采暖期和非采暖期西安大气颗粒物中水溶性组分的化学特征

为了探讨采暖期和非采暖期西安大气颗粒物水溶性组分的化学特征和来源,分别于2005年冬季(2005年12月-2006年2月)和2006年夏季(6～8月)采集西安大气PM2.5和TSP样品,分析其中Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、Br-、NO-2、NO-3和SO2-4共11种水溶性离子的浓度,并对其季节特征和来源进行了研究.结果显示,采暖期西安大气PM2.5和TSP中11种水溶性离子的平均浓度分别为53.2μg·m-3和110.3μg·m-3,非采暖期分别为51.3 μg·m-3和89.3μg·m-3.SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4在PM2.5和TSP中均为最主要的离子组分,浓度之和在采暖期分别占到PM2.5和TSP总离子浓度的78%和76%,在非采暖期则占到88%和76%.PM2.5和TSP中,NH+4、SO2-4和NO-3三者之间都有很好的相关性,其在颗粒物中的主要结合形式为(NH4)2SO4、NH4 HSO4和NH4 NO3.硫的转化率(SOR)和氮的转化率(NOR)在非采暖期明显大于采暖期,揭示SO2-4和NO-3的形成机制为气相氧化,主要受温度的控制.阴阳离子平衡和pH值测定的结果表明西安市大气PM2.5稍偏酸性,TSP为碱性,无论是粗、细粒子采暖期比非采暖期更偏酸性.对比10年前的研究结果,显示西安市大气污染控制措施大大降低了采暖期气溶胶中二次组分的污染程度,但主要污染排放源已逐渐由燃煤型向机动车排放转化.     

广州白云山风景区酸雨梯度分布

对1999年白云山风景区1~10月的降水pH 值、化学成分以及1月、6月大气低层的气溶胶进行了监测.分析结果表明(1)白云山3个测点降水的平均pH值最低为4.83,最高为5.29;酸雨频率最低58 %,最高91 %;强酸雨频率最低19 %,最高39 %.降水酸度和酸雨频率呈梯度变化,pH值随高度增高而减小,酸雨和强酸雨频率增加.(2)冬季近地层大气中偏碱性气溶胶在白云山的组成比较稳定,山上和山下测点气溶胶水溶性离子成分基本一致;而夏季山上、山下的成分有所不同,山上的SO42-比例明显增大.另外,尽管气溶胶中NO3-的含量极少,但降水中NO3-有明显的富集现象.(3)白云山降水离子成分中SO42-占阴离子的比例最大、NO3-次之;Ca2+占阳离子的比例最大、NH4+稍低.随高度上升SO42-和Ca2+在降水中的比例有所下降,而NO3-和NH4+比例明显增加,NO3-和NH4+对山上降水酸度的影响是相对增大的.(4)受附近公路交通的直接影响,白云山降水中的NO3-比例较大,NO3-/SO42-当量浓度比值平均达到0.4;NO3-对白云山降水酸度有较大的贡献,而且这一贡献随高度而增大.     

北京奥运期间气溶胶中水溶性无机离子浓度特征及来源解析

2008年7—10月在中国科学院大气物理研究所采集气溶胶样品,用离子色谱进行水溶性无机离子分析,并对其组成、质量浓度变化特征、相关性及存在形式、来源解析等方面进行研究。结果显示,整个采样期间,SO42-、NO3-和NH4＋是最主要的水溶性离子,主要以（NH4）2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;SO42-、NO3-和NH4＋、Ca2＋和Mg2＋的相关系数都较高,具有很好的同源性。NO3-/SO42-质量浓度比值表明,奥运前,固定源（燃煤）对水溶性离子的贡献大于流动源（机动车）,而奥运期间和奥运后则相反。因子分析表明,交通、燃煤、土壤、建筑尘和生物质燃烧源是采样期间北京大气污染的主要来源。     

广州市气溶胶质量谱和水溶性成分谱分析

对2006年9月—2007年1月在广州市采集的气溶胶粒子的质量谱和水溶性成分进行分析表明,广州市各测点的气溶胶质量谱基本呈双峰或三峰分布,细粒子浓度占气溶胶总浓度的四成到六成;在气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,浓度最高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,浓度最高的阳离子是NH4+和Na+;各离子多呈三峰或是双峰分布,但不同离子的峰值不尽相同;广州市的粉尘污染逐渐减少,而NH4+浓度迅速增大;相对土壤,只有Na+和NH4+富集度比较大,SO42-和K+有一定富集;相对海洋,F-的富集度非常大,其他离子则无明显富集;Cl-被严重耗损;致酸离子以SO42-为主,NO3-作用较弱些;SO42-和NH4+谱分布有很好的相关性,并且在细粒子和巨粒子粒径范围有共同的来源。     

合肥市不同天气条件下大气气溶胶粒子理化特征分析

为探讨合肥市霾天气大气气溶胶粒子的组成及来源,在2012-2013年代表性月份用安德森分级采样器在合肥市区进行大气气溶胶粒子采样,并分析各样本中水溶性无机离子成分(NH4+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、 K+、NO2-、NO3-、Cl-、SO42-)。根据同期气象资料把采样背景天气分为晴空、雾、霾、轻雾等4类,详细分析了这4种天气下大气细粒子(指PM2.1)和粗粒子(粒径大于2.1 μm部分)的浓度、组成以及主要离子组分的异同。结果表明:(1)观测期间晴空天多对应空气质量优良,雾、霾天对应轻度到重度污染,从晴空天到雾、霾天,PM2.1浓度大幅度上升,且其占总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的比例显著上升。(2)从晴空天到雾、霾天,水溶性无机离子质量占PM2.1质量浓度的比例上升,分别为46%(晴空)、67%(霾)、61%(雾)、80%(轻雾)。PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度居前3位的雾、霾天是SO42-、NO3-和NH4+,晴空天为SO42-、Ca2+、NO3-。(3)与晴空天相比,霾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化倍数最大的是NO3-(为晴空的6.1倍,下同)、其次是NH4+(3.6倍)和SO42-(3.0倍);雾和轻雾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化最大的是NO3-(>10倍)、其次是NH4+(>5倍)和Cl-(>4.0倍)。(4)4种天气下,与人为污染有关的离子(SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、NH4+)尺度谱存在显著差异,呈双峰型、单峰型、三峰型等;而Ca2+的尺度谱无明显变化,基本上都呈双峰型。(5)在粒径3.3 μm以下,阳、阴离子平衡较好,随着尺度增大变差,且晴空天比雾、霾天差。主要阴离子浓度间、Cl-和Na+间的比值和相关性,在晴空天和雾、霾天差异较大。      

南京气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布及其随高度的变化

2009年1月对南京市河西生活区距地面1．5、54和80m3处同步进行了大气颗粒物采样,并用离子色谱对样品进行了分析。结果显示,随着高度的增加,PM10和PM2.1的质量浓度逐渐降低,而总离子浓度随高度增加而增大。气溶胶中最主要的3种水溶性离子分别为N03、SO4 2-、Ca2＋,且3个高度的NO3-与SO4 2-浓度之比均大于1,表明该生活区移动排放源已经成为大气气溶胶离子的主要来源。3个高度处各离子粒径分布规律为：SO4 2-、NO3-、K＋在0．43-1．1um出现峰值;Ca2＋、Mg2＋、NO2-在4．7～5．8um出现峰值;Na＋、Cl-、F-在0．43～1．1um和4．7～5．8um出现双峰。     

2003年夏季临安地区大气气溶胶离子成分的尺度分布特征

文中利用2003年夏季在浙江临安大气本底污染监测站观测的资料,分析了临安的气溶胶质量浓度、离子成分的尺度分布特点及主要离子间的相互关系。初步结果显示,该期间临安气溶胶主要以粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子为主,约占总质量浓度的66%,其中粒径小于0.65μm的粒子可达总质量浓度的50%,远高于其他各级尺度段上的粒子浓度。与质量浓度分布相似,可溶性无机离子成分主要集中在粒径小于2.1μm(记为PM2.1)的细粒子中,PM2.1粒子中可溶性无机离子约占所有尺度段(包括所有5级)离子质量浓度总和的88%。其中粒径小于0.65μm的亚微米粒子中的离子质量浓度是细粒子的主要部分,占所有尺度段上离子质量浓度总和的77%。SO42-,NH4+和K+是PM2.1中决定性的离子成分。相关分析和离子平衡表明,PM2.1中SO42-与NH4+和K+有很高的相关,在粒径小于0.65μm的亚微米粒子中,非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO42-)主要为(NH4)2SO4,由气-粒转化产生;而在粒径为0.65~2.1μm尺度段,Nss-SO42-除(NH4)2SO4外,可能还有K2SO4,Na2SO4等存在。     

乌鲁木齐市不同天气条件下TSP水溶性离子特征分析

利用2009年乌鲁木齐4个大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）观测站点样品,采用离子色谱仪测定了不同天气条件下TSP中水溶性离子成分,分析了水溶性离子变化特征及影响因素,结果表明：不同天气条件对乌鲁木齐市TSP中的NH4 、Ca2 、NO3-和SO42-浓度具有明显的影响。降水对离子有清除作用,使其在TSP中浓度减小。大风及沙尘天气使TSP中Ca2 浓度大幅增加,其它离子增加幅度很小。连续污染日,各离子在大气中累积至较高浓度,是同期晴天条件下的2-7倍。气象因素对采暖期TSP离子浓度变化影响较大。非采暖期乌鲁木齐市TSP离子浓度主要受到自然因素引起的土壤尘和建筑尘的影响。     

岭南山地气溶胶物理化学特征研究

对岭南山地收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明:总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度大体在华南大陆的清洁点均值与大中城市均值之间,其分布主要表现为明显的三峰分布,分别位于巨粒子段,大粒子段与亚微米粒子段,主峰值位于巨粒子段。K 的分布最为特殊,仅仅在细粒子段位于0.065~1.1μm处表现为一个明显的峰。气溶胶中均以SO42-为主要阴离子成分,Ca2 为主要阳离子成分,较之华南乡村清洁对照点,除离子浓度成倍增加外,SO42-浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分。另外,NO3-、NH4 的含量比华南城市显著减少是其主要特点。在雨季无论是总浓度还是SO42-、Ca2 、Mg2 的浓度均比旱季时明显减少,与降水的清除过程有关。气溶胶中水溶性NH4 、K 、SO42-较多地存在于细粒态粒子中,它们的质量中值直径在旱季比广州大,在雨季略小于广州的情况;而F-、Ca2 、Cl-、Na 较多地存在于粗粒态粒子中。相对于华南土壤而言,旱季的大瑶山和白云山气溶胶中Mg2 、Ca2 有明显富集,SO42-也有一定程度的富集,雨季仅仅白云山上Mg2 有富集现象。通过离子中和情况的讨论,岭南山地气溶胶应呈酸性,对雨水酸化的缓冲能力较差,会加重该区的酸雨危害。     

南京市大气细颗粒物化学成分分析

为了解南京大气细粒子的污染水平和污染特征,在南京市中心鼓楼和北郊南京信息工程大学校内进行了连续1a、每季度5d的大气气溶胶同步采样。用称重法、离子色谱法和电感耦合等离子质谱法分别测得细颗粒物的质量浓度、水溶性离子和元素组成。结果表明,南京地区PM2.1污染比较严重,水溶性离子是细粒子的重要组分,所测6种离子质量浓度总和分别占市区和北郊PM2.1的46.99％、42.32％。PM2.1中的各离子最高浓度都出现在冬季。NH^＋4与SO^2-4的相关性好,可能主要以（NH4）2SO4形式存在。温度对SOR和NOR的影响显著,温度升高时SOR值增大而NOR显著减小。通过计算NO^-3与SO^2-4的质量比发现,南京市SO2和NOx主要来自于固定源（如煤的燃烧）。分析细颗粒物中元素含量和富集因子结果表明,Pb、As、Zn、Hg、Cu、Cr、Ni元素的人为污染较明显,且北郊的污染重于市区。比较PM2.1和PM3.3中的离子成分发现,SO^2-4、NH^＋4在PM2.1中占据绝对优势,F^-、Cl^-、NO^-2、NO^-3等不在细粒子中占明显优势。从元素组成来看,Pb、Zn在PM2.1细粒子中含量显著,而Ca、Mg、Na等在粗粒子中富集。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.