西行热带气旋影响云南降水的统计特征

利用《西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴检索系统》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、云南日降水资料、西北太平洋热带气旋及降水分布资料,分析了1959—2007年影响云南高原降水的西北太平洋西行热带气旋的气候特征及大尺度环流背景。结果表明:云南几乎每年都受到西行热带气旋的影响,年代际分布总体呈下降趋势,且发生在7—9月最多;热带气旋的影响波及云南大部,影响滇东南较多,以登陆的南海台风为主,其登陆地点主要为海南和广东,且多数进入北部湾;影响路径划分为5类,其中广东登陆类最多、影响最大;各种强度的热带气旋均可造成全省性强降水,其中超强台风的影响最多最大。环流背景表现为:100 hPa南亚高压呈西部型分布时,有利于西北太平洋TC西行影响低纬高原;500 hPa中纬度以纬向环流为主,低纬度热带地区季风低压、热带辐合带(ITCZ)较为活跃,当副热带高压西脊点西伸到云南东北部、或外围反气旋扩大到青藏高原、或副热带高压与青藏高压合并,均有利于TC西行深入内陆。     

1965-2010年7-9月影响中国的热带气旋降水变化趋势分析

利用中国气象局逐日台站降水和上海台风研究所最佳台风路径等资料,对1965—2010年夏季(7—9月)影响中国热带气旋降水的变化趋势及影响机制进行了分析。热带气旋降水主要影响中国东部和南部,夏季平均的热带气旋降水由沿海向内陆,由东南向西北递减。自1965年以来,夏季影响中国的热带气旋降水呈现华东及东南沿海增多,华南沿海、海南岛以及西南地区减少的变化趋势。分析发现,一方面夏季西北太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,导致同期中国东部地区上空水汽辐合增强;另一方面热带气旋的引导气流发生变化,使夏季热带气旋盛行路径由南海向东亚沿岸偏移,这两个因子的共同作用致使影响中国的热带气旋降水发生变化。     

秋季台风“纳沙”大范围暴雨的机制研究

利用T213、ECMWF数值预报资料和热带气旋历史资料,对1117号强台风“纳沙”造成广西持续大范围暴雨的成因进行分析,造成广西大范围暴雨的主要原因是:“纳沙”登陆后,副热带高压强大,台风环流与副热带高压之间气压梯度增大,其右侧辐合加强,深厚偏东气流给台风输送了大量的水汽和能量,西南风急流与副高西侧强东南气流形成辐合,北方冷空气从低层南下,东北风与台风后部的东南风形成切变产生对流降水;加上台风自身带来的降水、急流降水以及冷空气入侵降水三部分相接,组成了“纳沙”影响期间的持续性强降水过程.     

华东登陆热带气旋降水不同分布的对比分析

利用CMORPH降水资料，将热带气旋（TC）登陆后的降水分为路径左侧降水（L型）和右侧降水（R型）两类，并针对登陆华东地区TC的 L型和R型降水的大气环流场、环境水平风垂直切变以及台风环流内的动热力条件进行对比分析，结果表明:2005～2014年间登陆华东地区的20例TC中包括12例L型和8例R型。总体来看，大气环流因子对于登陆华东TC降水分布起主要作用。L型降水TC高层南亚高压主要呈纬向带状分布，在登陆过程中路径左侧维持偏东风高空辐散气流，中层西风槽偏东，西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）偏南，环境水平风垂直切变指向西南。R型降水TC高层南亚高压断裂，呈经向分布。TC路径左侧风场较均匀，右侧东南风高空辐散气流明显。副高的位置偏北呈块状，同时环境水平风垂直切变指向东北，有利于路径右侧降水。台风环流内，低层冷暖平流输送以及水汽辐合与降水落区也有较好对应关系。L型TC低层暖平流的输送使TC西南象限低层增暖，大气稳定度降低。同时水汽辐合区也主要位于西南象限，有利于TC路径左侧降水。而R型TC副高位置偏北可将南侧的东南暖湿气流向台风环流更西部输送，东北象限维持暖平流，有利于路径右侧降水发生。     

登陆热带气旋引发云南强降水的环境场特征

应用《西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴检索系统》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及云南降水资料,对1959-2007年热带气旋(以下简称TC)西行登陆引发的云南强降水过程进行了分类统计,得到4类TC强降水环流模型,分别是TC低压环流型、TC低压外围或倒槽型、TC低压与低槽冷空气相互作用型和TC与两高辐合相互作用型.环境场特征显示,100 hPa南亚高压中心位置在90°E以西,高空东风急流提供了强大的辐散场,低空西南季风气流与TC环流相连接,高低层涡度差呈负值区分布,使TC低压环流在陆上维持或强度减弱缓慢;西南季风气流中的低空急流、副热带高压外围及TC低压东部的偏南急流共同作用,向云南输送充沛的水汽和能量,是登陆TC强降水产生的重要天气系统配置形势;强降水分布在低空急流左侧,TC低压或倒槽西北侧的正涡度中心附近;冷空气南下进入云南,增加了大气斜压不稳定,使TC外围降水增强.     

登陆青岛的热带气旋及其降水特征分析

利用中国台风年鉴资料、地面及探空观测资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析数据以及NERA-GOOS海温数据,首先分析了1949—2019年在青岛登陆的四个热带气旋特征,然后对1909号台风“利奇马”对山东半岛造成的降水强度差异进行对比研究。分析表明:1)1949年以来有4个台风于8月以登陆北上和登陆转向路径在青岛登陆,其在中高纬均是纬向环流占优的大尺度环流形势,副热带高压主体维持在我国东部沿海上空,中心强度较常年偏强,西伸脊线在30°～36°N之间摆动,青岛沿海海域表现为27 ℃以上的暖洋面特征。2)来自中高纬的冷空气和热带系统在青岛相互作用的差异,副热带高压强度和中心位置的不同是影响登陆台风降水差异的主要原因。3)1909号台风“利奇马”对潍坊降水的影响主要发生在台风与西风槽相互作用过程中,对青岛则表现为台风低压环流前部东南气流的影响。4)台风过程中潍坊和青岛均具有较好的水汽条件和对流不稳定层结,但动力抬升条件差异明显:潍坊位于东北风和东南风辐合区以及水汽通量辐合大值区内,具有较强的水平风垂直切变和上升运动;青岛没有冷空气侵入,但低空和超低空强盛的东南风急流为青岛暴雨提供了充沛的水汽供应和大气层结不稳定条件。     

两次西行热带气旋影响云南降水对比分析

利用常规观测资料、中国气象局上海台风研究所(CMA-STI)热带气旋最佳路径数据和FY-2C卫星云图观测资料,以0608台风派比安和0809强热带风暴北冕两个西行热带气旋影响云南降水为例,通过其路径、降水量、移动速度、环境场和物理量场的对比分析,结果表明:两次台风源地、移动路径及登陆地点、影响时段、最大降水落区相同,但影响时间长度、影响范围和造成的灾害程度后者强于前者;西南季风与热带辐合带(ITCZ)较活跃,副热带高压西伸增强,并有低空急流、辐合区配合台风低压环流共同作用是热带气旋导致云南强降水的重要天气背景;云图中尺度分析发现,多种系统的共同作用,导致台风环流持久不消,进而易激发多个α-中尺度对流系统(MαCS)和β-中尺度对流系统(MβCS)云团生成并持久维持,是台风低压强降水发生的直接原因;物理量场的诊断分析表明,活跃的季风系统,使孟加拉湾和南海构成强大的水汽通道,伴随低空急流的建立和增强,致使大量不稳定能量和水汽向云南输送,在云南形成条件性对称不稳定(CSI)和深厚斜压性的正反馈机制,是导致云南强降水的重要物理机制。     

两次西行台风对文山降水影响比较

利用MICAPS气象资料、雷达资料、中央气象台台风路径数据,以1208台风韦森特和1213台风启德2个西行热带气旋影响文山降水为例,通过对其路径、降水量、移动速度、环流场和物理量场的分析,结果表明:两次台风生成地、移动路径、最大降水落区相同,其东北侧均有强大的副热带高压,但"韦森特"影响前,文山州本地动力和能量条件较为有利,且其移动速度慢,对文山州影响的时间更长,范围更大,造成的灾害程度强于"启德"。2个热带气旋登陆后副高外侧没有偏南风急流配置,无水汽和能量输入,所以2个西行热带低压仅给文山州局部地区带来强降水。多普勒雷达回波显示,台风低压有明显较大尺度的气旋式螺旋带状回波结构,并伴有多条强回波短带的出现及合并;在多普勒雷达速度图上,持续的大风区和暖平流是造成此次暴雨过程的直接中小尺度天气系统。     

2013年影响广西热带气旋频数偏多的成因分析

使用1951—2013年NOAA OLR、NCEP/NCAR风场和高度场再分析资料、中国气象局热带气旋资料,分析2013年影响广西热带气旋数量偏多的原因。结果表明：2013年6—9月西太平洋副热带高压明显偏强,西伸脊点明显偏西,脊线略偏北,同时副热带高压南侧对流活跃,降水过程潜热释放有助于副热带高压位置偏北,这种形势非常有利于热带气旋向广西移动。索马里越赤道气流强劲,在南海及菲律宾与北太平洋反气旋西南侧的东南气流相遇,形成季风槽,非常有利于热带气旋生成频数偏多。热带低频强对流带在印度洋和西太平洋活动频繁,并分别向东向西移动;赤道东太平洋海温偏低;哈得来和沃克环流较常年偏强,沃克环流上升支位置偏西,这些也可能是2013年影响广西热带气旋数量偏多的原因之一。     

近54年影响清远热带气旋的气候及环流形势特征

利用清远7个气象观测站的1957—2010年历史气象资料和NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,对影响清远热带气旋(TC)的气候特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明:TC影响异常偏多年份,7—9月200 h Pa南亚高压偏强,高空辐散的抽吸作用对登陆台风低压的垂直运动和低空辐合上升运动有正贡献;500 h Pa副高主体呈带状,TC受副热带高压南侧东南气流操纵,向西北方向移动,常在广东沿海登陆;850 h Pa西南季风强盛,中低层的水汽输送明显增加,从而使台风低压环流在陆上维持或强度减弱缓慢。无TC影响年份500 h Pa副高呈方块状,面积宽广,南海和西太平洋受副热带高压控制,不利于TC生成。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.