浙江地下流体在汶川8．0级地震中的映震效应研究

通过“十五”改造,浙江省目前有地震地下流体观测台站5个,10项测项,除宁波地震台是专业台站外,其他都为地方台站。主要是水位、水温和水氡观测。除宁波庄市21井水位观测使用SW40型模拟仪器外,其他台站水温观测均使用SZW-1A型数字石英温度计,水位观测使用LN-3型数字水位仪。在2008年5月12日汶川8．0级地震中有明显映震效应的台站为100％,测项为80％。     

浮子数字水位仪动水位观测实验

针对投入式水位仪存在稳定性差、零漂大等缺点,研制浮子式JS-1数字水位仪,基于观测原理和仪器结构,在苏18井开展动水位观测实验,结果发现:JS-1数字水位仪在动水位观测中可行,产出数据质量优良,并且在对零漂控制、观测数据质量、观测精度等方面具有一定优势。     

数字化水位观测仪零漂分析

数字化水位LN-3型观测仪器存在一定的零漂问题,并通过宁德1号井实验结果表明,仪器室温度、气温、井水温、传感器埋深变化是数字化水位仪器零漂的重要原因,而水位仪器的零漂与湿度、公共数采无关,据此提出解决方案和建议,以提高水位观测资料的可靠性和连续性.     

山西孝义井LN-3A数字水位仪零漂分析

简要介绍山西孝义地震台晋9-1井的观测概况,对2015年12月数字水位仪校测时发现的测量误差增大的原因进行分析,认为可能存在仪器零漂问题。通过与模拟观测资料对比,明确数字水位仪零漂特征,为今后观测提供参考。     

LN-3型数字水位仪传感准确性现场检查技术的改进

LN-3型数字水位仪目前占据着我国地震水位动态观测新技术的主导地位(中国地震局监测预报司,2002)。它主要用于地震地下流体高精度井孔水位观测和同层水温观测。其水位传感器为GPR-1型设入式水位传感器,利用测量液体内部压强的方法来测量水位。传感     

电容式和压力式水位仪动态标定及传输函数测定

采用现代数字采样技术和仪器标定测试平台,对ORBES—89电容传感式水位仪和压力式水位仪进行了动态标定。标定信号是标定平台产生的正弦型和阶跃型水位变化。文中采用线性最小二乘拟合方法,求得了两仪器传输函数的解析表达式。分析结果表明,两台仪器在低频段内产生的相位滞后及振幅畸变均很小,在固体潮观测资料数据分析处理时可忽略不计。     

攀枝花川-05井数字水位仪安装及干扰排除

攀枝花川－05井LN－3型数字水位仪严格按照技术要求进行安装，但是在运行过程中所观测到的动水位值仍然出现了干扰。通过对台站附近环境条件以及其它3套数字仪器进行综合分析，找出了干扰源，成功排除了干扰。     

河北省数字水位对尼泊尔M_S8.1地震的同震响应特征研究

收集整理了河北省地下流体观测井网对尼泊尔MS8.1地震有响应的数字水位资料,分析其同震响应特征,探讨响应机理。结果显示,17个水位测项中10个有同震响应;水位同震响应形态类型有三种:振荡型、振荡-阶变型、脉冲型;含水层岩性为灰岩和安山玢岩的井孔,其水震波的振荡幅度较大;对于振荡-阶变型同震响应形态的井孔水位总是先记录到振荡,然后才是阶变;各井孔水位对尼泊尔地震的响应时间快慢有很大差距,这主要是由各观测井仪器的时间服务系统走时差不等造成的;数字水位的振荡幅度上下不对称,可能是因为仪器的采样率低引起的。井孔水位同震响应后效残留阶升意味着压应力的增强及地震危险性的增加;未记录到地震的观测井可能与井孔结构及所处的构造部位有关。     

介绍一种数字水位校测仪

为了加强地震预报工作,目前我国已经或正在建立地下水观测网,普遍开展水位的观测与研究,所采用的观测仪器如HCJ_1型和SW40型水位计精度可达±2—5毫米,SZ-1型水位计可达±1毫米。为了随时校测这些仪器的精度,就需要用更高精度的校测仪器。但现有的水位点测工具不能满足要求,例如通常采用的“测钟法”误差为1厘米以上;“灯泡显示法”及     

天津高村井一次水位异常的调查与排除

针对天津高村井水位分钟值曲线在每日相对固定时间段出现的下降台阶错动型异常,对观测仪器、供电系统和观测环境进行了全面的调查与研究,结果表明水位异常系观测室南侧约10 m处的电镀作业间的高频直流设备漏电所导致。通过将漏电的高频直流逆变电源更换,有效排除了异常。提出在数字化水位观测中,不但要注意传统的诸如地下水超采等观测环境因素,还要重视可能对数字化水位仪有影响的电磁环境因素,补充、修订地下流体观测环境规范是十分必要的和紧迫的。     

Predicting global landslide spatiotemporal distribution： Integrating landslide susceptibility zoning techniques and real-time satellite rainfall estimates

Landslides triggered by rainfall can possibly be foreseen in real time by jointly using rainfall intensity-duration thresholds and information related to land surface susceptibility. However, no system exists at either a national or a global scale to monitor or detect rainfall conditions that may trigger landslides due to the lack of sufficient ground-based observing network in many parts of the world. Recent advances in satellite remote sensing technology and increasing availability of high-resolution geospatial products around the globe have provided an unprecedented opportunity for such a study. In this paper, a framework for developing a preliminary real-time prediction system to identify where rainfall-triggered landslides will occur is proposed by combining two necessary components： surface landslide susceptibility and a real-time space-based rainfall analysis system （http：//trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov）. First, a global landslide susceptibility map is derived from a combination of semi-static global surface characteristics （digital elevation topography, slope, soil types, soil texture, land cover classification, etc.） using a GIS weighted linear combination approach. Second, an adjusted empirical relationship between rainfall intensity-duration and landslide occurrence is used to assess landslide hazards at areas with high susceptibility. A major outcome of this work is the availability for the first time of a global assessment of landslide hazards, which is only possible because of the utilization of global satellite remote sensing products. This preliminary system can be updated continuously using the new satellite remote sensing products. This proposed system, if pursued through wide interdisciplinary efforts as recommended herein, bears the promise to grow many local landslide hazard analyses into a global decision-making support system for landslide disaster preparedness and mitigation activities across the world.     

高分辨地电阻率探测与互联网络远程监测煤田火烧区

为发现、治理、监控煤田火烧区,将互联网的创新成果深度融合于传统地勘技术领域之中,开发了具有探测火烧区范围和中心温度、连续采集、高温传感、远程遥控等主要功能的永久性的无线传感器网络远程监测系统.研发出新型传感器节点,能够与单极-偶极装置互联储存并发送探测数据,同时将高温探头直接放置于地下火烧区巷道进行监测;通过带保护电路的太阳能供电装置,为现场数据采集网络提供了持续充足的能源;由移动通信网和互联网将信号传送到监测中心,实现远程控制监测;在新疆地区的12个火烧区同时部署了所研发的监测系统,至今已工作45个月,表明采取的技术措施可以保障监测系统的免维护长期稳定运行.乌鲁木齐监测中心收到110多万条现场信息,授权后可任意查询、永久保存,为新疆大面积煤田自燃火区的治理和保卫治理成果,提供基础数据.研究结果表明,充分发挥互联网在地球物理探测监测中的优化和集成作用,对提升煤田地质基勘查的创新和生产能力,具有重要的意义.     

Groundwater, Radon Continuous Monitoring System (α-scintillation Counting) for Natural Hazard Surveillance

—A “quasi continuous mode” monitoring system to measure the radon concentration within a natural environment (mainly groundwater), was designed, assembled and tested, under collaboration between DINCE and ING, partly within the framework of two EC funded programs.¶The radon monitor consists of a customised discrete automatic sampler which produces a gas flux circuit, and an economical f-scintillation cell, coupled with a reliable electronics-photomultiplier assemblage. A convenient calibration system together with a temporised control system have been set up. The overall “mean efficiency” of the system was calculated to be 7.79ǂ.13 counts per minute (cpm) for each Bq/L.¶Taking into consideration the present and future requirements of a geochemical surveillance network to assess natural hazards, the prototype design evolved from the study of existing systems devoted to monitor radon concentration levels, which are critically reviewed within this paper.¶In response to the main prerequisite of a remote station: maximum remote sensor versatility preserving shared software and hardware for the network as a whole, this radon monitoring system was conceived as part of a multi-parametric Geochemical Monitoring System (GMS II) prototype, designed and realised as a test-stand for sensors (chemical, hydrological, geophysical, organic chemistry devoted, etc.) in continuous evolution throughout the international market.     

Surveying earth resources by remote sensing from satellites

This paper reviews the techniques and recent results of orbital remote sensing, with emphasis on Landsat and Skylab imagery. Landsat (formerly ERTS) uses electronic sensors (scanners and television) for repetitive observations with moderate ground resolution. The Skylab flights used a wider range of electro-optical sensors and returned film cameras with moderate and high ground resolution. Data from these programs have been used successfully in many fields. For mineral resources, satellite observations have proven valuable in geologic mapping and in exploration for metal, oil, and gas deposits, generally as a guide for other (conventional) techniques. Water resource monitoring with satellite data has included hydrologic mapping, soil moisture studies, and snow surveys. Marine resources have been studied, with applications in the fishing industry and in ocean transportation. Agricultural applications, benefiting from the repetitive coverage possible with satellites, have been especially promising. Crop inventories are being conducted, as well as inventories of timber and rangeland. Overgrazing has been monitored in several areas. Finally, environmental quality has also proven susceptible to orbital remote sensing; several types of water pollution have been successfully monitored. The effects of mining and other activities on the land can also be studied. The future of orbital remote sensing in global monitoring of the Earth's resources seems assured. However, efforts to extend spectral range, increase resolution, and solve cloud-cover problems must be continued. Broad applications of computer analysis techniques are vital to handle the immense amount of information produced by satellite sensors.Abbreviations SSRERTS Symposium on Significant Results Obtained from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite - TERTSS Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Research Associate at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 1974/75.Goddard Space Flight Center     

IV. Water resource modelling using remote sensing and object-oriented simulation

Remote sensing technology has matured significantly over the past decade. Operational satellites provide reliable, periodic coverage for all areas of the Earth. Data from these satellites are in a digital format that provides enhanced flexibility in hydrological modelling. Considerable advances in acquiring hydrological data from airborne and in situ sensors have also been achieved. Additionally, data from non-traditional remote sources such as weather radar from which spatial and temporal rainfall rates may be estimated are widely available. These new data acquisition capabilities have been paralleled by equal advancements in digital array processing and geographic information systems, which allow the effective extraction of both temporal and spatial information. This paper examines the use of object-oriented programming techniques to create dynamic hydrological models, and explores their potential to receive real and near real-time data from remote sensors as input to improve hydrological forecasting. In particular, the COE SSARR model is used to illustrate how an established hydrological model may be adapted to create a dynamic object model.     

Low altitude remote-sensing method to monitor marine and beach litter of various colors using a balloon equipped with a digital camera

This study aims to establish a low-altitude remote sensing system for surveying litter on a beach or the ocean using a remote-controlled digital camera suspended from a balloon filled with helium gas. The resultant images are processed to identify the litter using projective transformation method and color difference in the CIELUV color space. Low-altitude remote sensing experimental observations were conducted on two locations in Japan. Although the sizes of the litter and the areas covered are distorted in the original photographs taken at various angles and heights, the proposed image process system is capable of identifying object positions with a high degree of accuracy (1-3 m). Furthermore, the color difference approach in the CIELUV color space used in this study is well capable of extracting pixels of litter objects of various colors allowing us to estimate the number of objects from the photographs.     

Conceptual study of lunar-based SAR for global change monitoring

As an active microwave remote sensing imaging sensor, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) plays an important role in earth observation. Here we establish a SAR system based on the platform of the moon. This will aid large-scale, constant, and long-term dynamic Earth observations to better meet the needs of global change research and to complement the space borne and airborne earth observations. Lunar-based SAR systems have the characteristics of high resolution and wide swath width. The swath width could be thousands of kilometers in the stripe mode and it could cover 40% of earth’s surface with 10 meters or even higher spatial resolution in the scanning mode. Using the simplified observation model, here we quantitatively analyze the spatial resolution and coverage area of lunar-based SAR and simulate the observation on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the Amazon plain. The results show that this system could provide near 100% daily coverage of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, whereas 40% to 70% daily coverage of the Amazon plain. Lunar-based SAR could provide large-scale, long-term and stable time series data in order to support future research of global change.     

网络化油气藏动态实时监测系统研究

设计了一种网络化油气藏动态实时监测系统,该系统将光纤传感器安置在油井下,完成井下目的层温度、压力等参数模拟信号的实时测量;然后经过数据处理系统将模拟信号转化为数字信号,提取出温度压力等参数;并通过GPRS 无线通信网络传输到监测中心或Internet上,实现油气藏的远程监测,协助油藏管理人员及时准确地做出决策.     

Development of airborne oil thickness measurements

A laboratory sensor has now been developed to measure the absolute thickness of oil on water slicks. This prototype oil slick thickness measurement system is known as the laser-ultrasonic remote sensing of oil thickness (LURSOT) sensor. This laser opto-acoustic sensor is the initial step in the ultimate goal of providing an airborne sensor with the ability to remotely measure oil-on-water slick thickness. The LURSOT sensor employs three lasers to produce and measure the time-of-flight of ultrasonic waves in oil and hence provide a direct measurement of oil slick thickness. The successful application of this technology to the measurement of oil slick thickness will benefit the scientific community as a whole by providing information about the dynamics of oil slick spreading and the spill responder by providing a measurement of the effectiveness of spill countermeasures such as dispersant application and in situ burning.

This paper will provide a review of early developments and discuss the current state-of-the-art in the field of oil slick thickness measurement.     

Land cover classification of remote sensing imagery based on interval-valued data fuzzy c-means algorithm

There is a certain degree of ambiguity associated with remote sensing as a means of performing earth observations.Using interval-valued data to describe clustering prototype features may be more suitable for handling the fuzzy nature of remote sensing data,which is caused by the uncertainty and heterogeneity in the surface spectral reflectance of ground objects.After constructing a multi-spectral interval-valued model of source data and defining a distance measure to achieve the maximum dissimilarity between intervals,an interval-valued fuzzy c-means(FCM)clustering algorithm that considers both the functional characteristics of fuzzy clustering algorithms and the interregional features of ground object spectral reflectance was applied in this study.Such a process can significantly improve the clustering effect;specifically,the process can reduce the synonym spectrum phenomenon and the misclassification caused by the overlap of spectral features between classes of clustering results.Clustering analysis experiments aimed at land cover classification using remote sensing imagery from the SPOT-5 satellite sensor for the Pearl River Delta region,China,and the TM sensor for Yushu,Qinghai,China,were conducted,as well as experiments involving the conventional FCM algorithm,the results of which were used for comparative analysis.Next,a supervised classification method was used to validate the clustering results.The final results indicate that the proposed interval-valued FCM clustering is more effective than the conventional FCM clustering method for land cover classification using multi-spectral remote sensing imagery.