原油中二苯并噻吩参数与源岩类型判识

原油中二苯并噻吩参数与源岩类型判识吴治君，张建军（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）关键词二苯并噻吩参数，源岩类型，塔里木盆地塔里木盆地下古生界海相原油之主力油源岩的岩石类型是勘探中亟待解决的课题。下古生界主要发育寒武一奥陶系海相碳酸盐...     

塔北、塔中地区碳酸盐岩及其原油中的二苯并噻吩类化合物

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区四口井(库南1井,轮南46井,塔中12井和塔参1井)寒武-奥陶系12个碳酸盐岩烃源岩(泥灰岩,泥质灰岩和云岩)岩芯样品抽提物芳烃组分中的二苯并噻吩类化合物组成和丰度变化特征可分为三种类型:Ⅰ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩型;Ⅱ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩+三甲基芴混合物型;Ⅲ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型。研究的塔北、塔中隆起11个海相油二苯并噻吩类化合物分布类型均为二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型,和海相烃源岩二苯并噻吩类化合物第Ⅲ种分布类型完全相同。据此推断:塔北隆起8个海相油可能主要来源于塔北轮南地区下奥陶统;塔中隆起3个海相油可能来源于塔中地区中-上奥陶统。     

塔里木盆地下古生界海相烃源岩两种形成展布模式(摘要)

<正> 下古生界(主要是寒武系—奥陶系)海相地层是塔里木盆地主力烃源岩。“九五”之前,普遍认为塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系主力生油坳陷位于满加尔坳陷,其中广泛分布的巨厚奥陶系(特别是中—上奥陶统)暗色泥岩是塔里木盆地主力油源岩。许靖华教授在1993年提出了塔里木盆地下古生界海相烃源岩埋藏静海形成展布模式,并认为埋藏静海盆地生油层可形成500×10~8t 油气,这一烃源岩展布模     

长庆气田奥陶系风化壳气藏、气源研究

对10年来长庆气田奥陶系风化充气藏气源问题存在的不同观点（上古生界煤成气和奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩气何者为主）及相应的证据进行了总结和讨论,认为“奥陶系自生自储为主”的观点对地质和地球化学现象的解释存在疑问,包括用次要组分来判别混源天然气的主要来源,用不确切的端员气地球化学特征来计算混源比,对本溪组底部岩石的封盖性和下奥陶统碳酸盐岩的原始生烃潜力评价偏高,忽略了石炭系存在能够生成油型气的海相源岩。因此,长庆气田不能作为海相贫有机质的碳酸盐岩生成的大、中型油气田的实例。根据天然气及气源岩的地球化学特征,提出长庆气田奥陶系风化壳气藏气是以上古生界煤成气为主、石炭系海相源岩生成的油型气为辅的混合气。     

海相碳酸盐岩二苯并噻吩类化合物成熟度参数研究进展与展望

热成熟度是评价各地质时期沉积盆地烃源岩和油气演化的必要参数。近二十余年国内外研究结果表明,二苯并噻吩系列化合物成熟度参数有望成为高 -过成熟阶段海相碳酸盐岩及其油气有效分子成熟度指标。建立高 -过成熟阶段碳酸盐岩烃源岩二苯并噻吩系列化合物成熟度参数与岩石Ro(通过沥青反射率或海相镜质体反射率换算 )之间的关系式是目前国内外石油地球化学界尚未解决的问题。该关系式的建立对我国下古生界和中上元古界碳酸盐岩来源之油、气成熟度Ro值的确定及油、气 /源岩对比研究将提供比较可靠的新方法。对指导我国海相地层油气勘探具有广阔的应用前景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组天然气成藏特征及勘探潜力

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组沉积特征及源储配置关系的研究,分析了古隆起的演化对储层发育及天然气聚集的宏观控制作用,提出储层旋回性的发育及其与上古生界煤系烃源岩较好的源储配置关系,是形成多层系含气并在奥陶系顶部风化壳大面积天然气聚集的主要原因,同时认为下古生界海相烃源岩仍然具有一定的生烃能力,强调了奥陶系生成的天然气垂向或侧向运移对马家沟组中下组合成藏的重要性,预测中下组合中的构造-岩性复合圈闭勘探潜力大,是近期盆地下古生界海相碳酸盐岩勘探的重要方向和接替领域。     

对鄂尔多斯盆地油气源的主要认识

<正> 鄂尔多斯盆地是一个多构造旋回、多沉积类型的大型克拉通盆地。先后沉积发育了寒武系—奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩油源岩、石炭系—二叠系海陆交互相含煤层系气源岩、上二叠统长_(2+3)半深湖—深湖相黑色泥页岩油源岩和上三叠统中、上段—侏罗系延安组含煤层系气源岩。对这些油气源岩进行研究可以得到以下几点主要认识。(1)古生界油源、烃源岩已达高成熟—过成熟大量生气的热演化阶段,而中生界生油、气岩处在低成熟—成熟的大     

塔里木盆地北部寒武—奥陶系海相烃源岩重新认识

根据对塔北地区591块泥质源岩613块碳酸盐岩热解资料的统计分析表明，本区中上奥陶统泥质岩除柯坪地区相对较好外，其余地区普遍属一非生油岩，不可能对已发现的海相油气有实质性的贡献。而寒武系无论是碳酸盐岩还是泥岩，其有机质丰度均高于奥陶系，尤其是碳酸盐岩烃源岩厚度也较大，因而是塔里木盆地一套十分重要的海相油气源岩，现今为一套优质气源岩。其次是中上奥陶统台缘斜坡灰泥丘有机相泥灰岩，具有有机质丰度较高、成熟度适中及具有一定厚度分布的特点，是本区海相油气另一大套重要源岩。另外，平面上，本区寒武一奥陶系泥岩的有机质丰度表现为东西两端相对较高，可达到中等一很好生油岩标准，而草湖、轮南、英买力以及孔雀河斜坡与满加尔凹陷奥陶系泥岩基本上均属差一非生油岩。碳酸盐岩烃源岩则以库尔勒鼻隆及塔东（含库鲁克塔格）地区为最后，其次是哈拉哈塘凹陷。     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之七 塔里木盆地和田河气田的勘探与发现

和田河气田位于新疆塔里木盆地中央隆起巴楚凸起南缘的玛扎塔格构造带,含气面积143.45km2。气田发现于1997年9月,是塔里木盆地已探明的最大的古生界海相碳酸盐岩气田,1998年探明天然气地质储量616.94×108m3。气田由七个气藏构成,气源为寒武系海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩形成的古油藏油裂解气和过成熟干酪根裂解气的混合气,主力产气层为奥陶系碳酸盐岩潜山以及石炭系海相碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩,它们与各自上覆的石炭系不同泥岩段构成良好的区域性和区带性储盖组合。论述了气田的勘探和发现历程、气藏的主要地质特征,总结了应用油气晚期成藏理论取得油气突破的勘探实践与认识启示。     

塔里木盆地原油噻吩类化合物的组成特征及地球化学意义

对塔里木盆地典型原油噻吩类化合物含量和组成特征研究,发现不同类型原油苯并萘噻吩和二苯并噻吩系列化合物占芳烃化合物的百分含量相差明显,海相油含量最高,湖相油次之,而煤成油最低。本文提出了４－甲基二苯并噻吩／二苯并噻吩、（２＋３）－甲基二苯并噻吩／二苯并噻吩比值是区分海相油和湖相油新的有机地球化学参数。二苯并噻吩系列化合物最大烷化度表明海相油呈现出高烷化度,而陆相油则表现为低烷化度,即从海相泥灰岩原油、海相碳酸盐岩原油到湖相油和煤成油依次减少。这是因为富硫与贫硫干酪根在生烃过程中的环化作用或支链化作用程度差异所造成的。     

塔里木盆地寒武系海相烃源岩有机成熟度及演化史

原生有机组分(镜状体和动物有机组分)反射率是评价塔里木盆地寒武系海相烃源岩有机成熟度的有效方法。从分析的探井和露头区110多个寒武系样品有机组分反射率数据来看，塔里木盆地寒武系烃源岩均处于高过成熟阶段，尚未发现目前仍处于生油窗阶段的寒武系中等成熟的烃源岩。利用BasinMod-1D软件计算了250口探井，26条地震测线中约340个人工井点有机成熟度随时间的变化，据此编制不同地质时期塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系有机成熟度平面变化图。目前满加尔凹陷中下寒武统烃源岩镜质体反射率在3％以上，中下寒武统烃源岩成熟度相对较低区分布在塔中隆起主垒带、塔北隆起的凸起区(英买力凸起)和巴楚断隆—部分地区，其等效镜质体反射率R^ 在1．6％～2．0％之间。     

塔中奥陶系原油的地球化学特征及其来源

塔中奥陶系的油气资源十分丰富,是塔里木盆地油气勘探的重点层系之一,但油源仍是困扰地质勘探家的重要问题。通过系统分析塔中奥陶系原油的地球化学特征,进行了原油族群划分和油源判识。原油以轻质油为主,轻烃分析表明,原油没有发生大量裂解,原油的生成温度介于115～129℃,表明其主体成分形成于生油窗阶段。运用特征性生物标志物系统分析表明,原油可分为三个族群,分别来源于中—上奥陶统源岩、寒武系源岩及混合来源。在“三芴”组成上,原油均以较低的氧芴含量和较高的硫芴含量为特征。原油中饱和烃的碳同位素比值均轻于-31.2‰,平均值为-32.8‰,芳烃的碳同位素比值均轻于-30.4‰,平均值为-31.7‰,这些特征明显与塔东2井和塔深1井的寒武系原油不同。分析认为,碳同位素明显偏重的原油应来源于寒武系源岩,但碳同位素较轻的原油可能来源于中—上奥陶统源岩,也可能来源于寒武系源岩。     

Correlation of crude oils and oil components from reservoirs and source rocks using carbon isotopic compositions of individual n-alkanes in the Tazhong and Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin,China

Carbon isotopic compositions were determined by GC–IRMS for individual n-alkanes in crude oils and the free, adsorbed and inclusion oils recovered by sequential extraction from reservoir rocks in the Tazhong Uplift and Tahe oilfield in the Tabei Uplift of Tarim Basin as well as extracts of the Cambrian–Ordovician source rocks in the basin. The variations of the δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes among the 15 oils from the Tazhong Uplift and among the 15 oils from the Triassic and Carboniferous sandstone reservoirs and the 21 oils from the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield demonstrate that these marine oils are derived from two end member source rocks. The major proportion of these marine oils is derived from the type A source rocks with low δ¹³C values while a minor proportion is derived from the type B source rocks with high δ¹³C values. Type A source rocks are within either the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician or the Middle–Upper Ordovician strata (not drilled so far) while type B source rocks are within the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician strata, as found in boreholes TD2 and Fang 1. In addition, the three oils from the Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield with exceptionally high Pr/Ph ratio and δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes are derived, or mainly derived, from the Triassic–Jurassic terrigenous source rocks located in Quka Depression.The difference of the δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes among the free, adsorbed and inclusion oils in the reservoir rocks and corresponding crude oils reflects source variation during the reservoir filling process. In general, the initial oil charge is derived from the type B source rocks with high δ¹³C values while the later oil charge is derived from the type A source rocks with low δ¹³C values.The δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes do not simply correlate with the biomarker parameters for the marine oils in the Tazhong Uplift and Tahe oilfield, suggesting that molecular parameters alone are not adequate for reliable oil-source correlation for high maturity oils with complex mixing.     

Molecular correlation of crude oils and oil components from reservoir rocks in the Tazhong and Tabei uplifts of the Tarim Basin, China

Molecular data from a large set of source rock, crude oil and oil-containing reservoir rock samples from the Tarim Basin demonstrate multiple sources for the marine oils in the studied areas of this basin. Based on gammacerane/C₃₁ hopane and C₂₈/(C₂₇ + C₂₈ + C₂₉) sterane ratios, three of the fifteen crude oils from the Tazhong Uplift correlate with Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks, while the other crude oils from the Tazhong Uplift and all 39 crude oils from the Tahe oilfield in the Tabei Uplift correlate with Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. These two ratios further demonstrate that most of the free oils and nearly all of the adsorbed and inclusion oils in oil-containing reservoir rocks from the Tazhong Uplift correlate with Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks, while the free and inclusion oils in oil-containing carbonates from the Tahe oilfield correlate mainly with Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. This result suggests that crude oils in the Tazhong Uplift are partly derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks while those in the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs of Tahe oilfield are overwhelmingly derived from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks.The scatter of C₂₃ tricyclic terpane/(C₂₃ tricyclic terpane + C₃₀ 17α,21β(H)-hopane) and C₂₁/(C₂₁ + ΣC₂₉) sterane ratios for the free and inclusion oils from oil-containing carbonates in the Tahe oilfield possibly reflects the subtle organofacies variations in the source rocks, implying that the Ordovician reservoirs in this oilfield are near the major source kitchen. In contrast, the close and positive relationship between these two ratios for oil components in the oil-containing reservoir rocks from the Tazhong Uplift implies that they are far from the major source kitchen.     

柯坪隆起阿克苏油苗的地球化学特征及其成因研究

柯坪隆起区是塔里木盆地海相烃源岩露头发育较好的地区之一,但相关的油气研究报道不多。本文详细研究了塔里木盆地柯坪隆起区油苗的有机地球化学特征并进行了相关的成因分析。阿克苏油苗经历了严重的生物降解作用,饱和烃生物标志物所能提供的成因信息十分有限。原油沥青质组分及储层吸附/包裹烃受后生作用影响较小,综合分析油苗沥青质热解产物与吸附/包裹烃的生物标志物及其碳同位素组成可以获得更多有效的成因信息。研究结果表明,阿克苏油苗与其储层吸附/包裹烃具有不同来源。油苗、沥青质以及沥青质热解产物的碳同位素特征与已经报道的多数海相原油及其沥青质较为接近,与典型的寒武系烃源来源的原油差异显著。而储层吸附/包裹烃与已报道的典型寒武系烃源岩来源油的生物标志物及碳同位素特征比较类似,可能形成于较高的热演化阶段。     

Geochemical characteristics of saturate hydrocarbons in crude oils and source rocks of the Qaidam, Tarim, Tupran basins, NW China

Based on the systematic analyses of fifteen typical crude oils and ten typical potential source rocks col-lected from the Qaidam,Tarim and Turpan basins,Northwest China,the geochemical characteristics of the oils and source rocks were investigated and oil-source rock correlations undertaken.The oils and source rocks deposited in saline lacustrine environment from the western Qaidam Basin were characterized by n-alkanes with even car-bon-number preference in the C20-C28 range,low pristane/phytane(Pr/Ph) ratios(less than 0.5),and high abundances of C27 steranes,gammacerane and C35 hopanes.The oils and source rocks deposited in marine environment from the Tarim Basin were characterized by n-alkanes with even carbon-number preference in the C14-C18 range,relatively low Pr/Ph ratios(near to 1),high abundance of C28 steranes,and relatively high gammacerane.In contrast,the oils and source rocks deposited in terrigenous bog environment from the Turpan Basin were characterized by relatively high Pr/Ph ratios(oil samples greater than 6) high abundance of C29 steranes,and relatively low gammacerane and C31-35 hopanes.The higher amounts of C37 and C38 n-alkanes of source rocks from the western Qaidam Basin and the Tarim Basin suggest an origin of these alkanes from functionalized C37 and C38 n-alkadienes and alkenones in prymnesiophytes living in lacustrine and marine environments.Oil-source rock correlations suggest oils in the west-ern Qaidam Basin were derived from the Oligocene Lower Ganchaigou Formation(E3),oils in the Tabei and Tazhong uplifts from the Tarim Basin have a genetic relationship with the Middle-Upper Ordovician source beds.Oils in the Turpan Basin generally fall into two genetic types.Most oils in the Taibei depression from the Turpan Basin were derived from the Lower-Middle Jurassic coal measures,but the fewer oils in this region are a mixed source derived from the Lower-Middle Jurassic coal measure and the Upper Permian source rocks.     

Molecular correlation of free oil,adsorbed oil and inclusion oil of reservoir rocks in the Tazhong Uplift of the Tarim Basin,China

The free, adsorbed and inclusion oils were recovered by sequential extraction from eleven oil and tar containing reservoir rocks in the Tazhong Uplift of Tarim Basin. The results of gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry analyses of these oil components and seven crude oils collected from this region reveal multiple oil charges derived from different source rocks for these oil reservoirs. The initially charged oils show strong predominance of even over odd n-alkanes in the range n-C₁₂ to n-C₂₀ and have ordinary maturities, while the later charged oils do not exhibit any predominance of n-alkanes and have high maturities. The adsorbed and inclusion oils of the reservoir rocks generally have high relative concentrations of gammacerane and C₂₈ steranes, similar to the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks. In contrast, the free oils of these reservoir rocks generally have low relative concentrations of gammacerane and C₂₈ steranes, similar to the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. There are two interpretations of this result: (1) the initially charged oils are derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks while the later charged oils are derived from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks; and (2) both the initially and later charged oils are mainly derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks but the later charged oils are contaminated by the oil components from the Silurian tar sandstones and the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks.     

塔里木盆地西北缘中奥陶统、下志留统的空间分布特征及其相变的遥感分析

根据塔里木盆地西北缘中奥陶统和下志留统各组岩石的光谱特征分析，选择了ＴＭ３/１（Ｙ）２/３（Ｍ）７/５（Ｃ）减色比值合成影像对研究区岩石地层层序进行划分和对比，划分出Ｏ1₂、Ｏ2₂、Ｏ3₂、Ｓ1₁和Ｓ2₁等５个影像岩石地层单元，它们与研究区的岩性组一致，但其精度高于研究区１:２０万地质图。通过影像岩石地层的对比研究发现，研究区西部皮羌断裂以西在中奥陶世几乎未接受沉积，皮羌断裂以东出现了坎岭组，再往东至研究区东部，中奥陶统沉积较全；早志留世早期研究区西部沉积了海相红层，往研究区东部则相变为海相绿色地层。尤其是通过ＴＭ比值图像的分析，发现前人认为分布很局限，但具有很大生油潜力的印干组在研究区分布范围较广，并推断其沉积中心位于与研究区相邻的塔北隆起和北部坳陷一带。这为塔里木盆地油气评价和勘探提供了新的资料，并表明ＴＭ遥感数据的应用是沉积盆地油气勘探研究中的一种很有潜力技术方法。