LN-3型数字水位仪传感准确性现场检查技术的改进

LN-3型数字水位仪目前占据着我国地震水位动态观测新技术的主导地位(中国地震局监测预报司,2002)。它主要用于地震地下流体高精度井孔水位观测和同层水温观测。其水位传感器为GPR-1型设入式水位传感器,利用测量液体内部压强的方法来测量水位。传感     

五里营氦气受水位影响分析

延庆地震台五里营井逸出氦气受该井动水位异常变化影响,每日数据扰动大,影响原来的日变形态.对仪器的集气装置进行改造,把地面集气改为水下集气.既解决氦气受水位异常变化的影响问题,减小观测环境变化对氦气观测的影响,提高观测质量,对今后可能记录的地震前兆信息提供保障,对其他有此测项的台站有一定借鉴意义.     

清水地震台地下流体观测资料的分析应用

清水地震台目前有3个测点,有流量、水氡、水位、水温4种手段（5个测项）,是数字和模拟观测同时进行的地下流体综合观测台。通过对该台各种资料的分析发现,流量观测资料在甘肃及邻区多次中强震之前出现明显的高值异常;水氡观测资料也有异常出现。自1999年之后,水氡测点附近地区由于大量开采热水,对观测资料造成明显干扰;水位观测资料除记录到较明显的固体潮现象外,还记录到大震的同震效应;水温观测资料也记录到某些大震的同震效应。     

平凉C11井地下流体数字化观测资料的分析

C11井是甘肃唯一一口数字和模拟观测同时并行的地下流体观测井, 2001年9月开始数字观测正式产出资料, 与模拟观测相比, 数字化观测数据信息量大, 传输速度快, 人为误差小。 该文分析了平凉C11井数字化水位、 气压、 水温等测项观测资料。 结果表明, 数字水位动态与模拟水位动态一致性较好、 数字水位与数字气压动态之间相关性较好, 数字水温与模拟水温的动态一致性不如水位好; 数字水位的潮汐效应非常明显, M₂波潮汐因子相当稳定(平均值1.1538), 相对误差较小(平均值0.0215)。     

浙江地下流体在汶川8．0级地震中的映震效应研究

通过“十五”改造,浙江省目前有地震地下流体观测台站5个,10项测项,主要是水位,水温和水氡。在2008年5月12日四川汶川8．0级地震中有明显映震效应的台站为100％,测项为80％。水氡测值表现为临震向上突跳异常,最大异常幅度达23．7％,创历史之最;水温测项主要出现临震突跳或阶跃;水位测项主要是同震效应现象,为水震波引起的脉冲和阶跃变化。认为同震效应可能是地震发生后地震波传播引起的含水层弹性形变所致。并且认为观测效果不一定是井位越深越好,而是要看含水层封闭情况和仪器观测传感器的位置,没有明显的优劣之分。好的静水位观测井记录的水震波效果明显优于动水位观测井。由于前兆数字化仪器采样率相对较底（1次／min）,记录数据缺失较多,记录的同震变化波形不完整,很难进一步分析。     

数字地震深井水温水位观测系统的研发与应用

菏泽市地震局研制开发的数字地震深井水温水位观测系统,观测数据连续可靠,趋势变化平稳,微动态显示清晰,基本无干扰现象,设备安装方便简捷。     

2022年芦山MS 6.1、马尔康MS 6.0地震井水位、水温同震响应特征

基于全国地震地下流体台网数据,分析了芦山M_S 6.1、马尔康M_S 6.0地震引起的地下流体井水位、水温同震响应特征。结果表明,对于芦山M_S 6.1地震水位同震响应观测井数量较多,以上升变化为主,同震变化幅度较大;而对于马尔康M_S 6.0地震水位同震响应观测井数量较少,以振荡为主,变化幅度较小;2次地震引起的水位同震响应能力均强于水温测项,水温记录同震响应的前提是同井能记录到水位同震变化;2组地震引起的同震响应特征差异主要与震源机制解、台站分布密度、同震响应机理不同等有关。     

日本9级地震前后五大连池流体异常分析

通过对五大连池流体观测资料的分析,发现在日本2011年3月11日9．0级地震前后,流体观测数据不论是震前、震时、震后均出现了不同的变化,通过对比分析发现,对同一地震的反应,不同测项水位、水温反应不相同,同一测项水温不同深度亦不相同。     

张道口地震台水物理测项干扰分析

地震前兆台网观测数据跟踪分析是地震预报的重要基础,对观测数据干扰进行分析排除是提取地震前兆信息的核心。通过对张道口地震台2015～2018年水物理观测数据受干扰情况分析,及时发现和总结观测数据存在的各种问题,将干扰分为人为干扰、系统干扰、自然干扰、场地环境4种类型,并将6种具体干扰分别归纳到了相应的干扰类型,找出了干扰的特征,描述了干扰的过程,分析了引起干扰的具体原因,阐释了干扰对水温水位前兆数据观测造成的影响,并对干扰的过程进行了相关的验证,提出了避免干扰的技术措施。通过对水位水温干扰全方位的分析研究,能够促进对地震前兆信息的处理,以期快速准确地识别并排除前兆干扰,为全国其它地震台水位水温干扰分析提供一定的科学依据和技术支持,夯实通过水物理测项预报地震的基础。     

甘肃省地下水观测资料效能评估结果分析

对甘肃省19个水位测项、3个流量测点、13个水温测点(18个测项)的观测资料,从观测资料质量、基础资料、震例应用等方面来进行总体分析评估(90分以上、A级:80分以上B级:60分以上C:60分以下D级)。水位(流量)评估结果为A级4个测点,B级6个测点,C级8个测点。另外2个测点由于资料报送不及时未评估,1个测点仪器故障停测。水温评估结果为A级1个测项,B级10个测项,C级6个测项,D级1个测项。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...