基于正交试验法的天然气水合物地层钻井液配方设计

在天然气水合物勘探开发过程中,钻井液性能的变化会导致水合物的分解与再形成,从而影响正常的钻进。为了满足
水合物勘探所需的稳定钻井液,采用正交试验法,研究了含NaCl、聚合物等不同组分的水合物地层钻井液宏观流变性的变化。以
表观黏度、塑性黏度、动切力等为考核指标,通过改变各组分的含量对钻井液配方进行优选,确定了影响钻井液性能的主要因素,
用较少的试验次数获得了较全面的试验结果,从而获得适合含天然气水合物地层钻井用的钻井液。      

雷达测井数值模拟及电磁波传播特征分析

雷达测井是一种新型的高频电磁波测井方法，实际测井时其信号会受到钻井液、泥浆侵入及井筒结构的影响。建立了泥浆侵入环境下的裸眼井雷达测井模型，采用数值模拟的方法对泥浆侵入环境下的电磁波传播特性进行了研究，分析了井下几个关键参数对雷达接收信号的影响。研究结果表明:储层中传播的电磁波呈现出耳郭状明暗交替的波阵面特征，使得接收波形较为复杂；过大的天线收发间距会影响侵入前缘反射波成分的正确提取，泥浆层的厚度对于电磁信号的衰减有影响，泥浆矿化度对于信号的衰减和相位畸变影响很大。因此建议在实际测井时应合理地设计收发天线间距，并尽量使井下天线靠近井壁，雷达测井的有效使用应该限制在淡水泥浆钻井的储层环境中。      

含水合物沉积物力学性质:方法、特性与定量关系

从原位测试、实验模拟和理论数值分析等角度归纳了现有含水合物沉积物力学性质研究方法,重点对自然界中含水合
物沉积物力学特性进行了总结,对比了海洋和冻土区含水合物沉积物力学性质的差异。除了诸如水合物形成和分解对沉积物力
学性质影响这类定性评价外,水合物数值模拟和工程应用还需要建立像水合物饱和度与沉积物力学参数间这类定量关联函数。
最后讨论了现有的含水合物沉积物力学性质定量研究结果,并提出了今后含水合物沉积物力学性质研究的几点建议。      

二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层作用效果

采用二氧化碳爆破致裂为激发干热岩储层提供了一种新的技术思路和途径。为了探究二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层的作用效果, 开展了二氧化碳爆破致裂干热岩储层作用范围的数值模拟研究。考虑实际开采过程中钻井液对井壁附近干热岩储层的降温影响, 采用以温差为变量的拟合函数设置损伤区储层材料参数, 用洗井后井壁附近储层温度分布函数设置损伤区储层温度场, 并借助炸药爆破的相关理论、公式设置爆破荷载, 结合COMSOL软件模拟了二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层的过程。结果表明, 二氧化碳爆破致裂干热岩过程中存在多次应力集中作用, 且在炮孔附近压应力集中造成压碎区, 压碎区外拉应力作用形成裂隙区; 储层的初始温度以及定压片厚度都会影响二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层的作用效果, 其中初始温度对爆破压碎区范围影响较大, 对裂隙区范围影响较小, 定压片厚度改变对压碎区范围影响较小, 主要影响爆破裂隙区的分布。本研究成果可为干热岩地热能后续的开采利用提供理论支持和参考。      

含CaCl2水基聚合物钻井液沿井周地层渗透规律研究

利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）技术来提高油气井固井二界面胶结质量近年来受到了越来越多的重视。当前,针对3 000 m以浅油气井已实现了含成矿微生物的固井水泥浆技术。为了使固井水泥浆滤液中的成矿微生物在二界面处高效发挥MICP作用以提高二界面胶结质量,还需在钻井过程中利用钻井液携带CaCl₂的渗透向井周地层中预先注入一定量的钙源。因此,有必要研究含CaCl₂钻井液在井周地层的渗透规律,从而合理控制CaCl₂的注入量和钻井成本。基于此,以当前常用的环保水基聚合物钻井液为基本载体,综合考虑钻井液渗透时在井壁处泥饼动态形成机理、井周地层物性参数变化规律以及含CaCl₂水基聚合物钻井液流变性等因素,利用理论计算与模拟实验相结合的方法,建立了含CaCl₂水基聚合物钻井液滤液沿井周地层渗透量及渗透距离的定量预测模型。该预测模型的计算结果与模拟实验测试结果吻合程度较高,证实该预测模型具有较好的可靠性,有助于为钻井生产企业合理优化钻井液和固井水泥浆施工工艺提供理论支持。      

山西含煤地层中的岩浆岩及其对煤层的影响

含煤地层中岩浆岩侵入在山西含煤盆地分布广泛,对煤层破坏和影响较大。运用煤田地质学和煤岩学的观点,分析研究了山西含煤地层岩浆岩的岩性特征和侵入规律。认为山西含煤地层岩浆岩主要是三叠纪晚期的煌斑岩体和白垩纪早期的碱性—偏碱性岩。前者产生于伸展构造背景下,受区域深大断裂控制。后者是华北克拉通东部早白垩纪岩石圈减薄大规模岩浆活动的结果。岩浆岩的大规模侵入破坏了含煤地层的稳定性和连续型,造成无煤区,但提高了地层古地温梯度,使侵入区煤层产生大规模区域热变质和小规模的接触变质;促进了煤层的二次生烃,提高了煤的渗透率;影响了煤中部分微量元素的分布。     

天然气水合物系统特征及其对我国水合物勘查的启示

油气资源在能源结构中具有举足轻重的作用，其成因机制及勘探思路已发展出了完善的系统理论———含油气系统理论，而天然气水合物作为潜在替代清洁能源，其勘探理论尚处于探索阶段。借鉴含油气系统理论，注重与常规油气成藏的差异性分析，在系统分析全球已发现天然气水合物主要研究区的天然气水合物特征基础上，从气体来源、气体运移通道、有利储层等方面对天然气水合物成藏机理进行了系统梳理，以探究天然气水合物系统特征。提出天然气水合物系统应包括气源、储层和天然气水合物稳定带３个基本要素以及气体生成－运 移 过
程和天然气水合物形成过程２个基本作用；冻土带内气体来源以热解气为主，海洋环境中则以生物气或热解气和生物气的混合气为主；气体运移通道主要为流体底辟、气烟囱、大尺度断层、裂缝、滑塌构造及高渗透性地层等；天然气水合物储层在冻土带以砂岩为主，在海域则以黏土质粉沙及粉沙质黏土为主；综合全球各区域天然气水合物成藏特征，提出了９种类型天然气水合物系统，同时以我国神狐海域天然气水合物系统为例总结出了天然气水合物系统成藏事件表。      

天然气水合物开采储层出砂研究进展与思考

天然气水合物开采井眼出砂问题是当前水合物产业化急需突破的瓶颈之一,解决水合物开采时防砂与产能平衡问题是实现水合物安全高效、长期可控开采的关键.我国海域典型水合物储层属于弱固结的低渗泥质粉砂储层,其面临的防砂控泥与增产矛盾较为突出.厘清不同水合物储层和开采条件下的井眼出砂规律并揭示其机理,进而制定科学合理的防砂控泥措施以实现产能最大化是解决上述矛盾的途径所在.从理论分析、数值模拟、室内实验和现场试采4个角度介绍了世界范围内已开展的水合物出砂防砂情况,分析总结了水合物储层出砂影响因素及出砂机理,最后探讨了目前出砂研究存在的问题和挑战,并给出了相应的建议,旨在为后续水合物开采井眼出砂预测和防控研究提供思路和参考.     

深层高压低渗透砂岩油藏储层敏感性研究

利用X-衍射、扫描电镜、敏感性流动实验等技术方法研究了东濮凹陷文东油田沙三中深层高压低渗透油藏储层敏感性,
主要分析了敏感性类型、敏感性伤害程度及储层敏感性的影响因素。研究结果表明,储层具有弱速敏、中等偏强水敏、弱酸敏、弱
-无盐敏特征。在油藏储层常规流动敏感性实验的基础上,提出了体积流量敏感性,研究区储层体积敏感为中等偏弱。影响储层
敏感性最直接的因素是储层物性、储层孔隙结构及黏土矿物等。注水开发中后期,地层压力下降明显,储层物性变差,储层敏感程
度增强,注水效果差。      

镇泾油田致密砂岩钻井泥浆侵入正、反演计算

钻井泥浆侵入到地层中会影响储层的饱和度和地层电阻率,通过油、水两相渗流模型和混合流体模型正演出泥浆侵入
后的地层饱和度和电阻率分布,反演过程对阵列感应采用最优化方法来完成,并对混合流体正演模型和反演模型进行了修正,修
正后的模型计算结果更准确。镇泾油田致密砂岩泥浆侵入深度和电阻率的正、反演计算结果表明,泥浆的侵入深度与钻井泥浆滤
失量、地层孔隙度和持水率有关,泥浆侵入深度的复杂性与地层孔隙结构的复杂性是一致的。      

Numerical analysis of wellbore instability in gas hydrate formation during deep-water drilling

Gas hydrate formation may be encountered during deep-water drilling because of the large amount and wide distribution of gas hydrates under the shallow seabed of the South China Sea. Hydrates are extremely sensitive to temperature and pressure changes, and drilling through gas hydrate formation may cause dissociation of hydrates, accompanied by changes in wellbore temperatures, pore pressures, and stress states, thereby leading to wellbore plastic yield and wellbore instability. Considering the coupling effect of seepage of drilling fluid into gas hydrate formation, heat conduction between drilling fluid and formation, hydrate dissociation, and transformation of the formation framework, this study established a multi-field coupling mathematical model of the wellbore in the hydrate formation. Furthermore, the influences of drilling fluid temperatures, densities, and soaking time on the instability of hydrate formation were calculated and analyzed. Results show that the greater the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and hydrate formation is, the faster the hydrate dissociates, the wider the plastic dissociation range is, and the greater the failure width becomes. When the temperature difference is greater than 7℃, the maximum rate of plastic deformation around the wellbore is more than 10%, which is along the direction of the minimum horizontal in-situ stress and associated with instability and damage on the surrounding rock. The hydrate dissociation is insensitive to the variation of drilling fluid density, thereby implying that the change of the density of drilling fluids has a minimal effect on the hydrate dissociation. Drilling fluids that are absorbed into the hydrate formation result in fast dissociation at the initial stage. As time elapses, the hydrate dissociation slows down, but the risk of wellbore instability is aggravated due to the prolonged submersion in drilling fluids. For the sake of the stability of the wellbore in deep-water drilling through hydrate formation, the drilling fluid with low temperatures should be given priority. The drilling process should be kept under balanced pressures, and the drilling time should be shortened.     

海底泥底辟(泥火山)对天然气水合物成藏的影响

海底泥底辟(泥火山)与周缘发育的天然气水合物存在着密切的关联,表现在静态要素和动态成藏2个方面。作为一种重要而有效的运移通道类型,泥底辟(泥火山)携带的气体将是天然气水合物的重要气体来源。同时,含气流体沿着泥底辟(泥火山)的上侵,可能会导致上覆地层中温压场和地球化学组分的改变,进而引起天然气水合物稳定带厚度的变化。因此,泥底辟(泥火山)将控制天然气水合物的成藏,如位于构造中心部位的矿物低温热液成藏模式和位于构造边缘的矿物交代成藏模式。另一方面,泥底辟(泥火山)的不同演化阶段将对天然气水合物的形成和富集产生不同的影响。早期阶段,泥底辟(泥火山)形成的运移通道可能并未延伸到天然气水合物稳定带,导致气源供给不够充分;中期阶段,天然气水合物成藏条件匹配良好,利于天然气水合物的生成;晚期阶段,泥火山喷发带来的高热量含气流体引起天然气水合物稳定带的热异常,可能导致天然气水合物的分解,直至泥火山活动平静期,天然气水合物再次成藏。      

Leak-off mechanism and pressure prediction for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling

Deepwater sediments are prone to loss circulation in drilling due to a low overburden gradient. How to predict the magnitude of leak-off pressure more accurately is an important issue in the protection of drilling safety and the reduction of drilling cost in deep water. Starting from the mechanical properties of a shallow formation and based on the basic theory of rock-soil mechanics, the stress distribution around a borehole was analyzed. It was found that the rock or soil on a borehole is in the plastic yield state before the effective tensile stress is generated, and the effective tangential and vertical stresses increase as the drilling fluid density increases; thus, tensile failure will not occur on the borehole wall. Based on the results of stress calculation, two mechanisms and leak-off pressure prediction models for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling were put forward, and the calculated values of these models were compared with the measured value of shallow leak-off pressure in actual drilling. The results show that the MHPS (minimum horizontal principle stress) model and the FIF (fracturing in formation) model can predict the lower and upper limits of leak-off pressure. The PLC (permeable lost circulation) model can comprehensively analyze the factors influencing permeable leakage and provide a theoretical basis for leak-off prevention and plugging in deepwater drilling.     

Stratigraphic Sequence and Sedimentary Systems in the Middle-Southern Continental Slope of the East China Sea from Seismic Reflection Data: Exploration Prospects of Gas Hydrate

Many evidences for gas hydrate bearing sediments had been found in the continental slope of the East China Sea, such as bottom simulating reflections(BSRs), undersea gas springs, pyrite associated with methane leakage, mud diapirs/mud volcanos, bottom-water methane anomalies and so on. In this study, six key stratigraphic interfaces including T_0(seafloor), T_1(LGM, 23 kyr B.P.), T_2(2.58 Myr), T_3(5.33 Myr), T_4(11.02 Myr) and T_5(16.12 Myr) were identified, and then five third-order sequences of SQIII1 to SQIII5 were divided. However, T5 in southern continental slope is not found, which shows that the middle-northern Okinawa Trough had begun to rift in the early Miocene, earlier than the southern segment. Four system tracts including lowstand systems tract(LST), transgressive systems tract(TST), highstand systems tract(HST) and falling stage systems tract(FSST) are further divided. The marine erosion interface of 11.02 Myr and regressive unconformity interface of 23 kyr B.P. indicate two large-scale sea level drop events in the research area. Seven typical seismic facies identified in the continental slope are continental shelf-edge deltas, littoral fluvial-delta plains, incised channels or submarine canyons, slope fans, submarine fans or coastal sandbars, littoral-neritic finegrained sediments, mud volcanos and some other geological bodies respectively. The minimum water depth for hydrate occurrence in the Okinawa Trough is 630 m, and the thickness of gas hydrate stability zone in continental slope is between 0 and 590 m. The calculated bottom boundary of hydrate stability zone is slightly deeper than BSRs on the seismic sections. The re-depositional turbidite sand bodies, such as canyon channels, slope fans and submarine fans developed in Quaternary strata, are the predominant hydrate reservoirs. According to developing process, the dynamic accumulation of hydrate systems can be divided into three evolutionary stages including canyon erosion and hydrate stability zone migration stage, sediments destabilizing and methane leakage stage, and channel filling and hydrate re-occurrence stage.     

莺歌海盆地泥底辟带高温热事件与储层成岩作用

为了探讨莺歌海盆地泥底辟带的高温热事件与储层成岩作用的关系,以泥底辟带的形成、演化特征为切入点,通过薄片、探针、流体组分及包裹体等资料寻找泥底辟带与底辟事件相关热流体活动存在的依据,总结分析了其形成期次,研究了与热流体活动有关的主要成岩作用。研究结果表明,泥底辟带储层中存在高温矿物组合,地层水中的钙、镁离子质量浓度和天然气中的二氧化碳体积分数均高于非泥底辟带;包裹体测试古地温高于现今温度,古地温的分布及其中的流体成分显示热液活动具有期次性;泥底辟带较非泥底辟带,地层水中二氧化碳溶蚀长石、碳酸盐等物质生成的K+、Ca2+和HCO-₃质量浓度高;长石溶孔、粒间溶孔和铸模孔等次生孔隙发育,占总孔隙比例较高,溶蚀作用较强;泥底辟带储层中的碳酸盐岩胶结物体积分数高,胶结作用相对发育;泥底辟带主要存在3期热流体活动,与之有关的影响储层质量的成岩作用主要有溶蚀作用和胶结作用。      

深孔绳索取心钻进用无固相防塌钻井液试验

为应对金刚石绳索取心钻进普遍发生的垮塌、造浆、钻杆内壁结泥皮等问题，完成了基于聚乙烯醇(PVA)为抑制剂的无固相防塌钻井液室内研究。通过泥页岩滚动回收试验、膨润土临界加量试验、泥球浸泡试验以及电动电位测试等对比了常用抑制剂的抑制效果；通过配伍性试验确定了增黏剂及降失水剂的种类和加量；对比了不同种类的污染物对所获配方钻井液综合性能的影响。结果表明，相比于NaCl、KCl等常规无机盐抑制剂，聚乙烯醇具有较强的抑制性，且抑制性与聚合度呈正相关；黄原胶(XC)、磺化褐煤树脂(SPNH)、磺化沥青(FT-1)可用作配制该钻井液的增黏提切剂和降失水剂；该配方钻井液可抗35% NaCl、4% CaCl₂以及12%钙土的污染，能满足110℃温度范围内的使用要求，可在3 000 m深度范围内的强造浆地层、破碎地层、盐膏层等复杂地层中使用。      

Influence of the characteristics of fault gouge on the stability of a borehole wall

How to find more effective way to stabilize the borehole wall in the fault gouge section is the key technical challenge to control the stability of the borehole wall in the Wenchuan fault gouge section during the process of core drilling.Here we try to describe the characters of deep fault gouge in fracture zones from the undisturbed fault gouge samples which are obtained during the core drilling.The XRay Diffraction(XRD),X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) provided the detailed information of the fault gouge's microscopic characteristics on the density,moisture content,expansibility,dispersity,permeability,tensile strength and other main physical-mechanical properties.Based on these systematic experimental studies above and analysis of the fault gouge instability mechanism,a new technical procedure to stabilize the borehole wall is proposed — a low water and a low loss low permeability drilling fluid system that consists of 4% clay + 0.5% CMC-HV + 2% S-1 + 3%sulfonated asphalt + 1% SMC + 0.5% X-1 + 0.5% T type lubricant + barite for core drilling in fault gouge sections.     

青海乌丽冻土区冷泉水溶烃对形成天然气水合物的指示意义

针对深处青藏高原腹地中低纬度高海拔(4 600~5 300m)永冻土地带的青海乌丽地区,开展了该地区天然气水合物形成的气源条件研究。冻土区地表沿断层发育若干冷泉,野外采集冷泉新鲜水500mL密封送实验室进行气相色谱分析。首先对水中溶解的烃在真空和60℃恒温条件下脱出气体,将脱出气体经ρ(NaOH)=300g/L的碱液吸收CO₂,余下气体经碱液驱赶至量气管上端,计量脱出气体的体积,并转移至另处;然后根据溶解烃含量注入适当体积的脱出气体进行色谱标定、单点外标定量。结果在冷泉中检测出CH₄体积分数一般在223.60~1 097.30 μL/L之间,最高达1 113.21 μL/L。野外工作查明烃源岩主要为上二叠统那益雄组含煤碎屑岩建造,次为上三叠统巴贡组碎屑岩。前者中赋存的煤层及炭质泥岩为天然气水合物气源供给的重要母质。此研究成果揭示该地区具备形成天然气水合物藏的良好气源条件及成藏潜力。      

Heat calculation and numerical simulation in steam mining of permafrost gas hydrate

Steam mining method was injecting hot steam into the borehole to heat the hydrate strata at the same time of depressurization mining,which could promote further decomposition and expand mining areas of gas hydrate. Steam heat calculation would provide the basis for the design of heating device and the choice of the field test parameters. There were piping heat loss in the process of mining. The heat transfer of steam flowing in the pipe was steady,so the heat loss could be obtained easily by formula calculation. The power of stratum heating should be determined by numerical simulation for the process of heating was dynamic and the equations were usually nonlinear. The selected mining conditions were 500-millimeter mining radius,10 centigrade mining temperature and 180 centigrade steam temperature. Heat loss and best heating power,obtained by formula calculation and numerical simulation,were 21. 35 W/m and 20 kW.