Active tectonics and erosional unloading at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Introduction The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, adjacent to the Sichuan Basin (Figure 1), has become a testing ground for a variety of models that contrast mechanisms of extrusion and crustal thickening associated with the India-Asia collision (Avouac and Tapponnier 1993, England and Houseman 1986),but that also address the extent to which the upper crust and upper mantle are coupled (Royden et al. 1997, Holt 2000). The margin is characterized by topographic relief of over 5 km an…     

汶川 Ms8.0地震前后鲜水河断裂南段的变形特征

对鲜水河断裂南段康定和石棉两个剖面的GPS观测结果的研究表明:离断层较近的站点,由汶川地震前的左旋走滑变为震后的右旋走滑、震前的挤压变为震后拉张;不管是右旋走滑量、拉张量,还是影响范围,汶川地震对石棉剖面的影响明显大于对康定剖面的影响;由于鲜水河断裂南段具有左旋走滑背景,汶川地震的发生在一定程度上缓解了鲜水河断裂南段的地震危险性.     

蒙甘青地区白垩纪原型盆地分布特征及盆山格局

通过野外地质调查并结合前人资料,对蒙甘青地区白垩纪原型盆地沉积特征及盆山格局进行了研究。结果表明,白垩纪时期,因受北侧西伯利亚板块、东侧太平洋板块和西南印度板块共同影响,研究区由晚侏罗世的挤压和抬升作用进入松弛拉张裂陷阶段,早白垩世盆地沉降中心较侏罗纪向北迁移,发育了以坳陷和断陷为主的8个大小不一的沉积盆地群。晚白垩世本区受西南部印度板块与青藏高原碰撞对接的强烈影响,沉积盆地逐渐消失,此时沉积中心转移到祁连山东部及阿拉善一带,主要发育了2个沉积盆地群。早白垩世为本区烃源岩形成时期,研究该区白垩纪盆山构造发育及原型盆地沉积特征对寻找以白垩系为烃源岩的油气藏具有重要意义。     

汶川震后龙门山周边活动地块构造变形及断裂活动

利用1999~2013陆态网络观测资料,计算汶川地震前后龙门山地区周边活动地块应变率场分布及欧拉旋转矢量,基于Okada矩形位错模型,反演块体边界主要断层活动性状,分析研究区域现今构造变形和应变分配,并讨论汶川地震对上述过程的影响。研究表明,巴颜喀拉东部、川西北、滇中等活动地块向南东向运移的同时自身作顺时针旋转;由于龙门山断裂、丽江-小金河断裂等逆冲带对地壳应变的吸收与调整,研究区域地壳变形由西向东逐渐减弱,区域地壳变形以连续渐变为主要特征;汶川地震使巴颜喀拉块体、川西北块体的南东向运移加速,并增强了安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带左旋走滑运动和丽江-小金河断裂的逆冲运动。     

川滇地区地壳均衡状态及其与区域强震的关系

首先利用CRUST1.0模型分析川滇地区上地壳厚度和Moho起伏的主要结构特征,然后基于Airy地壳均衡理论计算区域均衡Moho深度,并利用其与实际Moho值的差异分析区域地壳均衡状态。将川滇地区上地壳厚度图和区域地震深度分布图对比可知,地震主要发生在上地壳脆性层内。区域地壳均衡状态显示,四川盆地地壳处于均衡状态,而龙门山断裂带为均衡差异最显著的地区,其北侧为正均衡状态(+6km),南侧为负均衡状态(-6km),西南侧为正均衡状态(+6km),揭示龙门山断裂带附近为地壳深部物质重新分异、调整和能量强烈交换的地带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部中新生代构造特征及其演化

根据地震、地质等资料,结合野外地质及前人研究成果,对鄂尔多斯盆地北部中生代晚期以来后期改造特征进行了研究。结果表明,盆地周缘和内部在中新生代都受到后期改造作用,周缘存在挤压逆冲推覆和拉张断陷等不同性质的构造改造作用。在盆地北部,盖层中的构造受到了基底断裂的控制,正断层、逆断层和由基底断裂控制的挠曲构造等有规律发育,根据构造的发育特点将盆地北部分为东胜、三眼井、准格尔旗、鄂托克旗、乌审旗—榆林和定边—绥德构造区。自侏罗纪以来,盆地经历了萎缩消亡和周缘逆冲构造带的形成、挤压隆升剥蚀和拉张隆升剥蚀3大构造演化阶段,现今构造是中新生代多期构造作用的结果。     

GiT-based structural geologic feature analysis of the southern segment of Longmenshan fault zone for earthquake evidence

The Longmenshan fault is a thrust fault which runs along the base of the Longmen Mountains in Sichuan province,southwestern China.The southern segment of the fault had two distinct responses to the Ms 8 Wenchuan and Ms 7 Lushan earthquakes.This study determines characteristics of the structural geology of the Longmenshan fault to evaluate how it influenced the two aforementioned earthquakes.This research was done within a Geoinformation Technologies(Gi T) environment based on multi-source remote sensing and crustal movement data extracted from the Global Positioning System(GPS).The spatial distribution of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone was comprehensively analyzed to study both earthquakes.The study revealed that the Wenchuanand Lushan earthquakes occurred on two relatively independent faults.In addition,there was a nearly constant-velocity crustal movement zone between the two epicenters that probably had a compressive stress with slow motion.Furthermore,the central fault and a mountain back fault gradually merged from north to south.The Lushan earthquake was not an aftershock of the Wenchuan earthquake.The research showed that fault zones within 30–50 km of State Highway 318 are intensive and complex.In addition,crustal movement velocity decreased rapidly,with a strong multi-directional shear zone.Thus,activity in that zone was likely stronger than in the northern part over the medium to long term.     

鄂尔多斯盆地后期改造与砂岩型铀成矿关系

依据鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代地层接触关系、沉积建造、构造变形、主要构造变动事件及同位素测年等资料,对盆地后期改造期次、类型及分布进行了分析。盆地改造作用发生于晚侏罗世以来,可分为晚侏罗世、早白垩世、早白垩世末—古新世、始新世—中新世及中新世末—现今5个阶段,改造形式包括抬升剥蚀、冲断褶皱、叠合埋藏、断陷分隔及热力改造等,并且在空间上有明显的不均一性。盆地后期改造与砂岩型铀成矿的关系密切。提出了晚侏罗世以来多期抬升剥蚀期控制着砂岩型铀成矿作用的发生形成,构造抬升(掀斜)区控制着铀矿的空间展布,而冲断褶皱、叠合埋藏、断陷分隔等改造作用使含矿层变形破坏、深埋或与地下水补给区分割,对铀成矿作用不利。     

聚龙山向斜三叠系含水层岩溶发育史及地下水流场控制意义

聚龙山向斜三叠系含水层经历了多期次岩溶综合作用, 其岩溶发育演化规律对于深入认识该地区水文地质条件及分析地下水流场具有重要意义。运用历史比较法, 结合研究区三叠系含水层水化学、同位素、钻孔等资料, 对聚龙山向斜构造演化与岩溶发育史进行了探讨, 进而恢复了地下水流场的演化过程。结果表明, 震旦纪-中三叠世, 研究区构造运动总体表现为垂向上的升降, 沉积的海相地层为岩溶发育提供了物质基础, 但不具备岩溶发育条件, 主要在二叠系茅口组和三叠系嘉陵江组顶面形成古岩溶作用。晚三叠世-早侏罗世, 聚龙山向斜以缓慢隆升为主, 在荆当凹陷的湖盆中相继沉积陆源碎屑, 由于广泛覆盖在碳酸盐岩之上的三叠系巴东组碎屑岩刚接受剥蚀, 导致该时期主要表现为位于水下的埋藏型岩溶。中侏罗世-早白垩世, 燕山运动产生的挤压应力促使研究区形成EW-NW向褶皱、断裂及裂隙, 控制了碳酸盐岩的平面分布格局。部分碳酸盐岩裸露, 岩溶开始发育, 这时期地表水和地下水向荆当凹陷汇集。晚白垩世-古近纪, 随着江汉断陷盆地形成, 盖层巴东组碎屑岩剥蚀线逐渐向南退却, 岩溶发育进一步加强, 产生的老岩溶水系和部分地下水向最低基准面江陵断陷排泄。新近纪以来, 构造运动的间歇性快速抬升使岩溶不断向深部发育, 形成五级岩溶台面和多级地下水流系统, 地表水和地下水最终排泄至长江。地下水流场具有山区到凹陷-断陷盆地-长江的多级次演化机制。      

2020年土耳其MW5.7地震InSAR同震形变特征与破裂滑动分布

为准确认识2020-06-14土耳其MW5.7地震的发震位置、构造特点以及地震危险性,利用D-InSAR技术对Sentinel-1A数据进行处理,基于GACOS进行大气校正,获得视线向（line of sight,LOS）同震形变场。降轨LOS向同震形变场显示,断层北侧抬升,最大抬升形变量约8.87 cm;南侧沉降,最大沉降量约-7.75 cm。以LOS向同震形变为约束,先采用贝叶斯自举优化法反演发震断层几何参数,然后使用有限断层方法反演地震破裂滑动分布。结果显示,断层走向约257.48°±0.65°、倾角约79.69°±0.98°、滑动角约154.2°±3.8°,震中位置为（40.754°E,39.389°N）,破裂区域长度约8 km、宽度约6 km,破裂的最浅埋深约0.8 km、最大埋深约8.9 km,最大滑动量约0.57 m,对应深度约4.278 km。地震释放地震矩约4.54×1017 Nm,对应矩震级MW5.7,与土耳其灾害和紧急情况管理局公布的结果一致。此次土耳其地震受近东西向的潜伏断层控制,以右旋走滑为主兼具少量的逆冲特性。地震造成部分地区的库伦破裂应力增量超过0.1 bar,这些区域未来的地震危险性值得关注。     

Three-stage tectonic subsidence and its implications for the evolution of conjugate margins of the southwest subbasin,South China Sea

To reveal the tectonic characteristics of the continental margins in the southwest subbasin(SWB) of the South China Sea,a long high-resolution seismic profile was studied using empty basin subsidence.We find that tectonic subsidence features on both margins are uniformly divided into three stages:(1) slow subsidence from Tg to 18.5 Ma(synrift stage);(2) extremely slow subsidence/uplift from18.5 to 16 Ma(spreading stage);and(3) accelerated subsidence from 16 to 0 Ma(post-spreading stage).This feature differs from the classic tectonic subsidence pattern of rifted basins,which exhibits fast subsidence during synrift stage and slow subsidence during the post-rift stage.The tectonic uplift occurred during the spreading stage and the magnitude increased from the continent to the ocean,which is likely related to mantle flow during seafloor spreading.We propose that lower crustal flow played a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the continental margins of the SWB.The lower crust of the SWB margins was warmer and therefore weaker,and more prone to flow beneath the faulting center,which compensated for the upper crustal thinning caused by brittle faulting during the synrift period and thus reduced the tectonic subsidence rate.During the spreading stage,faulting attenuated rapidly,and a necking zone appeared at the continentocean transition formed by lithospheric extension.With upwelling asthenosphere,small-scale secondary mantle convection occurred under the necking zone,which raised the continental margin isotherms and increased the buoyancy.Simultaneously,secondary mantle convection lifted the overriding crust,thus the overall subsidence rate decreased sharply or even reversed to uplift.After seafloor spreading,the effect of mantle convection faded away,and sediment loading drove the lower crust to flow landward.Thermal relaxation,lower crust flow,and vanish of secondary mantle convection together led to rapid subsidence in this stage.     

青藏高原挠曲均衡重力异常特征及其地质意义

自新生代印度板块的块持续碰撞与俯冲作用下,青藏高原经历了快速隆升与复杂的岩石圈改造过程,但高原现今的垂向动力学机制和地壳形变特征仍然存在争议。基于非均一有效弹性厚度的挠曲模型,利用地形和地球重力场模型数据,计算了青藏高原及邻区的挠曲均衡重力异常。结果显示,青藏高原的均衡重力异常在-120~90 mGal之间,高原中部为明显的正异常特征,边缘为显著的均衡负异常。极小值出现在青藏高原西北部及其相邻的帕米尔高原,极大值则出现在与之紧邻的喜马拉雅块体西北部。此外,在青藏高原北面和东面,塔里木盆地和四川盆地显示出大片的均衡正异常。这些特征说明青藏高原及邻区地壳现今处于非均衡的状态,在板块碰撞挤压作用下,老的块体地壳整体发生抬升,导致了均衡正异常特征;而年轻的造山区域,地壳形变主要表现为地表抬升与下地壳强烈增厚,形成了均衡负异常。在高原中部和北部,均衡调整方向与地壳垂向运动趋势相一致;但在高原南面（喜马拉雅块体）和东面（四川盆地）,均衡调整方向与地表形变观测结果相反。这说明印度板块碰撞与俯冲仍然控制着青藏高原南部、东部及其相邻块体的地壳形变过程,然而在更北的区域,地壳正通过均衡调整恢复均衡状态。      

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Rapid susceptibility mapping of co-seismic landslides triggered by the 2013 Lushan Earthquake using the regression model developed for the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

The primary objective of landslide susceptibility mapping is the prediction of potential landslides in landslide-prone areas.The predictive power of a landslide susceptibility mapping model could be tested in an adjacent area of similar geoenvironmental conditions to find out the reliability.Both the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and the 2013 Lushan Earthquake occurred in the Longmen Mountain seismic zone,with similar topographical and geological conditions.The two earthquakes are both featured by thrust fault and similar seismic mechanism.This paper adopted the susceptibility mapping model of co-seismic landslides triggered by Wenchuan earthquake to predict the spatial distribution of landslides induced by Lushan earthquake.Six influencing parameters were taken into consideration: distance from the seismic fault,slope gradient,lithology,distance from drainage,elevation and Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA).The preliminary results suggested that the zones with high susceptibility of coseismic landslides were mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of Lushan,Baoxing and Tianquan counties.The co-seismic landslide susceptibility map was completed in two days after the quake and sent to the field investigators to provide guidance for rescue and relief work.The predictive power of the susceptibility map was validated by ROC curve analysis method using 2037 co-seismic landslides in the epicenter area.The AUC value of 0.710 indicated that the susceptibility model derived from Wenchuan Earthquake landslides showed good accuracy in predicting the landslides triggered by Lushan earthquake.     

Tectonic evolution of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous

On the basis of subsidence history analysis and balanced cross-section analysis, the vertical uplift/subsidence history and horizontal extension/compression history of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin are quantitatively studied. The results show that the tectonic evolution of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous can be divided into a rifting phase (late Cretaceous to Paleogene) and a post-rifting phase (Neogene to Quaternary). The rifting phase can be further subdivided into an initial rifting stage (late Cretaceous), an intensive rifting stage (Paleocene), a rifting termination stage (Eocene), and an inversion-uplifting stage (Oligocene). Together, this division shows the characteristics of an episodic-evolved intracontinental rift-depression basin. The deformation of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous was mainly fault-related. The horizontal extension and tectonic subsidence were controlled by the activity of faults. The differential evolution of faults also caused variations in local uplift/subsidence movements and the regional heterogeneity in extension. The late Cretaceous initial rifting of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin is related to the Pacific-Eurasia convergence. From the Paleocene intensive rifting stage to present, the Pacific-Eurasia convergence and India-Eurasia convergence have played important roles in the evolution of this region.     

PRESENT-DAY CRUSTAL MOVEMENT OF NORTH-EASTERN QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU

1　IntroductionEnclosedbyBayankalablockatsouth ,Alashanblockatnorth ,Tarimblockatwest,OrdosatnortheastandSouthChinablocksateast,thenorth easternQinghai Tibetanplateau ,geologicallynamedasQilianblockanditsadjacentarea ,isanidealre gionforstudyingcontinentaldynamics,suchascrustalthickening ,extrusionandblockinteraction(Fig .1 ) .ThetectonicmovementsofnortheasternQinghai Tibetanplateau ,thestrongnappe (thrust ing)movementofnorthernQilianmountainandtheextensiveleft lateralslipalongQilian Hai…     

The genetic mechanism of Wenchuan Earthquake

The genetic mechanism of the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake is still being debated and there is still no convincing general explanation for most of the phenomena. This is because researchers have ignored the important role of the Minshan block in the seismogenic process. The authors present a new opinion based on geological survey and comprehensive analyses. The Minshan block is a key tectonic element of the earthquake occurrence in the northwest triangle faulty block of Sichuan Province. The Minshan block is bordered by Longmen Mountain Range fractures in the south, the Huya fracture in the east, the Tazang fracture in the north and the Mounigou Valley fracture in the west. The rigidity of the block is relatively larger than those of the adjacent regions. The block’s eastward movement pushed by regional maximum main geo-stress is limited when it suddenly tapers off near the east triangle end with a bottle-neck effect, and this causes geo-stress concentration around it. The shape of the block is coffin-like, wide in the upper part and narrow in the lower part. When a strong earthquake occurs along the block margins, the lock-up effect temporarily released, resulting in geo-stress transmitted to the Pingwu-Qingchuan (Motianling block) region. This transmission caused the Wenchuan earthquake’s aftershocks to be concentrated in Qingchuan region. As the block moved eastward, the back of the block, i.e. the south segment of Mounigou Valley fracture, became active after the Wenchuan Earthquake. Therefore the aftershocks were concentrated along the south segment of Mounigou Valley fracture. Because the south margin is composed of the front range fracture, the geo-stress gradually released, causing many aftershocks along the Guanxian-Anxian fracture. The geological survey made after the Wenchuan Earthquake reveals that the surface ruptures in the south margin of Minshan block occur not along the Beichuan-Yingxiu fracture (central fracture) also along the front range fracture. The length of the surface rupture in the south margin ranges from several meters to several kilometers and it is distributed in en echelon (closely-spaced, parallel or subparallel, step-like surface ruptures). The vertical and horizontal displacements range from place to place and the thrusting component is dominant in the middle segment of Longmen Mountain Range structure belt. Nevertheless, the strike slip of the surface ruptures is dominant in the north segment of Longmen Mountain Range structure belt. Therefore the south margin is the original seismic structure. The sudden thrusting of the south margin of the Minshan block is the source event for the Wenchuan Earthquake.     

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基于时序InSAR的常州市地面沉降时空演变规律及成因分析

采用PS-InSAR时序技术对常州市2018-01~2019-12的24期Sentinel-1A影像数据进行处理,获取常州市地面形变信息。所得结果与同期水准监测数据有较好的一致性,两者较差最大值为6.1 mm、平均值为2.7 mm、均方根误差(RMSE)为1.7 mm。结果显示,抬升区域主要位于城镇,累积抬升量平均值约为7.3 mm;沉降区域主要位于农村,累积沉降量平均值约为7.6 mm;武进区南部等地局部沉降严重,累积沉降量平均值超过15 mm。分析第Ⅱ承压水水位变化对地面沉降的影响显示,两者相关系数为0.55;同时分析某分层基岩标各地层回弹情况发现,深部地层多数处于反弹阶段,而浅部地层是目前土层压缩（沉降）的主要层段。说明近2 a第Ⅱ承压水对常州市地面沉降具有一定的影响,但已不是主要影响因素,浅部地层土层压缩已成为常州市地面沉降的主要影响因素。     

Evolution of the Late Cretaceous Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in Jiangxi Province,southeast China: insights from sedimentary facies analysis and pebble counting

The Gan-Hang Belt in Southeast China is characterized by several igneous and siliciclastic basins associated with crustal extension during Late Mesozoic. The sedimentary evolution of the red basins is still poorly understood. In this study, sedimentary facies analysis and pebble counting were performed on outcrop sections of the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group in the Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in central Jiangxi Province. Thirty-five conglomerate outcrops were chosen to measure pebble lithology, size, roundness, weathering degree and preferred orientation. Results show that gravels are mostly fine to coarse pebbles and comprise dominantly quartzites, metamorphic rocks, granitoids and sandstones. Rose diagrams based on imbricated pebbles indicate variable paleocurrent directions. Combining with typical sedimentary structures and vertical successions, we suggest that the Guifeng Group were deposited in alluvial fan, river and playa lake depositional systems. The proposed depositional model indicates that the Hekou Formation represents the start-up stage of the faulted basin, accompanied by sedimentation in alluvial fan and braided river environments. Then this basin turned into a stable expansion stage during the deposition of the Tangbian Formation. Except for minor coarse sediments at the basin margin, the other area is covered with fine-grained sediments of lake and river environments. The Lianhe Formation, however, is once again featured by conglomerates, suggesting a probable tectonic event. Therefore, the study region possibly suffered two tectonic events represented by the conglomerates of the Hekou and Lianhe formations in the context of the crustal extension in Southeast China.