水平分辨率对DEM流域特征提取的影响

选取石质山地与黄土丘陵过渡区宛川河流域作为研究区,利用1∶5万、水平分辨率10~100 m栅格DEM提取流域特征参数进行分析。结果表明:DEM水平分辨率对数字河网的提取精度有影响,提取的流域面积差别很小,河流长度、河道总长、河道坡度以及河网密度有偏差,流域平均坡度变化明显,长度和坡度特征参数的变化导致流域汇流时间及滞时不一致。     

黄土区人类活动影响下的 产汇流模拟研究

日益频繁的人类活动改变了流域下垫面条件,对流域产汇流产生很大的影响。本文以黄河中游典型支流岔巴沟为研究区域,提出利用基于DEM的分布式水文模拟技术,探讨流域人类活动过程中的产汇流模拟,避免了经验公式的概化和由此引起的局限。模拟的结果证实了该方法的可行性。采用网格滞蓄的方法可以在子网格上体现人类活动引起的下垫面的变化及其对产汇流的影响,反映各个时期的产汇流条件,对降雨做出合理响应。     

晋江西溪流域不同暴雨过程LUCC的洪水响应

以晋江西溪流域为研究区,构建晋江西溪流域暴雨次洪分布式模型,选择3场不同暴雨强度、雨型分布、历时的暴雨过程,模拟研究区在1988年和2006年土地利用/覆被情景下70年代3场次暴雨的洪水过程,分析其在1988—2006年土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)情景下的洪水响应。研究结果为:1988—2006年晋江西溪流域LUCC最明显的特征是林地、耕地减少而园地及建设用地增加;LUCC对流域出口流量过程的影响主要表现为洪量、洪峰流量增加,而对洪峰滞时及汇流时间的影响不显著;相同的LUCC对不同场次暴雨洪水过程的洪峰流量、洪量的影响程度不同,LUCC对流域出口流量过程的影响受暴雨强度、雨型分布、历时等因素的影响。     

那陵格勒河山谷段数字流域特征提取与流域调蓄能力初探

流域特征的精确提取对深入研究流域水文过程和水资源管理至关重要。利用DEM数据进行数字流域特征分析,尤其在难以进入、地形复杂的无资料山区,可高效精准地提取、统计和研究地貌和水系特征。基于Arc GIS实验平台,利用DEM数据,从流域产汇流形成以及洪水调蓄角度对那陵格勒河山谷段进行流域特征提取。结论如下:1)流域地貌特征表明产汇流面较大,地面侵蚀过程较强,重力侵蚀过程较弱。2)流域水系为狭长形弯曲河道,主河道比降小。实际沟谷网络密度为1.71~2.32 km/km2。3)流域地貌特征使子流域的沟谷集水面广量大且速度快,易形成大的径流汇入主河道;但流域水系特征可降低主河道汇流速度,延长汇流时间,有利调蓄,洪峰不易集中。     

森林水文作用的流域尺度效应及其评价

森林植被覆盖对于地面水文过程的影响,随森林面积或流域尺度大小而不同,尺度效应的准确识别和定量评价比较困难.通过水文尺度效应的形成机理分析,对主要影响机制和变化特征进行了讨论,提出了分析评判中的主要因素,即从流域大小或森林覆被对能量平衡、潜在蒸散发、水源组成、汇流速度以及河槽调蓄能力的变化等方面来对流域尺度变化的效应大小进行评价.随着流域面积的增加,森林植被的影响降低而河槽调蓄的作用增大,流域尺度也会影响汇流的路径变化,大流域的地下水比重更大,对洪水形态和枯季径流量都有显著的影响.研究还提出基于投入产出原理的最佳森林覆被率的概念和建议比率,结果有助于区分森林本身和流域大小各自对径流特征的贡献,更加合理地评估森林水文效应.     

基于地块汇流网络的小流域水沙运移模拟方法研究

全流域逐地块水土流失计算,是目前水土保持定量评价的重要手段,其实现过程既需要有考虑地貌因子和上下游关系的土壤侵蚀模型,也需要建立全流域地块汇流网络,并与侵蚀模型有机连接。本文针对黄土高原特殊的地理条件和水土流失规律,对传统的基于栅格的小流域汇流技术进行了改进,考虑地块间上下游汇流关系,建立了基于地块的水沙汇流网络模型,模拟水沙在流域复杂下垫面的汇流过程,提取出流域各地块间的水沙汇流网络,并计算出3个重要参数:流域地块间水沙汇流的顺序、流域地块间水沙汇流数目的空间分配、水沙流经各地块的坡长。将土壤侵蚀模型按地貌部位与特征分为坡面模型、沟坡模型和沟道输移模型,与地块汇流网络有机集成,实现了水沙运移的全流域按地块沿程计算。     

试析小流域土力类粘性泥石流的汇流过程——以滇东北大凹子沟为例

在分析土力类泥石流的产流特征和规律，尤其是土源与水源关系的基础上，将水文学上常用的等流时线法的基本原理应用于小流域土力类粘性泥石流的汇流计算。在具体的计算中，以滇东北蒋家沟的一支沟－大凹子沟1994－06－16的泥石流为例进行泥石流汇流流量过程的试算。计算的结果应用观测的一些数值及现象和弯道超高的最大流量计算值检验，结果表明此计算大体可以定量地反映该流域流量的过程。通过此汇流计算还可以了解阵性泥石流与连续泥石流的产生关系和机理，也可以了解降雨时段与产流时段及汇流过程时段的差别。该研究的结果也存在主客观的局限性，这一局限性反映了进一步探讨流域的产流量规律、流域等流时区划分的规律、大流域汇流计算和泥石流的波坦化规律的必然性。     

流域水文模型对土壤数据响应的多尺度分析

流域水文模拟对输入数据空间详细程度的要求受流域面积大小的影响,而流域面积影响作用的定量描述有助于模拟时的数据选取.本文以美国Brewery Creek流域(约19.5 k㎡)为例,在逐级连续的汇流面积上,分析了SWAT模型基于1:2.4万的SSURGO和10m分辨率的SoLIM土壤数据模拟的径流量的差别随汇流面积的变化...     

中小流域暴雨洪水计算及参数地理综合研究进展

中小流域暴雨洪水计算及其参数综合在洪水灾害防治中起着关键作用。变化环境引发暴雨洪水等水文极值增加,中小流域暴雨洪水灾害面临严峻挑战。文章对中小流域暴雨洪水计算全过程及参数综合研究进展进行系统回顾、梳理和总结,并对目前常用的产汇流计算方法及其参数在实际应用中存在的问题和局限性进行探讨。流域下垫面和暴雨特性的空间异质性大,产流损失根据其地理特征形成以经验和半经验方法为主的计算方法;汇流计算以推理公式和单位线法为主,流域地形地貌汇流特征能基本反映,但流域形状和微地形在当前计算方法中反映甚少;当前使用的参数成果均由20世纪80年代前的数据得到,限于资料精度和技术水平,参数综合要素较为简单,多地出现不适用现象,亟需开展新一轮的暴雨洪水计算参数综合;在中小流域暴雨洪水过程模拟及实时预报上,结合雷达测雨、高分辨率遥感、高性能计算和深度学习等技术方法的研究已初具规模,建议加强利用新兴技术计算流域产汇流参数,推进其在暴雨洪水设计上的应用。     

计算机辅助绘制流域等流时线

采用地理信息系统方法，对流域的地形地貌特征进行分析，模拟水质点在流域上的运动轨迹，并根据水质点汇流时间与汇流路径，坡度，坡长的关系，建立了流域汇流等流时线模型，经实例验证，效果较好。     

小江流域泥石流堆积扇形成的制约因素及其特征

在系统分析了各种因素对泥石流堆积扇形成影响的基础上,提出流域腹地中流域面积、沟床比降和堆积区主河河谷宽度及主河能量等因素对泥石流堆积扇发育的影响较大。结合TM卫星影象和1:5万地形图,解译了小江流域内泥石流堆积扇的范围。在此基础上,统计了流域腹地内两大重要条件-流域面积和沟床比降与堆积扇面积之间的关系。在小江流域,堆积扇的面积随流域面积的增加而增加,二者之间是正的指数关系;而堆积扇面积与沟床比降之间可用一个负的指数关系式表达。最后,堆积区特征对小江流域泥石流堆积扇的影响主要是其堆积空间限制了大型堆积扇,比如蒋家沟泥石流堆积扇的发展。     

黄河上游内蒙古河段平滩流量对人类活动和气候变化的响应

冲积河流平滩流量既反映了河道尺度上的水文-地貌耦合关系,又与流域因素密切相关。从这一概念出发,以黄河上游内蒙古河段为例,研究了平滩流量的变化,并在流域层面与河道层面上对其成因进行了研究。结果表明：上游水库调节改变了出库流量过程,使汛期流量大幅度减小,泄流过程均匀化,因而平滩流量减小。在龙羊峡水库修建后洪水流量减小导致漫滩机遇降低的情形下,泥沙淤在主槽内,也是平滩流量减小的重要原因。泥沙冲淤对于平滩流量的影响存在着某种累积或滞后效应,巴彦高勒平滩流量Q_bf,BY不仅与当年的冲淤量有关,还与以前冲淤量有关,前4 a平均淤积量对平滩流量的影响最大。建立了平滩流量与前4 a累计淤积量、年均流量、年最大日流量的多元回归方程,该方程表明平滩流量既与当年的流量特征相联系,也与一定时间尺度上河道冲淤造成的后果相联系,反映了某种水文地貌耦合关系。研究还表明,存在着以下因果关系链：龙羊峡水库修建→汛期来沙系数增大→河道淤积加强→平滩流量减小。因此,通过改变龙羊峡水库的运用方式,增大汛期下泄流量,可以减小河道淤积、增大平滩流量,从而增大下泄洪水的能力,降低凌汛期间的防洪压力。平滩流量的变化是流域因素变化的结果,所建立的多元回归方程表明,在50 a的时间尺度上,暖干化指标的增大、引水率的增大、水库总库容的增大和天然径流系数的减小,是黄河上游平滩流量减小的原因。     

Modelling of ground motion in the Higashinada (Kobe) area for an aftershock of the 1995 January 17 Hyogo-ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake

We model the ground motion from an aftershock of the 1995 January 17 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake to investigate basin edge effects on wave propagation in Higashinada ward, downtown Kobe. Point-source finite-difference seismograms calculated using a double-couple solution and a 2-D basin structure are compared with the ground-motion velocity seismograms recorded in a small station array deployed at sites within and outside the heavily damage zone in Higashinada ward. The comparison suggests that in the frequency range 0.1-2 Hz that was analysed, the observed spatial amplitude variation of the aftershock ground motion is attributable mainly to the basin edge effects. We found that the basin edge effect, caused by the superposition of the direct S wave and the basin-edge-diffracted waves, amplified the ground motion in a narrow zone that is offset by about 0.7 km from the basin edge.     

盐湖沉积改造与地下卤水成因——以库车和渤海湾盆地为例

2015年在新疆库车盆地发现高钾盐泉水，进一步为库车盆地地下钾盐找矿提供了线索。为探讨地下卤水成因，结合渤海湾盆地总结了受断裂活动控制发育的古盐湖底辟构造的盐湖沉积改造模式。控制盐体改造的断裂带及后期发育的断裂系为地下卤水的沟通和混合提供了空间和通道，从而影响地下卤水的矿化度和化学组分。氢氧同位素特征揭示：库车盆地高钾盐泉水的水体来源主要为当地大气降水，而钾的物质来源与古盐湖析盐后期浓缩卤水或地下固体钾盐的溶解有关；渤海湾盆地地层水则继承了古盐湖沉积卤水，后期接受水岩反应、浅层水体掺杂等改造作用，最终形成矿化度分布具有极大差异性的地层水。沉积盐体的“古凹今隆”决定着钾盐的沉积、分异变形改造和保存，隆起盐体的次级凹陷及陡坡一侧是高矿化度卤水储存及钾盐矿物沉积的有利部位，值得关注和深入研究。     

地形指数的物理意义分析

地形指数模型 ( TOPMODEL)用地形指数在流域中的空间格局来确定流域饱和缺水量的空间分布和产流区的空间位置与范围 ,物理意义明确。本文介绍了地形指数的物理基础及其与土壤水分的关系。分析了地形指数空间变化与汇流面积 a及局地坡度空间变化的关系 ,a范围内有效汇流面积的变化 ,提出了一种确定 a上限值的方法。     

长江干流河道对流域输沙的调节作用

利用长江干流和主要支流上测站1956~2004年的输沙量资料,对干流未测区域的来沙进行了估计。根据泥沙平衡 (Sediment budget) 概念,对长江干流河道的冲淤对来水来沙的响应以及对入海泥沙的影响进行研究发现,长江干流屏山至大通河道平均淤积速率为88.58×10⁶ t/a,河道淤积占总的来沙量及大通站输沙量比例分别为14%与21%。由于河道淤积,大通站输沙量减少了17.5%。总体来说上游淤积较轻,宜昌至汉口区间淤积严重,汉口至大通区间为微冲。长江干流的河道冲淤与流域总的来沙具有显著的相关关系,但各段河道的冲淤对流域来沙的响应各不一样。上游的冲淤与流域的径流量和来沙量均没有很好的相关性,宜昌-汉口段河道冲淤的变化与宜昌站的来沙具有显著的相关性;影响汉口-大通间河道的冲淤变化的主要因素是流域的来水量,河道的冲淤与大通站径流量的存在显著的负相关关系。三峡水库蓄水后整个长江干流的冲淤形势发生了根本的变化。三峡水库的蓄水运用有效地减轻了洞庭湖的泥沙淤积,同时也降低了洞庭湖的对长江干流泥沙的调节作用;长江上游干流河道淤积增强,中下游河道出现冲刷,但不同的河段表现不一;中下游河道冲刷量小于预测值,三峡水库的蓄水运用直接导致了长江入海泥沙的减少。     

SWAT模型的原理、结构及应用研究

SWAT(SoilandWaterAssessmentTool)是一个具有很强物理机制的长时段的流域分布式水文模型。它能够利用GIS和RS提供的空间数据信息,模拟复杂大流域中多种不同的水文物理过程,包括水、沙、化学物质和杀虫剂的输移与转化过程。本文着重探讨SWAT模型的水文学原理和模型的基本结构与独特的分布式运行控制方式,并将其成功应用于西北寒区(黑河莺落峡以上流域)的分布式日径流过程的模拟。     

Predicting sediment flux from fold and thrust belts

The rate of sediment influx to a basin exerts a first-order control on stratal architecture. Despite its importance, however, little is known about how sediment flux varies as a function of morphotectonic processes in the source terrain, such as fold and thrust growth, variations in bedrock lithology, drainage pattern changes and temporary sediment storage in intermontane basins. In this study, these factors are explored with a mathematical model of topographic evolution which couples fluvial erosion with fold and thrust kinematics. The model is calibrated by comparing predicted topographic relief with relief measured from a DEM of the Central Zagros Mountains fold belt. The sediment-flux curve produced by the Zagros fold belt simulation shows a delay between the onset of uplift and the ensuing sediment flux response. This delay is a combination of the natural response time of the geomorphic system and a time lag associated with filling, and then subsequently uplifting and re-eroding, the proximal part of the basin. Because deformation typically propagates toward the foreland, the latter time lag may be common to many ancient foreland basins. Model results further suggest that the response time of the bedrock fluvial system is a function of rock resistance, of the width of the region subject to uplift and erosion, and, assuming a nonlinear dependence of fluvial erosion upon channel gradient, of uplift rate. The geomorphic response time for the calibrated Zagros model is on the order of a few million years, which is commensurate with, or somewhat larger than, typical recurrence intervals for episodes of thrusting. However, model experiments also highlight the potential for significant variations in both geomorphic response time and in sediment flux as a function of varying rock resistance. Given a reasonable erodibility contrast between resistant and erodible lithologies, model sediment flux curves show significant sediment flux variations that are related solely to changes in rock resistance as the outcrop pattern changes. An additional control on sediment flux to a basin is drainage diversion in response to folding or thrusting, which can produce major shifts in the location and magnitude of sediment source points. Finally, these models illustrate the potential for a significant mismatch between tectonic events and sediment influx to a basin in cases where sediment is temporarily ponded in an intermontane basin and later remobilized.     

Morphometric Controls and Basin Response in The Cascade Mountains

Morphometric variables associated with 36 debris torrent, 78 snow avalanche, 45 composite debris torrent and snow avalanche and 14 streamflow basins in the Cascade Mountains of southwestern British Columbia, Canada are examined. The results show significant statistical differences in top and bottom elevations, relief, channel length and gradient, basin area, fan gradient and area, and basin ruggedness between snow avalanche basins and the two basin types affected by debris torrents, reflecting the very different nature of these processes. Only top and bottom elevations and fan area differ significantly between debris torrent and debris torrent-snow avalanche basins, implying that the latter are probably debris torrent basins in origin. As many as six morphometric variables are significantly different between streamflow basins and the other basin types, allowing the former to be differentiated despite their small, steep character. Discriminant analysis indicates that bottom elevation and channel or path gradient are the best variables for classifying the four basin types by process. Generally strong correlations exist between basin area on the one hand and relief, channel length and channel gradient on the other in debris torrent, debris torrent-snow avalanche, and streamflow basins. Fan gradient and area are, however, weakly or modestly correlated with basin area or ruggedness. No such morphometric relations are present in snow avalanche basins. The results of this study also indicate that in debris torrent-prone basins the fan gradient and Melton's R have identifiable lower thresholds while basin area has an upper threshold, but use of these thresholds for identification of debris torrent hazard is complicated by overlapping thresholds for streamflow basins.     

Architecture,formation and implication of active structure-controlled intraslope channel system southeast offshore Sendai,Tohoku, Japan

Located off the Pacific coast of central Tohoku (NE Japan), the Ishinomaki slope channel (ISC) provides an excellent opportunity to study a structure-controlled intraslope channel and downslope sedimentation along the active margin. The seismic reflection data across ISC show an extensive basal surface and overlying channel complexes between the basement structures of the Abukuma ridge to the south and Kitakami massif to the north, indicating that the formation of the intraslope basin, channelization of ISC and sedimentation of the downstream channel-lobe transition zone (CLTZ) are very likely to be structure-controlled. The oblique channel stacking pattern, faulting of the seafloor and subsurface Abukuma ridge in the upper and lower domains of ISC, collectively suggest that ISC has migrated northward and is currently under the influence of active compression. Differences in styles of accommodation space between the upper and lower domains of ISC suggest that differential subsidence occurred along the strike-slip tectonic line. Based on the regional strike-slip tectonic line, we propose that a Kitakami-Abukuma ridge existed before the formation of ISC. The strike-slip faulting divided the Kitakami-Abukuma ridge into the Kitakami massif to the north and the Abukuma ridge to the south, and an intervening fault trough as the precursor of the intraslope basin and ISC. As the subduction of the Pacific Plate and associated compressional events continued, the Abukuma ridge was reactivated to narrow the intraslope basin into a confined channel. Located near the epicentre of the devastating 2011 Tohoku earthquake event, the ISC, downstream CLTZ and underlying intraslope basin provide information on active basement structure and the evolving sediment routing system on the tectonically active margin.