气象参数极值理论频率曲线的Excel实现

介绍了基于Excel的内置函数、表格及图形处理功能,运用Excel的VBA编写程序,构造皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布(P-Ⅲ型)概率分布函数公式,实现P-Ⅲ型分布参数优选的简单化和图形输出的规范化。     

P-Ⅲ型和极值Ⅰ型分布曲线在最大风速计算中的应用

P-Ⅲ型和极值Ⅰ型分布曲线是国内外采用的最大风速极值计算方法。用陕西省乾县和扶风两个气象站1972-2004年10min平均最大风速资料,用P-Ⅲ型、极值I型分布曲线进行30年一遇和50年一遇自记10min平均最大风速的极值推断。分析结果表明：P-Ⅲ型、极值Ⅰ型分布曲线可根据经验散布点与理论曲线拟合程度反复调整计算参数,特别应注意小概率事件的拟合,能使理论曲线拟合满足设计部门的要求,比较好用。     

菏泽市气候极值的统计分布和再现期研究

科学合理地估算某地区的气候极值再现期是气象科技服务的重要内容,对当地经济建设具有重要意义。对菏泽市35种气候极值,分别都用皮尔逊Ⅲ型（Pearson Ⅲ）、对数正态（log normal）、耿贝尔（Gumbel）、韦伯（Weibull）分布函数进行拟合,用χ2检验选出最优者。使用选出的最优分布函数,用多个再现期算出再现期极值,列成表格以备气象服务中使用。通过最优分布函数的选取,对哪个类型的气候要素较多服从于哪个分布函数问题进行了研究。研究结果发现极端气温类型的极值和日数类型的极值较多服从于皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布,降水和其他类型的极值较多服从于耿贝尔分布。简要介绍了计算中使用Excel的技巧。     

基于两种分布的勉县年最大日降水量重现期估算

2021年8月22日勉县遭遇极端降水事件,日降水量高达2379 mm,灾害十分严重。统计分析1959—2021年勉县历史逐年最大日降水量特点,采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型（简称P-Ⅲ型）曲线分布和耿贝尔极值分布方法推算重现期及降水量,并将两者进行比较,对2021年8月22日极端大暴雨进行重现期估算。结果表明：勉县年最大日降水年际变化明显,2008年以来变率增大且有更极端的趋势;基于P-Ⅲ型曲线分布和耿贝尔极值分布的1959—2020年最大日降水积累概率拟合效果均较好,但耿贝尔极值分布对年最大日降水量的拟合优于P-Ⅲ型分布;应用耿贝尔极值分布推算勉县极值降水,100 a一遇的日降水量为1547 mm,2021年8月22日降水量2379 mm的重现期为4 88133 a。增加2021年最大日降水量进入样本序列重新构建耿贝尔极值分布函数,推算日降水量2379 mm的重现期为70735 a,100 a一遇的估算降水量为1834 mm,重现期及降水量估算变化均较大,说明超极端降水和样本长度对重现期的推算影响较大。     

用Pearson-Ⅲ概率分布推算重现期年最大日雨量

许多工程的设计需依据给定重现期的降水极值，概率推算是其中一种重要的方法。Pearson—Ⅲ型曲线常用于拟合降水频数分布，该文简要介绍了用Pearson—Ⅲ型概率分布推算重现期年最大日雨量的基本方法。采用漳州市10个测站1961～2003年最大日雨量资料，计算给定重现期的最大日雨量。运用常见的办公软件Excel 2000的函数计算功能，构造Pearson—Ⅲ概率分布函数公式，实现软件的快捷计算。初步结果为：在全市10个站的拟合中，有7个站拟合效果较好，3个站拟合效果较差。文中就提高Pearson—Ⅲ概率分布计算精度方面进行了讨论。     

湖北省荆门市城区新一代暴雨强度公式的研制

利用湖北省荆门市气象站1974—2014年分钟降水数据,采用"年最大值法"进行资料选样,采用指数分布、耿贝尔分布和P-Ⅲ分布进行分布曲线拟合得到雨强一历时一重现期(i-t-T)三联表,采用最小二乘法、高斯牛顿法求解暴雨强度分公式和总公式参数,根据误差最小原则确定最优方法,并将新公式与现用公式计算所得雨强进行比较。结果指出:P-Ⅲ分布各降水历时下的相对均方根误差较小;采用P-Ⅲ分布、最小二乘法参数组合方法计算分公式和P-Ⅲ分布、高斯牛顿法参数组合方法计算总公式误差较小;新分公式和总公式较现用公式算出的对应雨强整体偏大。建议相关排水规划部门在设计地下管网时加大管径的设计。目前,该公式经荆门市政府同意已发布执行。     

南宁市新一代暴雨强度公式与暴雨雨型研究

利用南宁气象站1953—2014年共62a的逐分钟降雨资料,建立南宁市暴雨强度公式和重现期2a历时30、60、90、120、150、180min以5min为单位时段的设计暴雨雨型。结果表明:(1)P-Ⅲ分布曲线对南宁市各历时降雨量的拟合效果最好。(2)采用P-Ⅲ分布、最小二乘法参数组合方法计算南宁市暴雨强度公式误差较小。(3)历时30min的设计暴雨雨型雨峰位置处于整场降雨过程的1/2分位,历时60-180min的雨峰位置基本处于整场降雨过程的1/3分位。雨峰处降雨强度随着历时的增加而增加。     

WeibuLL-Ⅱ分布在新疆风能计算中的适用性探讨

一、引言当前,风能的开发和利用已引起各国的普遍重视,而如何正确估算风能资源是风能研究中烝待解决的问题.各国学者对风速的分布规律做了广泛地研究,认为不同等级风速出现的频率服从某一分布模式.目前,用来拟合风速分布频率的函数很多,有皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布,伽玛分布,对数正态分布,韦伯Ⅱ型,韦伯Ⅲ型分布等等,对其各有评价.据很多分析认为韦伯-Ⅱ型分布,其形式简单     

广州短历时降水极值概率分布模型研究

利用1959～2000年广州9个降雨历时(5、10、15、20、30、45、60、90、120分钟)暴雨资料，分别用皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布、对数正态分布、指数分布和耿贝尔-Ⅰ分布函数进行拟合，并按柯尔莫哥洛夫方法进行拟合优度检验。结果表明，广州短历时暴雨概率分布遵循皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布。     

吉林市暴雨强度公式推求和设计雨型

利用吉林市1961—2017年分钟降雨量数据,分别采用年最大值法和年多个样法选样,P-Ⅲ型、指数型和Gumbel分布拟合频率分布曲线,根据误差最小原则选择最佳取样及拟合方法,采用最小二乘法求解暴雨强度公式参数,并将新旧暴雨强度公式进行比较,再利用推求出的公式参数模拟吉林市短历时芝加哥雨型.结果表明:通过年最大值法选样和...     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.