WRF模式对宝鸡地区2013年夏季温度和降水预报的评估检验

利用宝鸡地区155个县区级或乡镇级自动站的观测资料与WRF模式的输出产品,检验WRF模式对2013年夏季最高、最低气温和降水预报的效果。结果表明:WRF模式预报的最高、最低气温的空间分布形态与实况较为一致,对于阴天和降水情况下的气温预报具有较高的准确性,最高、最低温度的预报值较实况整体偏低。WRF模式对宝鸡地区东部晴雨预报准确率较高,达到65%以上;凤县、太白最差,仅为40%左右。WRF模式预报的夏季日平均降水量与实况值在量级上较为一致,但空间分布误差较大。模式3个时次预报的逐日降水量能够较为准确地描述夏季各次降水的发生—发展—减弱过程。通过对模式预报的降水量进行分级检验发现,模式对降水的预报能力随着降水量级的增大而减小,空报多于漏报;WRF模式的暴雨预报值得参考。     

基于Logistic回归蚌埠地区致灾雷电预报研究

利用2007—2013年安徽省闪电定位资料和蚌埠地区雷电灾害资料,选取安徽省蚌埠地区36个致灾雷电样本作为建模样本,采用全球预报系统GFS(Global Forecasting System)模式的强对流参数作为预报因子,利用Logistic回归法建立了蚌埠地区4种类型致灾雷电的预报模型。结果表明:CAPE、LFTX和PW共3个参数可作为蚌埠地区致灾雷电预报的指标;建立的4种类型致灾雷电模型的预报效果较好,其中08—14时雷电预报模型的总体预报准确率最高,可达83.00%。当雷电预报模型输出概率偏高且超过0.7时,4种致灾雷电预报模型的预报技巧评分最高,且预报准确率最高,失误率和虚警率较低,预报效果较好。夏季致灾雷电预报模型的整体预报效果较好,平均预报准确率达82.20%,特别是在雷电发生的密集地区,预报出了雷电的高概率分布。     

气象水文模型耦合研究及在西苕溪流域的模拟试验

为了提高洪水预报的精度,延长洪水预见期,利用WRF模式和HEC-HMS水文模型对太湖西苕溪流域2009年8月的一次典型暴雨洪水过程进行了降雨模拟和流量耦合预报,并与实测降雨和径流过程进行了对比分析。(1) WRF模式能够较好模拟出位于天目山的强降水中心,位置较实况略偏北;预报子流域面雨量时空分布与实况较一致,定量检验合格率达50%左右。(2) HEC-HMS模型对西苕溪流域日径流过程和场降雨洪水过程均有较好的模拟效果,模型参数验证和率定期间,确定性系数、洪峰流量相对误差和峰现时差等指标均小于业务预报许可误差。(3) 采用单向耦合法,将WRF模式(5 km网格)48 h预见期的滚动预报降雨场输入HEC-HMS水文模型进行流量滚动预报,耦合预报结果明显优于不考虑预见期内降雨的传统预报方法,在保证精度的前提下,有效延长了洪水预见期。      

基于概率密度匹配方法的WRF模式阵风风速误差订正

为提高数值模式对阵风风速预报能力,采用概率密度匹配方法 (Probability Density Function Matching Method,简称PDF方法)对WRF模式地面极大风速预报数据开展误差订正。结果表明:①基于PDF方法订正后的阵风预报效果明显优于WRF预报结果,当实况极大风力≤5级时,两种预报结果均与实况较为一致;当实况极大风力≥6级时,WRF预报相比实况明显偏小,而PDF方法订正结果则与实况较为接近;②对比不同地形条件下两种预报结果发现,在实况风力整体偏弱的平原地区,WRF预报和PDF订正结果对极大风的预报效果均较好;在风力偏强的山区和沿江河谷地区,PDF订正结果的预报效果相比WRF预报则有明显提升;③对2017年安徽省81个国家站逐日极大风速的预报效果检验发现:预报误差和过去五年整体拟合误差基本相当,说明基于2012—2016年历史数据建立的概率密度分布函数可以代表安徽各站多年的实况和WRF预报极大风速的联合分布特征,利用PDF方法进行逐日极大风速预报具有一定的可靠性。     

基于WRF模式物理量参数的雷电潜势MOS预报方法研究

该文采用ADTA闪电定位仪资料和WRF模式输出资料,利用MOS方法开展雷电潜势预报研究。通过研究获取了对贵州地区雷电潜势影响较大的几个物理量因子,也利用这几个物理量因子建立了雷电潜势预报方程,通过检验此雷电潜势预报方程对贵州地区的雷电潜势预报有一定的参考作用。     

飞机积冰形势场数值模拟试验的参数化方案效果评估

利用WRF模式对飞机积冰时的形势场进行模拟,通过双线性插值法对模拟的要素进行降尺度处理,比较不同参数化方案时形势场的预报值和实况值之间的相关性,研究不同参数化方案对飞机积冰形势场的模拟能力。结果表明:不同参数化方案的选择影响模拟效果,当微物理过程方案采用WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme及积云参数化方案采用Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme时,形势场预报值和实况值间相关系数最大,均方根误差最小,预报值与实况值之间变化趋势和特征最接近;且根据飞机积冰实测报告,利用假霜点温度经验法验证,此时积冰的预报效果和实际报告结果最相符。     

西北太平洋台风季节预报的数值模拟

利用中尺度气象模式WRF（weather research and forecasting）对2006年7月1日-9月30日的西北太平洋夏季台风进行了动力季节预报试验。结果表明：1）在对3个月以内的台风作动力季节预报试验时,WRF模式模拟的台风总个数与实况接近,模式模拟的总登陆台风数与实况相比偏小。从各月模拟情况看,台风总数与登陆数的模拟均与实况有差距。WRF模式对台风强度的模拟总体偏弱。2）WRF在模拟2006年7q月台风以及平均高度场、水平风垂直切变时,7月与实况接近,随时间增长,与实况的差别明显增大．WRF模式具有一定的台风动力季节预报能力,但其预报时限有待探讨。     

飞机积冰过程的诊断分析及强度预报建模

利用NCEP再分析数据和观测数据,对2000年6月6日甘肃省人工增雨作业时的一次飞机积冰过程进行诊断分析,利用WRF模式对72个飞机积冰实例的天气过程进行了数值模拟,在此基础上结合飞机飞行速度建立了积冰强度预报模型,通过统计分析和拟合得到预报模型的参数,并利用飞机实测报告对该模型的预报效果进行了回报检验。结果表明,该模型对飞机积冰强度的预报准确率为69.44%,强度预报结果偏弱占比25%,偏强占比5.56%。     

C波段雷达反射率资料的同化与数值模拟

利用ARPS模式(Advanced Regional Prediction System)的资料分析系统ADAS(ARPS Data Analysis Sys-tem),以NCEP GFS资料为背景场对我国西北地区CINRAD-CB\CC型雷达反射率资料进行同化试验研究,并借助于WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)模式,对发生在黄河河套及河北地区的一次天气过程进行个例模拟试验。不同模拟方案模拟结果的对比分析和短时预报检验表明:①C波段雷达反射率资料的引入与S波段雷达反射率资料在空间覆盖上构成互补,与卫星、地面等资料的云综合分析能够分析出与实况更为接近的降水场和垂直结构信息;②同化了C波段雷达反射率资料的试验方案在模拟回波系统演变上优于未同化的,但由于模拟低层暖湿条件不足,系统逐渐衰弱与实况不符;③对比实况降水发现,区域C波段雷达反射率资料的同化对短时降水预报效果有一定改善。     

基于WRF模式的云贵川渝地质灾害气象预报系统的应用

介绍了国家气象中心和中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所联合研发的基于ArcGis9.1的云贵川渝地区地质灾害预报系统。该系统是在可拓模型理论基础上建立的,其优点在于能将气象要素和地面要素紧密地结合在一起,形成雨—地耦合的区域泥石流预报模型。系统采用区域精细化数值天气预报模式WRF提供的高时空分辨率的精细降雨预报作为模型的动态输入,实现地质灾害发生概率的预报。目前,系统已经在中央气象台进行业务运行,每日在精细化数值天气预报系统提供的1小时间隔的数值降水预报支持下,定时启动预报系统。该预报产品目前已成为区域精细化地质灾害预报的重要参考。为了进行地质灾害预报效果的检验和评估,首先利用2007年6—7月份实况降水对WRF模型的预报降水进行检验。结果表明:中尺度数值预报模式WRF对区域性、持续时间长的暴雨过程预报能力较高,对于地质灾害预报服务具有较好的应用价值。此外,对2007年7月2—5日发生在四川盆地东部的部分地区的群发地质灾害个例分析及对2007年7月份该地质灾害预报系统的整体预报效果进行检验,结果表明:系统囊括了该次灾情大部分灾情点,总体预报准确率较高,业务中具有一定的应用价值。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on