鲁西银山庄地区煌斑岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造环境探讨

鲁西银山庄地区煌斑岩系统研究程度较低,据此,对其开展详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学研究,探讨岩石成因及构造背景。岩石化学组分中SiO₂含量为36.91%～47.18%,TiO₂含量为0.95%～1.11%,MgO含量为1.13%～4.95%,K₂O+Na₂O含量为4.37%～6.47%,贫硅富镁,属超基性—基性岩石,为钾玄质碱性煌斑岩,岩石以富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素为特征。煌斑岩应为早白垩世区域岩浆活动的产物,在华北板块构造拉张、岩石圈减薄环境下,俯冲的陆壳扬子下地壳形成的富集岩石圈地幔源区发生部分熔融,形成银山庄煌斑岩岩脉。     

东昆仑东段哈日扎石英闪长岩时代、成因及其地质意义

哈日扎石英闪长岩出露于东昆仑造山带东段,该地区构造和岩浆活动强烈。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得哈日扎石英闪长岩年龄为(239.3±2.2)Ma,形成时代为中三叠世,属印支期。石英闪长岩中含镁铁质暗色包体,石英闪长岩w(SiO₂)为61.34%~63.07%,w(Al₂O₃)为16.12%~16.55%, K₂O/ Na₂O比值为0.75~0.82,显示低钾富钠特点,里特曼指数为1.45~1.56,在w(K₂O)-w(Na₂O)关系图上落入中高钾钙碱性系列,A/CNK=0.92~0.95,属于准铝质岩石;稀土元素总量(∑REE=108.38×10-6~124.51×10-6)变化不大,为轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的右倾型。δEu为0.69~0.73,负铕异常明显。在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,岩石富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素、LREE和不相容元素(如U),相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,指示具有弧岩浆特征,Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta比值介于壳幔之间,反映具有壳幔混合成因。结合区域地质背景,认为哈日扎石英闪长岩形成于三叠纪早期俯冲阶段,与阿尼玛卿洋俯冲作用有关。      

云南保山二叠纪卧牛寺组玄武岩岩石地球化学特征及形成环境

通过对云南保山二叠纪卧牛寺玄武岩(P₁w)的地球化学、岩相学及构造环境等的研究,利用电子探针、地球化学等方法进行了岩石样品检测,显示该套玄武岩w(SiO₂)为46.14%~54.12%,w(MgO)为1.84%~7.69%,w(K₂O+Na₂O)为0.38%~9.75%,且w(Na₂O)>w(K₂O),为钠质碱性玄武岩系列;轻稀土元素相对富集重稀土元素相对亏损,LREE/HREE=4.81~7.6,轻重稀土元素分异较为明显,Eu无明显异常(δEu=0.91~1.04),表明其岩浆在演化过程中斜长石分离结晶很弱,所有样品较强富集Pb,强烈亏损K 、P、Ti、Rb和Sr,Ba元素丰度有明显波动。综合研究认为,该套玄武岩为富集地幔石榴石橄榄岩10%~30%部分熔融的产物,形成于大陆裂谷边缘拉张环境,岩浆源于富集地幔的部分熔融并沿断裂通道快速运移至地表迅速凝固的过程中,未经历明显分异或与其他物质的相互作用。      

山东蒙阴金伯利岩带地球化学特征和源区性质

通过主量、微量和稀土元素对山东蒙阴地区的3个金伯利岩带的金伯利岩、辉绿岩、煌斑岩地球化学特征进行分析研究。结果表明,金伯利岩的岩性偏碱性且富钾,K₂O、TiO₂、P₂O₅比一般的超基性岩石含量明显高;微量元素中Ba、Th、Ta、Cr、Ni元素含量明显高,Sr和Y、Yb含量相对原始地幔偏低。金伯利岩稀土元素总量偏高、轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损。总体无明显的Eu负异常。暗示了深部地幔成因的金伯利岩岩浆分异程度较低,基性程度相对高,岩浆混合了深部的榴辉岩和相对较浅的地幔橄榄岩,可能存在二辉橄榄岩和榴辉岩、花岗质等包体捕掳体来源的混杂性。从地幔深部的高温高压的环境下,金伯利岩岩浆携带深部的金刚石矿物捕掳体沿辉绿岩侵位通道侵入上涌,在接近地表,温压骤降,岩浆岩隐爆就位,最后形成常马、西峪、坡里三个金伯利岩带。     

东天山石灰窑钾长花岗岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学特征

石灰窑花岗岩位于卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带的最东段,岩性为中粗粒钾长花岗岩。岩体具有高硅(74.13%～75.76%)、高钾(4.26%～5.59%)、低镁铁[w(MgO+Fe₂O₃+TiO₂)介于1.55%～3.37%之间]、高A/CNK(0.99～1.12)特征,刚玉标准分子略高(0.003%～1.46%),属高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。岩体富钾(K₂O/Na₂O值介于1.12～2.06之间),高Rb、Cs,低CaO/Na₂O值(0.18～0.34之间),显示源区主体为富云母的变泥质岩区。岩石明显富集Rb、Th、U、K和Pb等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Eu等元素,并具有弱的Nb亏损,具有俯冲相关的火山弧和后碰撞伸展花岗岩类的地球化学特征。岩体侵位于下石炭统山梁砾石组地层,南界被蛇绿混杂岩的边界断裂切割,岩体LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄(282.9±3.6)Ma应代表了卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带东段的闭合年龄。结合区域构造背景分析,石灰窑花岗岩形成于卡拉麦里俯冲碰撞向碰撞后伸展的过渡阶段,是局部减压和地幔热流异常导致上地壳物质发生部分熔融的产物。      

甘肃红石泉伟晶状白岗岩岩相学和岩石地球化学

伟晶状白岗岩是红石泉铀矿床的含矿主岩,主要由钾长石、石英以及斜长石、黑云母、白云母组成,副矿物为黄铁矿和锆石。具有富硅(w(SiO₂)平均72.36%)、高碱(w(Na₂O+K₂O)平均8.75%),相对富钾贫钠(w(K₂O/Na₂O)平均2.67),低铁(w(TFe₂O₃)平均2.75%)、镁(w(MgO)平均0.70%)、钙(w(CaO)平均0.74%),弱过铝的特点,属于弱过铝高钾钙碱性系列岩石,具有S型花岗岩特征。微量元素Rb、Th、U、La、Ce、Nd、Zr、Hf等元素相对富集,Ba、Sr、Ti、P等元素相对亏损,具有明显的U、Th富集,Eu负异常。轻稀土元素相对富集,较重稀土元素分馏明显,球粒陨石标准化分布型式图总体略显右倾。结合该区的构造-岩浆演化特点,认为伟晶状白岗岩形成于中高温低压的后碰撞构造环境。      

内蒙古东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了解晚古生代西伯利亚板块南缘增生造山过程中的岩浆活动特征,对东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学进行了研究,并讨论了岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为(277.2±0.7)Ma,以正的锆石ε_Hf(t)(6.8~14.1)为特征,具有年轻的锆石地壳模式年龄(tc_DM)(865~655 Ma),属于早二叠世晚期岩浆活动产物。二长花岗岩以高钾[w(K)=3.63%~4.95%,K₂O/Na₂O=0.91~1.47]、富碱[w(K₂O+Na₂O)=7.52%~9.16%]、准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.96~1.15)为特征;稀土元素总量较低(38.82×10-6~193.20×10-6),(La/Yb)_N为3.91~23.08,轻、重稀土元素分异较明显,呈弱负铕异常(δEu为0.34~1.17);富集部分大离子亲石元素(LREE、Rb、K等);Zr弱负异常、Hf弱正异常,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti,显示后造山花岗岩特征。综合分析表明,巴彦都兰二长花岗岩形成于伸展的构造环境中,是贺根山洋盆闭合后的后造山阶段产物,为865~655 Ma前洋壳俯冲形成的先成地壳部分熔融而成。      

云南文山小平坝矿区花岗岩地球化学特征及成因探讨

小平坝接触交代矽卡岩型白钨矿床位于滇东南薄竹山岩体东缘,矿体主要产于第一期中粒黑云母二长花岗岩与寒武系碳酸盐岩接触部位,对区内花岗岩的主量、微量、稀土元素分析结果显示:其w(SiO₂)变化于67.69%~76.98%之间,平均为70.96%,w(K₂O+Na₂O)较高,平均为8.06%,K₂O/Na₂O、A/CNK、里特曼指数σ平均值分别为2.04,1.03,2.36,具铝过饱和、高钾钙碱性特征;富集Rb、Pb、Th、U、La、Zr等大离子亲石元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ba、Ti等高场强元素和不相容元素;稀土元素总量较高,平均为288.01×10-6,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,LREE富集,δEu为0.36~0.69,平均为0.57,具中等负异常;CaO/Na₂O-Al₂O₃/TiO₂图解、Rb/Ba-Rb/Sr图解暗示其源岩为砂泥质沉积岩;综合分析认为其为地壳重熔S型花岗岩,且经历了高度分异演化,形成于同碰撞构造环境。      

东昆仑鄂拉山岩浆带晚三叠世后碰撞伸展:来自索拉沟高分异I型花岗岩的证据

鄂拉山岩浆带位于东昆仑造山带最东端,为研究该地区晚三叠世的构造背景,选取索拉沟地区钾长花岗岩开展研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,索拉沟钾长花岗岩加权平均年龄为（233±1）Ma,形成于晚三叠世早期。该岩石有很高的w（SiO₂）（75.91%~77.23%）、富K₂O和Na₂O,贫CaO、MgO、TiO₂和P₂O₅,A/CNK介于1.01~1.05,属高钾钙碱性系列,锆石饱和温度733~768℃,具有强烈的Eu负异常（Eu/Eu*=0.09~0.25）,明显富集大离子亲石元素（LILE Rb、Th、U、K等）和轻稀土元素（LREE）,亏损Ba、Sr及Nb、P、Zr、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）,显示高分异I型花岗岩的特征。锆石Hf同位素初始值（176Hf/177Hf）范围为0.282 487~0.282 611,ε_Hf（t）介于-3.54~-0.56;对应的两阶段模式年龄T_2DM（Hf）为1.16~1.33 Ga。索拉沟钾长花岗岩是新生下地壳部分熔融后经过分离结晶作用形成,新生下地壳是幔源岩浆在特提斯洋俯冲阶段（242~238 Ma）底侵古老地壳形成。结合晚古生代至中生代东昆仑地区的构造演化特征,认为索拉沟钾长花岗岩形成于张性构造背景,与古特提斯洋俯冲结束后巴颜喀拉地体与东昆仑地体后碰撞造山伸展作用有关。      

西藏冈底斯带中南部与俯冲有关的早侏罗世花岗闪长岩:锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学证据

肖打松多花岗闪长岩位于西藏冈底斯花岗岩带中段以南,主要岩石类型有:细中粒黑云母(角闪石)花岗闪长岩、细中粒
含斑黑云母(角闪石)花岗闪长岩、细中粒斑状黑云母(角闪石)花岗闪长岩,岩石具钙碱性特征,w(SiO₂)=61.58%~72.16%,
w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)=0.64~1.15,相对富钠,A/CNK=1.25~1.43,w(Al₂O₃)变化于11.45%~16.00%之间,为准铝质岩石,花
岗闪长岩岩体稀土元素总量w(ΣREE)变化于152.10×10-6~251.22×10-6之间;轻稀土元素富集,负Eu异常较明显,以富K、
Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素和亏损Nb、Y、Yb等高场强元素为特征。岩石学和岩石地球化学研究表明,该时期的花岗闪长岩具
俯冲I型花岗岩的特点,形成于板块俯冲下的岛弧环境。用SHRIMP测定肖打松多花岗闪长岩体锆石的U-Pb年龄为(191.9±
1.1)Ma。同时表明冈底斯岩浆弧带在早侏罗世岩浆曾经剧烈地活动过,肖打松多岩体是新特提斯洋向北俯冲作用的产物。      

New desmids material from Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China

This paper reports two new species, one new variety and fourteen taxa new to China in three genera of the phytoplankton desmids from Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China.     

Decadal glacial lake changes in the Koshi basin,central Himalaya,from 1977 to 2010, derived from Landsat satellite images

Changes in glacial lakes and the consequences of these changes, particularly on the development of water resources and management of glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) risk, has become one of the challenges in the sustainable development of high mountain areas in the context of global warming. This paper presents the findings of a study on the distribution of, and area changes in, glacial lakes in the Koshi basin in the central Himalayas.Data on the number of glacial lakes and their area was generated for the years 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2010 using Landsat satellite images. According to the glacial lake inventory in 2010, there were a total of 2168 glacial lakes with a total area of 127.61 km~2 and average size of 0.06 km~2 in the Koshi basin. Of these,47% were moraine dammed lakes, 34.8% bedrock dammed lakes and 17.7% ice dammed lakes. The number of glacial lakes increased consistently over the study period from 1160 in 1977 to 2168 in 2010, an overall growth rate of 86.9%. The area of glacial lakes also increased from 94.44 km~2 in 1977 to 127.61 km~2 in 2010, a growth rate of 35.1%. A large number of glacial lakes in the inventory are small in size(≤ 0.1km~2). End moraine dammed lakes with area greater than 0.1 km~2 were selected to analyze the change characteristics of glacial lakes in the basin. The results show that, in 2010, there were 129 lakes greater than 0.1 km~2 in area; these lakes had a total area of 42.92km~2 in 1997, increasing to 63.28 km~2 in 2010. The distribution of lakes on the north side of the Himalayas(in China) was three times higher than on the south side of the Himalayas(in Nepal).Comparing the mean growth rate in area for the 33 year study period(1977-2010), the growth rate on the north side was found to be a little slower than that on the south side. A total of 42 glacial lakes with an area greater than 0.2 km~2 are rapidly growing between 1977 and 2010 in the Koshi basin, which need to be paid more attention to monitoring in the future and to identify how critical they are in terms of GLOF.     

山东晚侏罗世蚜类

本文描述了山东莱阳地区莱阳组第三段中的蚜类化石。时代属晚侏罗世。本文共描述了3科6属10种其中1个新科5个新属和9个新种,1个已知属和一个已知种。     

Extraction of astaxanthin from Euphausia pacific using subcritical 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane

Euphausia pacific is an important source of natural astaxanthin.Studies were carried out to assess the extractability of astaxanthin from E.pacific using subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a).To examine the effects of multiple process variables on the extraction yield,astaxanthin was extracted under various conditions of pressure(30-150 bar),temperature(303-343 K),time(10-50 min),flow rate(2-10 g min-1),moisture content(5.5%-63.61%),and particle size(0.25-0.109 mm).The results showed that the extraction yield increased with temperature,pressure,time and flow rate,but decreased with moisture content and particle size.A maximum yield of 87.74% was obtained under conditions of 100 bar,333 K,and 30 min with a flow rate of 6 g min-1 and a moisture content of 5.5%.The substantial astaxanthin yield obtained under low-pressure conditions demonstrates that subcritical R134a is a good alternative to CO 2 for extraction of astaxanthin from E.pacific.     

Androecium of Archaefructus, the Late Jurassic Angiosperms from Western Liaoning, China

Androecium of the earliest known flowering plant Archaefructus liaoningensis was found from the Upper Jurassic Jianshangou Formation of western Liaoning, China. The androecium consists of numerous stamens bearing in pair on the reproductive axes below conduplicate carpels. The stamens are composed of a short filament and basifixed anther for each. Monosulcate pollen in situ are found from the anthers. The characters of the androecium reveals that Archaefructus are probably protandrous, and the paired stamens and monosulcate pollen appear to indicate that Archaefructus, as primitive angiosperms,might be derived from extinct seed -ferns during the Older Mesozoic. Archaefructus is considered Late Jurassic in age.     

Androecium of Archaefructus , the Late Jurassic Angiosperms from Western Liaoning, China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｒｃｈａｅｆｒｕｃｔｕｓ ,ｔｈｅｏｌｄｅｓｔｋｎｏｗｎａｎｇｉｏｓｐｅｒｍｓ ,ｗｅｒｅｆｏｕｎｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＵｐｐｅｒＪｕｒａｓｓｉｃＪｉａｎｓｈａｎｇｏｕＦｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ (ｉ.ｅ .ｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒｌｏｗｅｒｐａｒｔｏｆＹｉ     

Androecium of Archaefructus,the Late Jurassic Angioperms from Western Liaoning,China

Androecium of the earliest known flowering plant Archaefructus liaoningensis was found from the Upper Jurassic Jianshangou Formation of western Liaoning, China. The androecium consists of numerous stamens bearing in pair on the re-productive axes below conduplicate carpels. The stamens are composed of a short filament and basifixed anther for each. Mo-nosulcate pollen in situ are found from the anthers. The characters of the androecium reveals that Archaefructus are probably protandrous, and the paired stamens and monosulcate pollen appear to indicate that Archaefructus, as primitive angiosperms, might be derived from extinct seed-ferns during the Older Mesozoic. Archaefructus is considered Late Jurassic in age.     

1994年6月~1997年11月间伊朗Kuh-e-Jahani地区的盐喷作用

Kuh-e-Jahani盐丘是扎格罗斯山地区现今仍在活动的大盐丘之一，盐体从海平面以下约4 km处底辟上升到海拔近1.5 km的高度，由于不能承受自身重量而向四周扩展，四散分布的盐席记录了该区地壳搬运的历程。利用对盐丘形态和运动速度的观测结果建立了一个简单的数学模型:设定盐的粘度在10 ¹⁶ ~10 ¹⁷ Pa·s之间，盐丘表面的溶蚀速率为2~3 cm/a，在盐喷出口处上升速率为2~3 m/a。结果表明,在Kuh-e-Jahani地区因 盐体的强烈挤出作用,可能使其深部的盐源几乎被抽空,并且这个盐丘不久就会因为其上部盐体的溶蚀作用大于盐喷作用而开始缩小。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.