东亚地区闪电产生Nox的时空分布特征

利用NASA提供的2.5°×2.5°卫星闪电格点资料(1995-2002年), 并根据纬度区分云闪和地闪后, 对东亚地区(75°～155°E, 0°～55°N)闪电产生NOX的时空分布进行分析, 结果表明 闪电产生的NOX在东亚地区的年总产量平均值为2.30 Tg, 自南向北存在7个极值中心, 它们分别集中于南部、中部和北部极值群内, 三个极值群的最大值分别为16.4, 12.7和5.46 Bg/grid/yr.与该地区NOX的非闪电排放源相比较, 闪电产生NOX的分布范围大, 年产量约为非闪电源年排放总量的23.闪电产生NOX的量在夏季最大, 其区域性特征很明显.地球表面特性的差异造成了闪电产生的NOX在经度分布上存在较大的不平衡性.在气候冷暖交替月份的中低纬度地区闪电产生NOX的增加对强雷暴活动年闪电产生NOX的贡献最为明显.     

雷暴过程中闪电产生N0x的地面观测研究

利用NOx分析仪和大气平均电场仪在青海省大通县对雷暴天气过程中自然闪电产生的NOx进行了地面观测.分析结果表明 在晴天稳定大气条件下, 全天NOx的平均体积混合比相对比较平稳, 观测值虽然比理想中的干净背景大气条件下的地面值要大一些, 但比污染大气中的值小许多; 在雷暴天气中, 闪电次数与NOx的平均体积混合比峰值个数相同, 且峰值由闪电产生.闪电产生的NOx的平均体积混合比峰值在出现时间上比闪电有一定的滞后.雷暴过程中各次闪电产生NOx的传输时间序列变化, 可用二次多项式进行拟合, 且相关系数较高, 传输时间和传输距离之间不存在严格的线性关系.高、低能量闪电的能量域值为12～13×106J, 高、低能量的闪电是间隔发生的, 且随着时间的推移间隔增大.     

雷暴过程中闪电产生NOx的地面观测研究

利用NOx分析仪和大气平均电场仪在青海省大通县对雷暴天气过程中自然闪电产生的NOx进行了地面观测。分析结果表明:在晴天稳定大气条件下,全天NOx的平均体积混合比相对比较平稳,观测值虽然比理想中的干净背景大气条件下的地面值要大一些,但比污染大气中的值小许多;在雷暴天气中,闪电次数与NOx的平均体积混合比峰值个数相同,且峰值由闪电产生。闪电产生的NOx的平均体积混合比峰值在出现时间上比闪电有一定的滞后。雷暴过程中各次闪电产生NOx的传输时间序列变化,可用二次多项式进行拟合,且相关系数较高,传输时间和传输距离之间不存在严格的线性关系。高、低能量闪电的能量域值为12～13×106J,高、低能量的闪电是间隔发生的,且随着时间的推移间隔增大。     

闪电产生氮氧化物(LNOX)区域特征计算(Ⅰ): 理论和计算方法

介绍了目前关于闪电产生氮氧化物(NOX)的研究概况, 包括产生机理、特征、输运过程以及在全球气候变化中的作用.重点叙述了发生在区域性雷暴中闪电产生氮氧化物的机制、传输以及计算方法和可能误差, 并对闪电产生氮氧化物区域特征计算方法和参数的选取作了简要介绍.     

大气环境层结对闪电活动影响的模拟研究

利用一个二维面对称雷暴云起电、放电模式,选取了北京地区3次雷暴过程的环境层结,计算并讨论了不同层结条件下雷暴中动力、微物理过程及其对起电、放电活动的影响。结果表明,上升速度和水汽条件是影响雷暴动力、微物理过程和闪电活动的最重要因子。上升速度的大小决定了雷暴发展到成熟的时间和雷暴的强弱,较强的上升气流有利于雷暴云在较短时间内达到较大的高度。而持续的上升气流和充足的水汽有利于雷暴的成熟期延长从而增强闪电活动。较强的上升速度和充足的水汽可以产生更多的对闪电起电、放电有直接影响的冰相物并能使其持续生成,从而形成较大的电荷浓度。较强的上升速度和不利的水汽条件也可以在某时形成较大的冰相物浓度,但冰相物难以持续生成。而较弱的上升速度和充足的水汽则容易形成暖云过程,对冰相物的生成也有不利影响。上升速度和水汽相互影响,又共同受到环境层结的支配。大气低层潮湿、中层湿度适中,较大的不稳定能量和一定量的对流抑制能量将有利于强闪电活动的发生。表现在大气不稳定参数的取值上,对流性稳定度指数的值小于-10℃(负值表示不稳定),对流有效位能值在1000 J/kg以上,对流抑制能量大于40 J/kg,700 hPa相当位温在340 K以上,700—400 hPa中层平均湿度在35%—85%,有利于强闪电活动的发生。     

云南一次秋季雷暴过程的闪电特征及形成条件分析

利用NCEP/NCAR资料、雷达回波、卫星云图和闪电定位系统等新一代探测资料对2010年9月21-23日的云南雷暴过程进行了分析.结果表明,西移的热带低压“凡亚比”为这次雷暴云团发展提供了热带偏东风辐合及低层暖(300～302 K)、中层湿(相对湿度≥80％)等有利环流背景条件.中尺度雷暴云团负闪电占主导地位,发展阶段云顶亮温下降,均为负闪电,负闪电频数高达1 245次·(30min)-1;从成熟阶段到消散阶段,云顶亮温逐渐上升,负闪电逐渐减少,有少量的正闪电出现并逐渐增加.另外,雷暴云团结构和闪电空间分布不均匀,具有前部为主对流区而后部为云砧或高云的结构特征,云顶亮温前部较后部低且梯度大.密集负闪电主要出现在云顶亮温≤-60℃附近和前部大的云顶亮温梯度区,稀疏正闪电分散在密集负闪电后部和云团中部.多普勒天气雷达显示,雷暴云团前部云区表现为具有不均匀结构的中尺度带状回波,后部云区属于无回波区;密集负闪电主要出现在带状回波上强度≥40 dBz和顶高≥10 km的强回波区内及中尺度不均匀风场附近,且回波强度越强、顶高越高,负闪电越密集;发展后期稀疏的正闪电分散在强回波的后部边缘或者后部弱的对流回波和层状云回波上.     

闪电产生氮氧化物对青藏高原臭氧低谷形成的影响

为了进一步了解青藏高原闪电的产生氮氧化物（LNO_x）经由光化学反应对O₃浓度变化及夏季O₃低谷形成的可能影响,本文利用2005~2013年由OMI卫星得到的对流层NO₂垂直浓度柱（NO₂ VCD）、O₃总浓度柱（TOC）和O₃廓线以及星载光学瞬变探测器OTD和闪电成像仪LIS获取的总闪电数资料,对青藏高原和同纬度长江中下游地区的TOC和NO₂ VCD月均值时空分布特征、闪电与NO₂ VCD的相关性和O₃的垂直分布特征及其与LNO_x的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,青藏高原的O₃低谷主要出现在夏季和秋季,其TOC值比同纬度长江中下游地区低约10~15 DU（Dobson unit）。青藏高原NO₂VCD总体较小,表现为夏高冬低的分布特征。青藏高原夏季O₃浓度受南亚高压的影响总体呈减小趋势,但因强雷暴天气导致对流层中上部LNO_x浓度升高,并随强上升气流向对流层顶输送,同时通过光化学反应使O₃浓度增加,缩小了青藏高原和同纬度地区的O₃浓度差,减缓了O₃总浓度的下降,抑制了夏季O₃低谷的进一步深化。     

一次雹暴的闪电特征和电荷结构演变研究

综合利用SAFIR3000三维闪电定位系统的全闪定位资料与雷达结合对2005年5月31日发生于北京的一次冰雹过程的闪电活动和电荷结构演变特征进行了综合分析.结果表明:该雷暴的闪电活动有两次活跃期,第一个活跃期产生了降雹,降雹结束后,闪电活动突然减少,之后的活跃期产生了更多的闪电,其中一部分处于云砧区.闪电活动峰值超前降雹5 min左右,闪电活动中的地闪仅占6.16%,但正地闪占总地闪的比例达20%,且降雹前的正地闪比例较降雹后要高·降雹发生后,正地闪很少发生.降雹阶段,参与放电的主要电荷区表现为反极性结构,-40℃左右区域为参与放电的主负电荷区,-15℃左右区域为参与放电的主正电荷区,在正电荷区之下,短暂存在一个较弱的负电荷区.降雹结束后,电荷结构经历了持续的快速调整过程,在第2次闪电活跃期,参与放电的主要区域表现为正常的三极性结构,即上正-中负-下正,受西风气流的影响,此三极性结构出现倾斜.动力和微物理过程的分析表明,闪电活动和电荷结构的特征与雷暴云内的动力、微物理过程紧密相关.文中对反极性电荷结构形成的可能机理进行了讨论,并且认为,具有强烈上升气流的灾害性天气可能更易形成反三极性的电荷结构,并在下部两个电衙区的作用下产生较多的正地闪.     

强雷暴天气的闪电和雷达回波特征个例分析

利用粤港澳闪电定位系统、广州多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站等资料, 分析了2017年6月2日发生在广州市中北部的一次强雷暴天气过程的地闪变化特征及闪电与雷达回波特征的关系。(1)本次强雷暴天气是华南一起典型的以西南急流和切变线为环流背景的强对流天气过程。在整个雷暴生命史中以负地闪为主, 占69.3%;正闪在雷暴发展的初始和结束阶段占比较大。(2)闪电频数分布与强雷达回波区域存在着较好的对应关系, 闪电活动位置稍有提前, 地闪频数峰值的时间比雷达回波峰值时间平均提前了11.1 min。(3)回波顶高是产生闪电的先决条件, 闪电较多分布在回波顶高9~15 km范围内, 地闪频数峰值落后于回波顶高峰值12~18 min。      

甘肃中部地区短时强降水与闪电关系初步分析

利用2008~2013年甘肃中部地区布网的LD-Ⅱ闪电定位系统观测到的地闪定位资料及区域自动站小时降水资料,将闪电单位资料处理成时间分辨率为1 h、空间分辨率为0.1°×0.1°(经纬度,面积约为100 km2)的空间网格闪电密度数据,并与该区域中的区域站降水量作对比分析。结果表明:正闪比例与降水强度有较好的正相关;闪电密度的时空分布与强降水时空分布有较好的一致性,但在时间上闪电密度的变化提前于强降水落区的变化;闪电密度9次/100 km2·h和5次/100 km2·h阈值分别对20 mm/h和10 mm/h短时强降水预警,其命中率很高。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted