NGC4051短时标光变的多波段同时性观测

探索活动星系的快速光变,是研究星系中心致密核结构及辐射机制的强有力手段。NGC4051是在X射线波段具有短时标(分—小时)光变的极少数活动星系之一。为进一验证X射线波段短时标光变的观测结果,也为了探索光学波段是否具有短时标光变及它们的相关性,我们于1985年5月13—15日分别在美国和中国对NGC4051进行了X射线波段及可见光波段的同时性联测。Martin博士和程福臻在美国利用EXOSAT卫星观测了NGC4051的X射线辐射;谢光中等人在云南天文台利用一米RCC望远镜及积分光度计进行了U波段的观测。结果如下:(1)软X射线的流量降低了13倍,而硬X射线的流量已小到探测不到(至少降低了203倍);(2)U波段在13日晚的观测表明NGC4051有一个时标～1200秒、振幅ΔU 0.11(±0.03)的短时标光变。这种光变共有四个事例,且光变曲线十分完整,由于标准误差σ=0.03,可信度已大于3σ。此外,这一结果还与P.E.Marshall等人在X—射线波段所得到的光变时标～1000秒相吻合,这似乎表明两个波段的光变可能具有相关性。     

X射线毫秒脉冲星J0437-4715的多波段观测研究

基于澳大利亚PARKES天文台射电数据和RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)中ASM (All Sky Monitor)的X射线数据对毫秒脉冲星J0437-4715进行两个波段的研究.对J0437-4715在射电波段的观测运用TEMP02软件对不同终端系统的计时数据进行校准,提高了计时模型精度.用结构函数法,利用RXTE全天候扫描ASM的观测数据,对J0437-4715在X射线波段的光变进行中长期研究,发现它在X射线波段存在一个620 d的光变周期.     

3C 454.3伽玛射线和近红外辐射延时分析

2008年秋天,3C 454.3在γ射线能段和光学波段呈现出非常大的爆发,在这次爆发过程中Fermi/LAT和SMARTS都对其进行了观测.通过对γ射线能段与SMARTS J及B波段在这次大爆发期间获得的光变数据进行细致的DCF分析发现:这段时期内3C 454.3的J波段光变落后γ射线光变大约2 d.在进行相关性分析过程中,对DCF做了稍许改进,得到一种改进的DCF-时间变换的离散相关函数(TDCF).TDCF的峰值在T=-1.66 d,无论是对TDCF取重心还是用非对称的高斯函数拟合,其结果都显示3C 454.3的J波段光变落后γ射线光变大约2d.FR/RSS Monte Carlo模拟结果也显示γ射线领先近红外(光学)光变.如果这个延时是由于电子辐射冷却产生的,那么逆康普顿散射的"种子"光子能量不能大于1.1 eV.这个延时也可能是由于辐射区域的大小不同引起的,2 d的延时反映了两个波段辐射区域的几何性质.高能与低能波段光变有较强的相关性证明这两个波段的辐射是由同一辐射区域产生的:γ射线辐射来自于辐射区域的内部,近红外辐射来自于包括γ射线辐射区域在内的更大区域.由于近红外的辐射区域大于γ射线辐射区域,引起光变的相对论激波传播到整个近红外辐射区域比传播到整个γ射线辐射区域所用的时间长;因此,观测到了J波段光变落后γ射线光变的现象.通过结构函数分析得到的两个波段的光变时标相差约2.5 d,这与大约2 d的延时符合得很好.     

Seyfert星系NGC4051的光变特性

为了配合EXOSAT对Seyfert星系NGC4051光变的观测,继1985年5月的多波段联测之后,我们又于1985年12月7日—9日对NGC4051进行了B波段及V波段的短时标光变的观测和研究,主要结果如下:(1)NGC4051在B波段有两个与X射线波段及U波段相对应的短时标光变,时标分别为4200秒和1800秒,振幅分别为ΔB≈0.21mag(±σ=0.04~m)和ΔB≈0.43mag(±σ=0.08~m),(2)V波段有一个时标为～2400秒,振幅为ΔV=0.07mag(±σ=0.07~m)的短时标光变,(3)结合X射线波段及U波段的观测,我们发现,NGC4051的光变时标随着波长的增大而增大。     

3C 273、3C 279与3C 345光变的比较与分析

Blazar 3C 345的红移以及从射电到X射线波段的能谱等方面与伽玛射线源3C 279很相似,但是EGRET却没有探测到来自3C 345的辐射.从光变幅度(8GHz、22GHz,37GHz和B波段),光学最小光变时标和不同波段间的时间延迟3个方面,比较3C 345与伽玛射线源3C 279和3C 273的异同,寻找3C 345没有伽玛射线的可能原因.分析结果显示:光变幅度,在射电波段,3C 345与3C 279的更相似,在光学波段,3C 279、3C 345和3C 273依次递减并观测到了天量级的光变;还发现3C 345的时延要比3C 279长很多,而与3C 273相近.基于3C 345与3C 273的其他观测特征的相似性,如都观测到了大兰包,红外光度相当,那么3C 345的伽玛辐射能谱可能与3C 273相似,伽玛光度也相当.简单计算表明,若3C 273处于3C 345的红移处时,即使处在爆发态EGRET也探测不到3C 273,这可能正是EGRET从未探测到3C 345的原因.     

BLazar天体的光变及多波段能谱特性

本文综述了活动星系核，特别是blazar天体的研究现状，对blazar天体的多波段与多波段能谱特性研究进行了较为详细的评述。主要的研究工作包括以下内容：（一）γ噪blazar天体的短时标光变研究，通过对16个γ噪blazar天体（其中包括全部已证认和观测到VHEγ射线爆发的可能甚高能γ射线源）自1998年的光学观测及光变分析研究表明，短时标光变（小时量级）是GeV γ噪blazar天体的普遍特性，光变幅度通常可达0.6mag/h，对PKS 1510－089类星体的观测发现在一个小时内对象变暗2个星等，对如此激烈的光变变暗目前的理论还不能很好的解释，但它同样反映了辐射区域的内部结构；而对TBLs的监测表明，其光学波段的短时标光变没有其他对象激烈，出现的频度和振幅变化都较小；（二）在研究γ噪blazar天体光变时，研究了寄主星系对光变的影响，得到了1ES 2344 514的光变与PSF的FWHM的关联，表明随着大气视宁度的下降（即FWHM变大），对象变暗，即由于寄主星系的影响从而导致假光变的产生；（三）引进两个多波段复合谱指数，αXOX=αOX-αX及αoro=αor-αo。对样本的统计研究表明，RBLs是能谱特性界于XBLs和OVVs之间的一类中间态，所得结果支持了Sambruna et al.（1996）大样本多波段能谱分布特性的统计研究结果；（四）对地面探测器对blazar天体甚高能波段的观测做了较为详细的了解，由于blazar天体在全波段上都观测到光变，所以这类对象是多波段观测研究最完全的。地面望远镜对小时量级的光变很敏感，所以，对低流量源的直到10TeV或更高能谱的测量是多波段研究的重要扩展，特别是，如果γ射线的幅射是通过康谱顿散射提升低能同步辐射光子产生的，即SSC模型产生，那么，VHEγ射线的观测和低能同步辐射的观测就可能估计喷流内的磁场强度、Doppler因子等。对我们今后的光学波段的观测工作提出了新的课题。     

激变变星的多波段研究（Ⅰ）

最近十年来，无论是在观测上还是在理论上，人们对激变变星的认识都取得了巨大进展。本文从射电，红外，可见光三个波段对激变变量的观测现象，如流量分布，光变曲线，驼峰现象和闪烁现象，以及对这些观测现象的理论解释作一简单介绍。     

Mkn501长期光变性质

在R和I波段对Mkn 501进行了测光观测,并结合历史文献得到Mkn 501在近30年间的光学、红外和射电等多个波段的光变曲线;讨论了光变与色指数之间的关系,发现色指数(B—V)与(B—R)之间有强相关,相关系数r=0.73.利用DCF方法分析了多波段光变的相关性,发现B波段与4.8GHz和红外波段的光变存在一定的正相关,利用CLEANest方法对B波段的光变曲线进行频谱分析,结果表明Mkn 501的光变曲线存在2个可能的周期,即(10.06±0.04)年和(21.60±0.17)年.     

γ射线暴的时变分析

γ射线暴是天空中突然的硬X射线/γ射线爆发现象,有着非常复杂的光变曲线。由于光变现象和辐射过程直接相关,因此,研究γ射线暴的时变规律是非常重要的。对γ射线暴的一些时变现象以及通过时变研究得出的分类、脉冲形状、功率谱、时间演化、光度等性质进行了总结,并对一些结果进行了讨论。     

BL Lac天体的γ射线和X射线辐射研究

收集了18个γ射线噪BL Lac天体的X射线流量密度和γ射线流量密度,以及X射线波段(1keV)和γ射线波段(＞100 MeV)的平均光谱指数,研究了它们之间的相关性.结果表明:1)X射线流量密度与γ射线流量密度在高态、低态和平均态均有较强的相关性.2)X射线波段和γ射线波段的平均光谱指数之间有较强的负相关性.3)X射线和γ射线波段的平均光谱指数与X射线和γ射线辐射流量密度在高态和平均态时均无显著的相关性.4)γ射线波段的平均光谱指数与X射线辐射流量密度的低态有较强的负相关性.X射线波段的平均光谱指数与γ射线波段的流量密度的低态之间也存在弱相关性.分析结果支持BL Lac天体的X射线和γ射线辐射可能来自同一相对论电子分布的同步辐射和同步自康普顿(SSC)辐射.     

Tilted accretion discs in cataclysmic variables: tidal instabilities and superhumps

We investigate the growth of tidal instabilities in accretion discs in a binary star potential, using three-dimensional numerical simulations. As expected from analytic work, the disc is prone to an eccentric instability provided that it is large enough to extend to the 3:1 resonance. The eccentric disc leads to positive superhumps in the light curve. It has been proposed that negative superhumps might arise from a tilted disc, but we find no evidence that the companion gravitational tilt instability can grow fast enough in a fluid disc to create a measurable inclination. The origin of negative superhumps in the light curves of cataclysmic variables remains a puzzle.     

Atlas of tilted accretion discs and source to negative superhumps

Using smoothed particle hydrodynamics, we numerically simulate steady-state accretion discs for cataclysmic variable dwarf novae systems that have a secondary-to-primary mass ratio  0.35 ≤ q ≤ 0.55  . After these accretion discs have come to quasi-equilibrium, we rotate each disc out of the orbital plane by  δ= (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 20)°  to induce negative superhumps. For accretion discs tilted  5°  , we generate light curves and associated Fourier transforms for an atlas on negative superhumps and retrograde precession. Our simulation results suggest that accretion discs need to be tilted more than 3° for negative superhumps to be statistically significant. We also show that if the disc is tilted enough such that the gas stream strikes a disc face, then a dense cooling ring is generated near the radius of impact.
In addition to the atlas, we study these artificially tilted accretion discs to find the source to negative superhumps. Our results suggest that the source is additional light from innermost disc annuli, and this additional light waxes and wanes with the amount of gas stream overflow received as the secondary orbits. The nodes, where the gas stream transitions from flowing over to under the disc rim (and vice versa), precess in the retrograde direction.     

Superhumps in black hole X-ray transients

The superhumps in black hole X-ray transientsresult from a modulation in the area of the accretion disc. We discussimplications of this for parameter determinations in LMXBs.     

Radiation transfer in a sphere with internal source

From the presence of superhumps in its outburst light curve, the dwarf nova BR Lup is shown to be a member of the SU UMa sub-class of cataclysmic variables. Its orbital period is estimated to be 0.0789 d.     

激变变星Ⅴ1159 Ori 和BZ UMa 的测光研究

Ⅴ1159 Ori 是SU UMa 型中 ER UMa 亚型激变变星,BZ UMa 介于 U Gem 型和 WZ Sge 型之间,但又具有 SU UMa 的周期特征,存在争议.在2008年2月24日和 25日,用云南天文台 1 米 RCC(Ritchey-Chretien-Coude)望远镜对两者的测光观测显示: Ⅴ1159 Ori 在正常爆发的下降阶段存在 superhump,这为 superhump 现象普遍存在于 ER UMa 型星中提供了观测证据;BZ UMa 观测时处于爆发极大,并未观测到确凿的 superhump 周期,而 AAVSO(American Association of Variable Star Observers)近年的 BZ UMa 观测亦从未发现明确的 superhump;两者均表明 BZ UMa 可能并非 SU UMa 型星.基于星等变化幅度考虑,BZ UMa 较 WZ Sge 更为接近.     

Superhumps in low-mass X-ray binaries

We propose a mechanism for the superhump modulations observed in optical photometry of at least two black-hole X-ray transients (SXTs). As in extreme mass-ratio cataclysmic variables (CVs), superhumps are assumed to result from the presence of the 3:1 orbital resonance in the accretion disc. This causes the disc to become non-axisymmetric and precess. However, the mechanism for superhump luminosity variations in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) must differ from that in CVs, where it is attributed to a tidally-driven modulation of the disc's viscous dissipation, varying on the beat between the orbital and disc precession period. By contrast in LMXBs, tidal dissipation in the outer accretion disc is negligible: the optical emission is overwhelmingly dominated by reprocessing of intercepted central X-rays. Thus a different origin for the superhump modulation is required. Recent observations and numerical simulations indicate that in an extreme mass-ratio system the disc area changes on the superhump period. We deduce that the superhumps observed in SXTs arise from a modulation of the reprocessed flux by the changing area. Therefore, unlike the situation in CVs, where the superhump amplitude is inclination-independent, superhumps should be best seen in low-inclination LMXBs, whereas an orbital modulation from the heated face of the secondary star should be more prominent at high inclinations. Modulation at the disc precession period (10 s of days) may indicate disc asymmetries such as warping. We comment on the orbital period determinations of LMXBs, and the possibility and significance of possible permanent superhump LMXBs.     

Echoes from an irradiated disc in GRO J1655–40

Oscillations observed in the light curve of Nova V1974 Cygni 1992 since the summer of 1994 have been interpreted as permanent superhumps. From simple calculations based on the tidal disc instability model of Osaki, and assuming that the accretion disc is the dominant optical source in the binary system, we predict that the nova will evolve to become an SU UMa system as its brightness declines from its present value by another 2–3 mag. Linear extrapolation of its current rate of fading (in magnitude units) puts the time of this phase transition within the next 2–4 yr. Alternatively, the brightness decline will stop before the nova reaches that level, and the system will continue to show permanent superhumps in its light curve. It will then be similar to two other old novae, V603 Aql and CP Pup, which still display the permanent superhump phenomenon 80 and 56 yr, respectively, after their eruptions. We suggest that non-magnetic novae with short orbital periods could be progenitors of permanent superhump systems.     

Superhumps in V348 Pup

The eclipsing nova-like cataclysmic variable star V348 Pup exhibits a persistent luminosity modulation with a period 6 per cent longer than its 2.44-h orbital period ( P _orb). This has been interpreted as a 'positive superhump' resulting from a slowly precessing non-axisymmetric accretion disc gravitationally interacting with the secondary. We find a clear modulation of mid-eclipse times on the superhump period, which agrees well with the predictions of a simple precessing eccentric disc model. Our modelling shows that the disc light centre is on the far side of the disc from the donor star when the superhump reaches maximum light. This phasing suggests a link between superhumps in V348 Pup and late superhumps in SU UMa systems. Modelling of the full light curve and maximum entropy eclipse mapping both show that the disc emission is concentrated closer to the white dwarf at superhump maximum than at superhump minimum. We detect additional signals consistent with the beat periods between the implied disc precession period and both and     

A search for superhumps in the cataclysmic variable SW Sextantis

We present differential photometry of the cataclysmic variable star SW Sextantis. A time series analysis was performed in search of superhumps in the accretion disk of this star, which is the prototype of a class of cataclysmic variables, the SW Sex stars. We find no superhumps, which shows that the presence of superhumps is not a defining feature of the SW Sex stars.     

SPH simulations of negative (nodal) superhumps: a parametric study

Negative superhumps in cataclysmic variable systems result when the accretion disc is tilted with respect to the orbital plane. The line of nodes of the tilted disc precesses slowly in the retrograde direction, resulting in a photometric signal with a period slightly less than the orbital period. We use the method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics to simulate a series of models of differing mass ratio and effective viscosity to determine the retrograde precession period and superhump period deficit  ɛ₋  as a function of system mass ratio q . We tabulate our results and present fits to both  ɛ₋  and  ɛ₊  versus q , as well as compare the numerical results with those compiled from the literature of negative superhump observations. One surprising result is that while we find negative superhumps most clearly in simulations with an accretion stream present, we also find evidence for negative superhumps in simulations in which we shut off the mass transfer stream completely, indicating that the origin of the photometric signal is more complicated than previously believed.