一次引发强沙尘天气的快速发展蒙古气旋的诊断分析

利用NCEP分析资料和常规气象观测资料对造成2006年3月9-10日华北大范围强沙尘天气,产生大风的蒙古气旋快速发展过程进行了分析。结果表明：气旋发展前期,高层反气旋性流场对波能量发展有正的贡献,有利于气旋的爆发性发展。在气旋发展过程中,温度平流和涡度平流均为气旋发展的主要因子,但涡度平流在气旋发展初期相对温度平流较弱。斜压作用出现在低层,并随着气旋后部的锋消作用以及前部的锋生而显著增强,这对于有效位能的释放、动能的产生以及气旋的发展有重要作用,同时,斜压强迫能够诱发出强烈的非地转风。此外,位涡分析表明,气旋的发展与冷空气活动的关系比较密切,并且存在明显的高低空系统之间的相互作用,而水汽和潜热释放产生的作用不明显。同时揭示出该气旋发生发展机制不但与挪威学派的温带气旋模型有较大差别,而且与Petterssen总结的A、B类气旋、引起我国夏半年降水的江淮气旋和西南涡等低压系统亦不相同。     

一次黄渤海入海气旋强烈发展的诊断分析

针对2007年3月造成黄渤海地区特大风暴潮的一次人海气旋发生与发展过程,采用NCEP资料并利用涡度倾向方程对其进行诊断分析与研究。结果表明,气旋的发展过程主要分为三个阶段：初期的气旋发展由低层开始,对流层低层具有明显的锋区和斜压性;当气旋入海时,高空槽移动到低层低值系统之上,涡度平流加强,高低层涡度平流差异成为气旋快速发展的主要动力;气旋发展的第三阶段是南北两支西风槽合并加强,使对流层中层的气旋性涡度增加,导致对流层中下层垂直上升运动增强,潜热释放增强,气旋发展达到最强。     

影响东北的两个罕见气旋发展机制对比

2007年3月3—5日和2016年5月2—3日有两个气旋（简称C304和C502）在江淮流域生成后,以相似路径影响东北地区,但发展强度不同。利用常规观测资料和NCEP FNL分析资料,通过对涡度平流、温度平流、湿位势涡度及锋生函数等物理量进行诊断并结合高、低空环流形势对两个气旋发展动力机制进行对比分析,结果表明:C304低空温度平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用,高空正涡度平流为地面气旋发展提供高空辐散场,地面气旋中心上空垂直上升运动增强,对流层低层斜压性明显,气旋性涡度增加主要在对流层下层,低空斜压强迫是主要发展机制;C502低空温度平流弱,斜压性不明显,高空正涡度平流促使高空闭合环流发展,对流层上层有高湿位涡舌发展下垂并与对流层下层正湿位涡柱耦合贯通,垂直上升运动分布在地面气旋中心两侧,高空位涡下传是主要发展机制。两个气旋发生发展在对流层上层两支急流共存、急流非纬向性反气旋性弯曲环流形势下,对流层低层为气旋式环流背景。     

引发北方沙尘暴天气快速发展气旋的数值模拟研究

使用非静力中尺度模式,对2000年4月5～7日引发北方沙尘暴大风天气的蒙古气旋快速发生发展过程做了48 h的预报试验,发现含全物理过程时,该模式基本可再现出大尺度背景场演变和蒙古气旋快速发展的过程;气旋发展前期冷暖空气相当活跃,有很强的斜压性,锋生函数辐散项对气旋的发展作用最大;对流层高层的位涡大值区在向下向东传递过程中,中低层出现气旋快速发展,气旋达最强盛时,对流层中形成一个上下贯通的垂直涡柱;对流层顶"下陷",高层位涡大值区(即高空冷涡低槽的发展)与低层锋区出现相互作用,这可能是导致斜压扰动发展及气旋初始生成的重要机制;潜热释放在本次气旋发生发展过程中作用不显著.这与梅雨锋上低压(扰动)等系统的情况有很大差别.     

一次引发极端降水事件的江淮气旋发生发展分析

利用NCEP0.25°×0.25°再分析数据和多种观测资料,对2017年6月9—10日在苏皖地区引发区域性大暴雨并在江苏数个观测站造成极端降水事件的江淮气旋过程(简称"0609"过程)进行了分析,从气旋的生成、发展、冷暖锋和相当正压性等方面与前一次降水较弱的江淮气旋过程(同年6月5日过程,简称"0605"过程)进行了对比,结论如下:(1)对流层高层正涡度平流及出流区引发高空辐散场,继而导致对流层低层动力减压,是"0609"江淮气旋的启动机制,而"0605"过程对流层低层强盛的暖平流引起的上升运动导致了气旋的生成;(2)对锋生函数的计算表明"0609"过程锋生作用较"0605"过程更强,前者暖锋锋区较后者更为陡立且在一定区域内缓慢移动,暖锋附近及暖区一侧上升运动更强且更为深厚,以上因素直接导致了"0609"过程区域性大暴雨的发生;(3)相对涡度和纬向风0值线的垂直分布表明,"0609"过程气旋在700 hPa以下表现为集中的涡度柱形态,强度较大,系统随高度几近垂直分布,相当正压结构十分明显,而"0605"过程气旋涡度柱仅存在于850 hPa以下,强度较弱,相对涡度和纬向风0值线随高度北倾,斜压性明显;(4)"0609"过程强降水引起的潜热释放通过涡度混合加强了气旋,加强的气旋又增强了降水,降水和气旋之间建立了类似于"CISK"机制的正反馈过程,这可能是"0609"过程气旋表现出较强正压性的原因,说明了江淮气旋发展方式的多样性。     

承德市一次由快速发展气旋诱发的大风天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。     

一次辽宁秋季暴雨天气的诊断分析

使用1.0°×1.0°NCEP再分析资料,对2006年10月21—22日深秋暴雨在天气形势分析的基础上,进行物理量诊断。结果表明:在有利的环境背景形势下,高位涡从对流层高层向低层伸展并形成湿位涡柱,引起气旋性环流与低涡环流叠加。对流层低层的湿斜压性增强,引起低层的锋区加强及垂直涡度发展,高空入侵干冷空气锲入底层,低层暖湿空气强迫抬升,使地面发展为气旋;高低空急流耦合产生上升气流,同时较强的补偿下沉运动激发上升运动加强,使次级环流加强,触发不稳定能量的释放;低空急流和超低空急流向辽宁输送暖湿空气及能量,对流层中低层形成湿柱并积聚高不稳定能量;中尺度气旋、高低空急流、湿位涡柱、次级环流上升支、地面高水汽含量湿区、高假相当位温出现的时间、强度、位置和结构决定了暴雨的时间和落区。     

一次温带气旋涡度场演变特征及气旋发生发展机制分析

气旋是涡旋运动,因此相对涡度(以下简称涡度)是确切表征气旋中心位置和强度的物理量,分析气旋发生发展过程就是分析涡度的变化机理。文中采用1000 hPa地转风涡度表征地面气旋,利用常规地面观测、6 h一次的NCEP 1°×1°再分析场等资料,对2014年6月一次具有螺旋式回转路径的北方温带气旋过程进行了诊断分析。利用Petterssen地面气旋发展公式,再结合300 hPa涡度平流、散度场与850 hPa热力场的配置关系,考察了对流层中低层温度平流、500 hPa涡度平流以及300 hPa涡度平流引起的辐散对地面气旋发展的贡献。结果表明:(1)这次气旋过程中500、300 hPa存在两个正涡度区及涡度中心的替换:即在地面气旋发生发展阶段,第一个涡度中心为主要的涡度中心;在气旋减弱阶段,第二个涡度中心成为主要的涡度中心。(2)地面和高空涡度中心均以逆时针螺旋式路径移动。在地面气旋初生和发展阶段,高低层涡度中心及正涡度区呈后倾结构;当高低层涡度中心及正涡度区几乎垂直重合时,地面气旋停止发展。(3)温度平流项在气旋初生阶段起主要作用;500 hPa涡度平流决定了地面气旋的发展。(4)当300 hPa正涡度平流引起的辐散区叠加在对流层低层850 hPa斜压锋区上时,地面气旋发展。     

引发黑龙江省暴雪爆发性气旋个例动力分析

利用气象站综合观测资料和NCEP FNL的1°×1°再分析资料,分析了2013年11月25日黑龙江省大暴雪的环流特征和气旋爆发性增长过程;在此基础上,对涡度平流、高低空急流的分布特征和垂直结构及湿位涡的正压项和斜压项对气旋爆发性增长的贡献进行了深入细致的研究,探索此次爆发性气旋发展的动力学机制.结果表明:此次黑龙江省暴雪过程地面气旋中心位于槽前最大正涡度平流区下方,正涡度平流使等压面降低,地面减压,气旋获得发展.地面气旋始终位于南支高空急流核左前方和北支高空急流核右后方,两支高空急流的动力作用均引起强辐散.高、低空急流耦合的区域,使高层强辐散和低层强辐合叠置,加强了气旋中心附近的上升运动,从而使气旋和降雪的强度得到加强.气旋在强斜压大气中获得爆发性增长,气旋的爆发与湿位涡的分布和演变关系密切,高层正湿位涡下传,使低层湿位涡增大,气旋获得发展;当高层ξmpv1线趋于准水平状态时,正湿位涡下传造成低层湿位涡发展结束,气旋发展停止并逐渐减弱.大气湿斜压性增加可引起垂直涡度的显著增加,促使气旋爆发性增长,垂直涡度的变化滞后于湿斜压性的变化.     

西北太平洋地区一次爆发性气旋的诊断分析

采用NCEP 2.5°×2.5°每6 h再分析格点资料,对1979年1月9—12日西北太平洋地区一次爆发性气旋进行了诊断分析,重点讨论了气旋爆发的天气学特征和动力因子。结果表明：爆发性气旋的发展具有明显的非地转特性,高低空急流的耦合作用、涡度平流和凝结潜热的释放是气旋爆发性发展的主要强迫因子;爆发性气旋处于高空急流之下的对流层锋区,大气的斜压性很强,斜压能量是气旋初期生成和发展动能的主要来源。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on