the troposphere over the central part of East Asia. However, in an increased black carbon aerosol concentration experiment, weakened sinking convection anomalies exist at the southerly position. This weakened sinking and its compensating rising convection anomalies in the south lead to the heavy rainfall over southeast coast areas of China. When concentrations of both sulfate and black carbon aerosols increase synchronously, the anomalous rainfall distribution is somewhat like that in the increased black carbon concentration aerosol experiment but with less intensity.