9403号热带气旋综合分析

从天气形势、能量场的角度分析９４０３号热带气旋移动路径发生转向的原因有：（１）冷空气西路南下，阻止热带气旋向西移动；（２）高空槽东移、副高减弱东撤、引导气流发生变化；（３）热带气旋沿高能轴（舌）移动。造成玉林地区出现大暴雨的主要原因是：（１）热带气旋中心从玉林地区经过；（２）出现了典型的北槽南台的形势；（３）偏北、偏东、偏西南气流的强辐合；（４）热带气旋移速慢。     

西北太平洋热带气旋移动路径的年际变化及其机理研究

利用JTWC的热带气旋资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析的风场资料以及Scripps海洋研究所的海温资料分析了西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)移动路径的年际变化及其机理。结果表明,西北太平洋TC移动路径有明显的年际变化并与西太平洋暖池热状态有很密切的关系。当西太平洋暖池处于暖状态,西北太平洋上空TC移动路径偏西,影响中国的台风个数偏多;相反,当西太平洋暖池处于冷状态,西北太平洋的TC移动路径偏东,影响日本的台风个数偏多,而影响中国的台风个数可能偏少。本研究以西太平洋暖池处于冷状态的2004年与西太平洋暖池处于暖状态的2006年的西北太平洋TC移动路径的差别进一步论证了这一分析结果并从动力理论方面分析了在西太平洋暖池不同热状态下,季风槽对赤道西传天气尺度的Rossby重力混合波转变成热带低压型波动(TD型波动)的影响,以此揭示西太平洋暖池的热状态对西北太平洋TC生成位置与移动路径年际变化的影响机理。分析结果表明,当西北太平洋暖池处于暖状态时,季风槽偏西,使得热带太平洋上空对流层低层Rossby重力混合波转变成TD型波动的位置也偏西,从而造成TC生成平均位置偏西,并易于出现西行路径;相反,当西太平洋暖池处于冷状态时,季风槽偏东,这造成了对流层低层Rossby重力混合波转变成TD型波动的区域,以及TC生成的平均位置都偏东,从而导致TC移动路径以东北转向为主。     

热带大气季节内振荡对西北太平洋地区热带气旋路径的影响

利用NOAA的逐日OLR场资料、ECMWF逐日风场(850 hPa)资料、以及美国联合台风预报中心(JTWC)的热带气旋(TC)数据,参考Wheeler和Hendon提出的MJO指数,通过Combined-EOF方法定义热带20～90 d振荡(ISO)的指数,对西北太平洋(WNP)区域进行ISO不同相位的划分,深入研究西北太平洋地区ISO对于热带气旋(TC)路径变化的影响。研究结果表明,在ISO东风位相中,在ISO反气旋性环流东北侧气流影响下,西太副高南侧偏东气流较弱,生成在副高中的TC在140 °E以东转折的比率较大;而在西风位相,副高南侧偏东气流受ISO气旋性环流影响加强,生成在该区域的TC在偏东气流引导下首先向西,当西北移动至近海区域后,在西南季风气流以及副高西侧偏东南气流的共同作用下,容易发生顺时针的北折,因而在140 °E以西转折类的TC比率较高。还分析了台风个例中的ISO流场形势,发现当ISO气旋(反气旋)性环流中心与热带气旋中心重合时,热带气旋路径会发生突然的右折。      

对东海热带气旋登陆后路径趋势的若干探讨

应用相关分析与合成分析方法分析了影响东海热带气旋登陆后路径趋势的若干因素,结果表明：登陆后路径趋势随时间和登陆地点的变化分布说明热带气旋登陆后路径仍受基本气流的引导和制约;热带气旋登陆时的惯性和地转力的变化对东海热带气旋登陆后的路径趋势有一定影响;环境场及其变化对东海热带气旋登陆后路径有较大影响,尤其对流层中层流场对登陆后的热带气旋的移动仍有明显的引导作用;中国东部至黄海区域是环境场影响东海热带气旋登陆路径趋势的关键区,当区域内的西北太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,西风槽北撤时,东海热带气旋登陆后在副高南侧东风气流引导下向内陆西行至消亡,当区域内副高减弱东退,西风槽南压时,东海热带气旋登陆后受副高西侧偏南气流与西风槽前西南气流引导转向后入海;东海热带气旋登陆前的环境场对登陆后路径趋势影响相对较小,登陆后12～24小时是登陆后路径趋势受环境场影响的敏感时段,环境场的变化对登陆后路径趋势的影响要比当前环境场的影响超前6小时。     

两次西行热带气旋影响云南的诊断分析

运用中央气象台台风实时业务定位数据、云南省124个国家气象站降水实况和NCEP再分析资料(水平分辨率1°×1°,时间分辨率逐6 h),对比分析了1213号台风启德和1309号强热带风暴飞燕影响云南的路径、环流场、云图、水汽条件、动力条件等特征。结果表明：“启德”影响云南期间青藏高压位置偏西,副热带高压呈带状,热带气旋（TC）位于副热带高压西南侧的东南风到偏东风中,引导气流有利于台风取偏西路径影响云南。而“飞燕”影响时青藏高压位置偏东,副热带高压呈块状,TC位于副热带高压西侧的偏南风中,引导气流有利于热带低压取西北路径影响云南,从而使得“飞燕”影响时云南中部处于气旋性风场中,西南气流和副热带高压外围偏南气流两支气流汇集在此,在云南中部也产生了较强降水。两个TC影响云南时对流层中低层保持了较大的水汽输送。水汽主要来自于其本身、南海洋面和孟加拉湾。水汽辐合中心处于低压倒槽的槽前,随着系统自东向西影响云南的中部及以南地区。强降水区低层辐合、高层辐散,强上升运动为降水提供了有利的动力机制,释放了不稳定能量。因此,做好青藏高压和副热带高压的形态、位置的预报有利于把握登陆后热带低压的移动路径,从而准确预报降水强度和落区。     

两个移速快、强度强、路径相似的台风过程分析

0814强台风"HAGUPIT"和9615台风"SALLY"具有移速快、强度强、路径相似的特点,通过分析得出,500 hPa不断加强的大陆副热带高压,南侧偏东引导气流加强,使热带气旋移速不断加快,而且与热带气旋同向移动增强的副热带高压,使其移速更快。越赤道气流增强和维持,给热带气旋不断输送能量,对流层高层强辐散,弱纬向风垂直切变都有利于热带气旋显著加强和维持。     

局地海表温度异常影响热带气旋路径的模拟研究

本文以热带气旋"鲇鱼"(2010)为例,利用WRF模式和"鲇鱼"移动路径上不同的局地海表温度(SST)强迫进行了敏感性数值模拟。控制试验(CTRL)采用NCEP的SST强迫,敏感性试验分别在"鲇鱼"登陆菲律宾前的路径上增加(EXP1)和减小(EXP2)SST。结果表明:CTRL试验模拟的热带气旋路径与实况非常一致,EXP1试验模拟的热带气旋路径提前转向,移动路径偏东,EXP2试验模拟的热带气旋路径转向滞后,且移动路径偏西。对SST异常导致热带气旋路径出现差异的原因分析发现,热带气旋在吕宋岛东侧经过异常暖SST海面时,热带气旋强度增强,产生异常的正涡度平流,且500 h Pa以上凝结潜热释放增强副热带高压敏感区出现温度场的正异常,500h Pa以下水凝物的混合和蒸发作用增强造成副热带高压敏感区温度场的负异常,加之正的异常涡度平流和异常的上暖下冷温度场配置使得500 h Pa位势高度降低,副热带高压强度减弱,副热带高压西伸范围减小,导致热带气旋提前向北转向,移动路径偏东。反之,当热带气旋在吕宋岛东侧经过异常冷SST海面时,副热带高压西伸范围扩大,导致热带气旋向北转向滞后,路径偏西。     

2004年西北太平洋热带气旋的活动特点与成因研究

对2004年台风汛期西北太平洋热带气旋的活动特点进行研究总结，进而对其成因做了分析。结果指出：2004年西北太平洋热带气旋主要特点是生成总数较常年略偏多，热带气旋生命史普遍较长、：生成时间相对集中、生成源地偏东，转向路径偏多，登陆气旋数多于常年平均值，登陆地段集中且偏北，集中在华东到日本一带。其成因在于：（1）副高面积偏大、强度偏强、位置偏北且西伸脊偏西，同时副高分布形态多呈块状，使得2004年台风的高频活动区向北偏移，直接对华东到日本一带造成威胁，乃至正面登陆影响；（2）澳大利亚高压强大，越赤道气流强，赤道辐合带辐合偏强、位置偏东，造成台风活动比较活跃且源地偏东；（3）西风带环流经向度较常年偏大而且副高多呈块状分布，东西两环副高之间形成的鞍型场有利于台风过此通道北上转向，导致转向台风偏多。     

环境气流及非绝热加热对热带气旋结构和移动的影响

设计一个三层的准地转斜压模式,研究了不同结构环境气流和环境非绝热加热场中热带气旋移动路径和结构的特征.数值试验的结果表明:(1)无外界影响下热带气旋向西北方向移动,垂直速度场有明显的螺旋结构;(2)热带气旋主要受基本环境气流引导,非对称环流中的小扰动干扰了热带气旋的移动;(3)非绝热加热场对热带气旋影响较大,热带气旋有向加热中心移动的倾向,同时热带气旋的水平、垂直结构都有较大的变化.     

2010年6月中下旬南方暴雨过程变形场作用分析

利用常规原始报文资料,采用基于Lanczos窗口滤波器的合成分析方法,对2010年6月13-27日的形势场、物理量进行合成分析,计算并分析了低空合成风场的总变形.结果表明:500 hPa大陆中、高纬地区存在一“Ω”形类阻塞高压,西北冷空气从其东部源源不断向长江及以南地区输送,与副热带高压西北侧的西南暖湿气流在我国南方地区交汇.700、850 hPa大陆高压与西太平洋副热带高压之间形成的鞍型场,位于长江以南地区,鞍型场鞍点附近及其东部膨胀轴是暴雨发生的主要区域.在南方地区上空200 hPa西北气流辐散产生的抽吸作用,对这次长时间、高强度的降水起了重要作用.发生在鞍型场和切变线上的低空中尺度气旋,是造成暴雨的重要天气系统.鞍型场膨胀轴附近,总变形最大,其位置、走向均与雨带基本一致,有利于锋生和中尺度气旋形成.低空冷暖气流交汇区域形成低空强θse梯度,在垂直剖面图上,等θse线呈现十分倾斜状态,该区域强θse水平梯度与低空总变形、正涡度区一致,可能是特大暴雨发生的重要因素.     

A Study on the Dynamic Mechanism of the Formation of Mesoscale Vortex in Col Field

The mesoscale vortex associated with a mesoscale low-level jet(mLLJ) usually causes heavy rainfall in the col field.The col field is defined as a region between two highs and two lows,with the isobaric surface similar to a col.Using a two-dimensional shallow water model,the meso-β scale vortex couplets(MβVCs) induced by eight types of mesoscale wind perturbations in an ideal col field were numerically simulated.With the sizes of ～100 km,the MβVCs induced by northerly perturbation(NP) and southerly perturbation(SP) moved toward the col point.The sizes of MβVCs induced by southwesterly perturbation(SWP),southeasterly perturbation(SEP),northwesterly perturbation(NWP),and northeasterly perturbation(NEP) were relatively small for the perturbations moving toward dilatation axis.The MβVC induced by easterly perturbation(EP) and westerly perturbation(WP) could not develop because they quickly moved away from the col point,before the circulation could form.The size of the circulation was determined by the distance between the vortex and the col point.The closer to the col point the vortex was,the larger the size of vortex.The comparisons of maximum vorticity and vorticity root mean square error(RMSE) of the NP,the SWP,and the WP show that the maximum vorticity and the vorticity RMSE of the NP decreased slower than other perturbations.Therefore,the weak environment of the col field favors the maintenance of vorticity and the formation of vortex.When a mesoscale vortex forms near the col point or moves toward the col point,it may maintain a quasi-stationary state in the stable col field.     

1109号“梅花”台风对辽宁降水的影响分析

利用逐日NCEP再分析、常规观测、加密自动站、卫星云图及多普勒雷达等资料,分析了1109号台风“梅花”路径、结构和降水变化的原因,并对“梅花”的物理量特征进行了诊断分析.结果表明:副热带高压外围引导气流较强时,台风沿引导气流方向行进,引导气流较弱时,台风受高空槽的吸引,移动路径产生向西的分量;中低层冷空气的侵入,破坏了台风自上而下的暖心、不对称结构,呈现上暖下冷的稳定结构,趋于向温带气旋变性.“梅花”影响辽宁前期,主要受台风外围气流影响,水汽厚度浅薄,但维持时间长,产生的累计雨量较大.后期台风残余云系,在冷空气的作用下,冷暖空气交界处激发出整层上升运动,同时在台风外围水汽、偏南季风水汽共同作用下水汽厚度增加,更充沛的水汽来源为更强降水提供了有利的水汽条件,在辽宁中南部产生暴雨大暴雨天气.此外,雷达、自动站反映的中尺度切变、涡旋,为对流系统发展起到了触发作用.     

Assessing the Influence of the ENSO on Tropical Cyclone Prevailing Tracks in the Western North Pacific

Using a statistical model for simulating tropical cyclone (TC) formation and a trajectory model for simulating TC tracks, the influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the peak-season (July-September) TC prevailing tracks in the western North Pacific basin is assessed based on 14 selected El Nino and 14 selected La Nina years during the period 1950-2007. It is found that the combination of statistical formation model and a trajectory model can simulate well the primary features of TC prevai...     

西北太平洋不同路径下热带气旋快速加强统计特征及影响因子分析

利用2002—2011年JTWC最佳路径资料和NCEP的1°×1°全球最终分析资料以及热带气旋年鉴,分析了西北太平洋不同路径下热带气旋(TC)快速加强(RI)的时空分布特征,并对不同路径下快速加强(RITC)和缓慢加强(Non-RITC)两组TC进行合成分析和对比分析。结果表明:转向路径发生RI频率最大,且转向路径中西转向的TC最易发生RI过程;其次是东北和西北行路径。在时间分布上,各个路径下RI的月际和日变化具有不同的位相分布特征;在空间分布上,大多数RI过程发生在菲律宾和台湾岛以东洋面,西行路径在南海北部也出现较多RI过程,转向路径RI过程多发生在转向处。各个路径下RITC与Non-RITC环境场存在较明显差异,RITC对流层上层的南亚高压相对较弱,中低层副高相对较强,对流层低层存在较大的相对湿度,且湿度大值区域位于TC移动方向前侧。不同路径下的快速加强的环境影响因素也有所不同。     

2009—2015年ECMWF热带气旋集合预报的检验及分析

本文从四个方面检验分析了ECMWF 2009—2015年西北太平洋热带气旋集合平均预报性能。结果表明：集合预报对路径的预测能力逐年提高,对强度预报整体偏弱。随着热带气旋强度增强,集合预报对移速和移向的预测能力提高,而移向预报偏左、移速预报偏慢、强度预测偏弱的现象较明显。将影响热带气旋的引导气流分为偏强、中等、偏弱三类,引导气流偏弱时热带气旋移动偏慢,因此移向预报的不确定性大;而引导气流偏强时热带气旋移向明确,只是移速预报不稳定。进入南海的三类路径热带气旋,集合预报对西行、西北行两类的移速、移向预报效果较好,而西行后北折的预报较差,在热带气旋北折前,移向预报发散度很大,向北转折后移向趋于稳定,移速预报的误差相对较大。这几种情形的检验结果,在热带气旋集合预报的业务应用中值得注意。     

THE EFFECTS OF BOGUS TYPHOON AND OBSERVED OCEANIC DATA ON THE ABILITY OF T_(213)L_(31) TO PREDICT TC TRACK

The abilities of typhoon (TC) track prediction by a medium-range forecast model T213L31 at National Meteorological Center are analyzed and its ability to improve its TC forecasts is discussed. The results show that about 57% of the TCs could be predicted by T213L31 but the initial position errors are large.The 43% area without the prediction of TC tracks is concentrated between 13°N and 20°N and east of 120°E and lack of conventional observation data is the main reason for the absence of TC prediction in this area.The adding of bogus TC could improve the ability of TC track prediction when there is no TC vortex in the analysis field, but could only have positive effects on the short-range TC track prediction when there is TC vortex in the T213L31 analysis field.     

An Application of the Adjoint Method to a Statistical-Dynamical Tropical-Cyclone Prediction Model (SD–90) II: Real Tropical Cyclone Cases

In the first paper in this series, a variational data assimilation of ideal tropical cyclone (TC) tracks was performed for the statistical-dynamical prediction model SD-90 by the adjoint method, and a prediction of TC tracks was made with good accuracy for tracks containing no sharp turns. In the present paper, the cases of real TC tracks are studied. Due to the complexity of TC motion, attention is paid to the diagnostic research of TC motion. First, five TC tracks are studied. Using the data of each entire TC track, by the adjoint method, five TC tracks are fitted well, and the forces acting on the TCs are retrieved. For a given TC, the distribution of the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force well matches the corresponding TC track, i.e., when a TC turns, the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force acts as a centripetal force, which means that the TC indeed moves like a particle; in particular, for TC 9911, the clockwise looping motion is also fitted well. And the distribution of the resultant appears to be periodic in some cases. Then, the present method is carried out for a portion of the track data for TC 9804, which indicates that when the amount of data for a TC track is sufficient, the algorithm is stable. And finally, the same algorithm is implemented for TCs with a double-eyewall structure, namely Bilis (2000) and Winnie (1997), and the results prove the applicability of the algorithm to TCs with complicated mesoscale structures if the TC track data are obtained every three hours.     

An Application of the Adjoint Method to a Statistical-Dynamical Tropical-Cyclone Prediction Model (SD-90) Ⅱ: Real Tropical Cyclone Cases

In the first paper in this series, a variational data assimilation of ideal tropical cyclone (TC) tracks was performed for the statistical-dynamical prediction model SD-90 by the adjoint method, and a prediction of TC tracks was made with good accuracy for tracks containing no sharp turns. In the present paper, the cases of real TC tracks are studied. Due to the complexity of TC motion, attention is paid to the diagnostic research of TC motion. First, five TC tracks are studied. Using the data of each entire TC track, by the adjoint method, five TC tracks are fitted well, and the forces acting on the TCs are retrieved. For a given TC, the distribution of the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force well matches the corresponding TC track, i.e., when a TC turns, the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force acts as a centripetal force, which means that the TC indeed moves like a particle; in particular, for TC 9911, the clockwise looping motion is also fitted well. And the distribution of the resultant appears to be periodic in some cases. Then, the present method is carried out for a portion of the track data for TC 9804, which indicates that when the amount of data for a TC track is sufficient, the algorithm is stable. And finally, the same algorithm is implemented for TCs with a double-eyewall structure, namely Bilis (2000) and Winnie (1997),and the results prove the applicability of the algorithm to TCs with complicated mesoscale structures if the TC track data are obtained every three hours.     

位涡倾向在Muifa台风路径转折中的应用

利用ECMWF资料诊断分析了位涡倾向方程中的水平平流项和非绝热加热项分别在Muifa台风两次路径转折中的作用。结果表明:第一次路径转折过程中,非绝热加热项的量级比水平平流项小一个量级,水平平流项所表征的外部大尺度环流因素是第一次路径转折的主要原因;第二次路径转向过程由水平平流项和非绝热加热项共同控制,其中水平平流项控制台风的移向,非绝热加热项表征的内部非对称结构对台风转向有抑制作用。     

Influence of future tropical cyclone track changes on their basin-wide intensity over the western North Pacific: Downscaled CMIP5 projections

The possible changes of tropical cyclone(TC) tracks and their influence on the future basin-wide intensity of TCs over the western North Pacific(WNP) are examined based on the projected large-scale environments derived from a selection of CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models. Specific attention is paid to the performance of the CMIP5 climate models in simulating the large-scale environment for TC development over the WNP. A downscaling system including individual models for simulating the TC track and intensity is used to select the CMIP5 models and to simulate the TC activity in the future.The assessment of the future track and intensity changes of TCs is based on the projected large-scale environment in the21 st century from a selection of nine CMIP5 climate models under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5(RCP4.5)scenario. Due to changes in mean steering flows, the influence of TCs over the South China Sea area is projected to decrease,with an increasing number of TCs taking a northwestward track. Changes in prevailing tracks and their contribution to basin-wide intensity change show considerable inter-model variability. The influences of changes in prevailing track make a marked contribution to TC intensity change in some models, tending to counteract the effect of SST warming. This study suggests that attention should be paid to the simulated large-scale environment when assessing the future changes in regional TC activity based on climate models. In addition, the change in prevailing tracks should be considered when assessing future TC intensity change.