配饵中不同大豆浓缩蛋白含量对中华绒螯蟹消化酶活力的影响(英文)

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白作为饵料蛋白源对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹消化酶活力的影响,初步探讨了中华绒螯蟹对饵料蛋白源的内在适应机理。根据中华绒螯蟹的营养需求,用大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉作为蛋白源配制成6种近似等蛋白等能的饵料,其中大豆浓缩蛋白在饵料中的含量分别为0、11%、22%、33%、44%和56%(分别替代鱼蛋白质量的0、18.64%、37.93%、56.90%、77.19%和100%),对照饵料全部以鱼粉作为蛋白源。用上述6种饵料喂养中华绒螯蟹50 d后,测定蟹肝胰腺各种消化酶活力。结果表明:随着饵料中大豆浓缩蛋白含量的升高,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力均呈降低之势。当大豆浓缩蛋白含量达到44%时,与全鱼粉对照组相比,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力显著性降低(P<0.05);同时,淀粉酶稍呈升高之势,而纤维素酶则稍呈降低的趋势;A/T比例呈显著上升的趋势,当大豆浓缩蛋白含量达44%时,与对照组有显著性差异,说明河蟹对植物蛋白有很强的适应性。     

3种蛋白替代鱼粉对褐点石斑鱼生长、体成分及能量收支的影响

以全鱼粉饲料做对照(D1),用豆粕替代10%、20%鱼粉(D2、D3),玉米蛋白替代10%鱼粉(D4),啤酒酵母替代10%鱼粉(D5),配制5组等氮等能饲料,进行56 d的养殖实验,研究3种替代蛋白源对褐点石斑鱼幼鱼(23.18±1.58g)生长性能、体成分及能量收支的影响。结果表明,实验条件下5组实验鱼的末体质量、增重率、特定生长率、肝体系数、脏体系数、肥满度和蛋白表观消化率差异不显著(p值>0.05)。饲料转化效率、蛋白质效率、干物质和能量表观消化率差异显著(p值<0.05),D2组最好而D5组最差。5组实验鱼全鱼和肌肉成分中粗蛋白含量无显著差异,全鱼水分含量也无显著差异(p值>0.05),其他指标则有显著差异(p值<0.05)。5组实验鱼的排泄能及呼吸能无显著差异(p值>0.05),摄食能、生长能和排粪能有显著差异(p值<0.05),D1、D2和D3组能量分配较好,而D4和D5组较差。与全鱼粉饲料相比,豆粕替代10%鱼粉显著提高了幼鱼的饲料转化效率和蛋白质效率,而豆粕替代20%鱼粉亦未对幼鱼产生不良影响,豆粕为褐点石斑鱼幼鱼饲料中鱼粉蛋白较好的替代品。     

3种蛋白源替代鱼粉对褐点石斑鱼幼鱼血液指标的影响

以全鱼粉饲料为对照(D1组),用豆粕替代10%、20%的鱼粉(D2、D3组),玉米蛋白粉替代10%的鱼粉(D4组),啤酒酵母替代10%的鱼粉(D5组),配制5组等氮等能饲料,研究不同蛋白源替代饲料中的鱼粉对褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)幼鱼血液生理生化指标的影响.结果发现:投喂56 d后,D5组终末体质量显著小于D1组和D2组(p<0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(p>0.05);D1组和D2组实验鱼体质量与D5组差异显著(p<0.05).D3组血红蛋白浓度、血栓细胞密度和平均血栓细胞体积显著低于D1组(p<0.05), D4组实验鱼嗜中性粒细胞密度和巨大不成熟细胞比例显著高于D1组(p<0.05).D3组实验鱼总蛋白含量显著低于D1、D4组(p<0.05),D3组球蛋白含量显著低于D1组(p<0.05),D3组白球蛋白比显著高于其他各组(p<0.05);D3组的血糖含量显著低于D1组(p<0.05),D2、D3、D5组的甘油三酯含量显著低于D1、D4组(p<0.05);D5组肌酐含量显著低于D1组(p<0.05).以上结果表明,酵母蛋白替代饲料中10%的鱼粉对实验鱼的生长和生理状态均产生不良影响,不适于作为褐点石斑鱼幼鱼饲料的鱼粉替代物;玉米蛋白粉和豆粕蛋白可以作为褐点石斑鱼幼鱼饲料中鱼粉的替代物,但替代比例玉米蛋白粉不宜超过10%,而豆粕蛋白的替代比例应小于20%.     

饲料中豆粕含量对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响

配制全鱼粉饲料（以鱼粉为蛋白源）、10%豆柏饲料（用豆柏蛋白10%鱼粉）、20%豆柏饲料（用豆柏蛋白20%鱼粉）等3种等氮等能饲料,分别投喂体质量21.34± 1.54g的幼鱼24 d,研究饲料中豆柏蛋白含量对 军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馈的影响。结果表明,随着养殖时间的延长,各饲料组军曹鱼δ13C逐渐上升,δ15N逐渐下降,虽然δ13C和δ15N变化速度上有差异,但除20%豆柏饲料组肌肉的δ15N外,其他各饲料组肌肉和 全鱼在实验结束时均已与饲料达到同位素平衡;军曹鱼肌肉和全鱼的△13^C和△15^N值均随饲料中豆柏蛋白含量 的增加而加大,△13C从4.19‰增加到5.04‰, △15N从0.18‰。增加到 2.20‰,军警鱼金鱼和肌肉的△13C和△15N 相似,但在同位素值变化速度上有差异,因此,在进行生态学营养级研究（长时间尺度）时,肌肉可以代表军警鱼的同位素特征,而在进行生理学研究（短时间尺度）时,肌肉的同位素变化则不能代表军警鱼的同位素变化。     

配饵中不同大豆浓缩蛋白含量对中华绒螯蟹消化酶活力的影响

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白作为饵料蛋白源对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹消化酶活力的影响．初步探讨了中华绒螯蟹对饵料蛋白源的内在适应机理。根据中华绒螫蟹的营养需求．用大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉作为蛋白源配制成6种近似等蛋白等能的饵料，其中大豆浓缩蛋白在饵料中的含量分别为0、11％、22％、33％、44％和56％（分别替代鱼蛋白质量的0、18．64％、37．93％、56．90％、77．19％和100%），对照饵料全部以鱼粉作为蛋白源。用上述6种饵料喂养中华绒螫蟹50d后．测定蟹肝胰腺各种消化酶活力。结果表明：随着饵料中大豆浓缩蛋白含量的升高，胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力均芏降低之势。当大豆浓缩蛋白含量达到44％时，与全鱼粉对照组相比．胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力显著性降低（P〈0．05）；同时，淀粉酶稍呈升高之势，而纤维素酶则稍呈降低的趋势；A／T、比例呈显著上升的趋势。半大豆浓缩蛋白含量达44％时，与对照组有显著性差异，说明河蟹对植物蛋白有很强的适应性。     

不同蛋白源饲料对褐点石斑鱼幼鱼血细胞发生的影响

以全鱼粉作为唯一蛋白源(D1),用豆粕替代10%、20%鱼粉(D2、D3),玉米蛋白粉替代10%鱼粉(D4),啤酒酵母替代10%鱼粉(D5),配制5组等氮等能饲料,每种饲料设置3个实验组,进行56 d的养殖实验。通过血液和组织涂(印)片、细胞染色和显微观察,研究人工培育的褐点石斑鱼幼鱼外周血液白细胞的分类组成,头肾、脾脏、体肾和肝脏等4种组织中各类血细胞的发生情况,以及不同蛋白源饲料对褐点石斑鱼血细胞发生的影响。结果表明:褐点石斑鱼外周血液中的白细胞由淋巴细胞(53.30%±4.66%)、血栓细胞(35.69%±3.85%)、嗜中性粒细胞(10.34%±3.14%)、单核细胞(0.28%±0.36%)、浆细胞(0.24%±0.34%)和嗜酸性粒细胞(0.15%±0.27%)组成;组织印迹片中,未成熟的红细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞主要在头肾印迹片中出现,未成熟的单核细胞主要在头肾和脾脏印迹片中出现,血栓细胞在肝脏印迹片中数量最多,推断褐点石斑鱼幼鱼主要的造血组织是头肾,其次是脾脏;在4种组织中均观察到浆细胞,在体肾印迹片中观察到嗜碱性粒细胞,在肝脏印迹片中观察到巨噬细胞,在头肾印迹片中还观察到巨大原红细胞。显微观察和数据统计分析的结果都表明,投喂5种蛋白源不同的配合饲料,未对褐点石斑鱼4种组织中血细胞的发生情况造成显著影响。     

点带石斑鱼幼鱼配合饲料的适宜能量蛋白比

以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,添加鱼油、豆油、α-马铃薯淀粉、纤维素以及适量的维生素和矿物质配制成实验饲料,蛋白质质量分数设置41%、47%、53%3个水平,能量设置12 561、14 655、16 748 kJ/kg 3个水平,饲养点带石斑鱼幼鱼59 d后,以增重率、蛋白质效率、饲料系数为评价指标,分析不同能量蛋白比的饲料对点带石斑鱼体内消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:当能量蛋白比分别为31.30、33.50、32.26 kJ/g时,点带石斑鱼增重率、蛋白质效率达到极大值,饲料系数达到极小值;能量蛋白比在31.62～35.54 kJ/g范围内,胃、肠道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性较强。点带石斑鱼幼鱼配合饲料中合适的能量蛋白比为31.62～33.50 kJ/g。     

高蛋白棉粕替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、非特异性免疫指标及抗病力的影响

【目的】研究高蛋白棉粕(High-protein cottonseed meal,HPCM)替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、非特异性免疫酶活性及抗病力的影响。【方法】在基础饲料中分别添加质量分数0%、6.25%、9.375%、12.5%、18.75%的HPCM,分别替代饲料中质量分数0%、20%、30%、40%、50%和60%的鱼粉,配制6种等氮等能饲料,投喂初始体质量(0.38±0.01)g的健康凡纳滨对虾8周。【结果】HPCM替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾增重率、特定生长率、成活率、饲料系数及蛋白质效率影响均有统计学意义(P0.05),30%和40%替代组增重率和特定生长率最高,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),饲料系数最低,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),替代水平高于40%替代组时,蛋白质效率降低(P0.05);对凡纳滨对虾全虾体成分含量影响均有统计学意义(P0.05),随替代水平的增加,全虾中的水分、粗脂肪含量有升高趋势,粗蛋白含量呈先升后降趋势,粗灰分有降低趋势(P0.05);HPCM替代鱼粉对血清酚氧化酶(PO)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性以及肝胰脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量影响有统计学意义(P0.05);攻毒试验表明,随着HPCM替代鱼粉比例及攻毒时间的增加,凡纳滨对虾存活率逐渐降低(P0.05)。【结论】以对虾增重率为判据,在鱼粉质量分数为25%的凡纳滨对虾基础饲料中HPCM替代鱼粉的适宜比例为37.44%。     

饲料胆固醇对军曹鱼幼鱼生长、血液生化指标及脂代谢的影响

在以豆粕、酪蛋白、鱼粉(质量分数分别为33%、17%、15%)为蛋白源的基础饲料中分别添加质量分数0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.5%和2.0%的胆固醇,制成6种等氮等能饲料,养殖初始体质量为(24.00±0.19)g的军曹鱼幼鱼(Rachycentron canadum)8周,研究胆固醇对其生长、体成分、血液生化指标和脂代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:添加低水平胆固醇对军曹鱼生长有改善作用,而高水平胆固醇对生长有抑制作用,与对照组比较,增重率(WGR)(P0.05)、成活率(SR)(P0.05)、饲料系数(FCR)(P0.05)在0.4%组较佳,随添加量的增加,各组幼鱼有增重率、成活率降低,饲料系数增大趋势。幼鱼肝体比、脏体比、肝脏病变率有增大趋势。添加胆固醇后,全鱼、肝脏和肌肉中粗脂肪0-0.4%组有上升趋势,0.4%-2.0%组有下降趋势;鱼体粗蛋白有上升趋势,肝脏中胆固醇有先降后升趋势,但水分和灰分的变化不大(P0.05)。血清中总胆固醇(TC)、低密度胆固醇(LDL-C)有上升趋势。肝脏中激素敏感性脂肪酶(HSL)有先升后降趋势。在以豆粕为主要蛋白源的饲料中添加少量胆固醇(0.4%组)可一定程度上改善军曹鱼幼鱼生长,影响机体脂代谢,但过多添加会抑制生长,并造成肝脏病变。以SR为判据,饲料中军曹鱼对胆固醇最适需要量为0.566%。     

酵母培养物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、血清生化指标、免疫力和抗病力的影响

【目的】探讨高蛋白酵母培养物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。【方法】在基础饲料中分别添加质量分数0、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%酵母培养物(记为Y0、Y2.5、Y5.0和Y7.5组),分别替代质量分数0、10%、20%和30%的鱼粉,配制4种等氮等脂饲料,饲喂凡纳滨对虾(初始体质量0.70±0.03 g)56 d后,测定对虾生长性能、血清生化及免疫酶指标;用哈维氏弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)攻毒,测定对虾累计死亡率。【结果】Y2.5和Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率与Y0组的差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾摄食率显著高于Y0和Y2.5组(P <0.05);Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾血清甘油三酯含量显著低于Y0组(P<0.05),Y7.5组凡纳滨对虾血清谷丙转氨酶含量显著高于Y0、Y2.5组(P <0.05),血清总胆固醇显著低于Y0、Y2.5组(P <0.05);酵母培养物替代饲料中20%和30%的鱼粉可显著提高对虾攻毒前肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性(P <0.05),Y7.5组对虾肝胰腺丙二醛含量在哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒后显著低于Y0组(P <0.05);攻毒7 d后,Y7.5组凡纳滨对虾累积死亡率显著低于Y0组(P<0.05)。【结论】酵母培养物替代鱼粉比例小于20%时,不会显著影响凡纳滨对虾生长性能;替代比例为30%时,生长受抑制。当替代量比例为30%时可显著提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗病力。     

Feasibility of partial replacement of fishmeal with proteins from different sources in diets of Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted in an indoor recirculation seawater system to investigate the effects of partial replacement of dietary fishmeal with proteins from five sources on the growth performance and feed utilization of Sebastes schlegeli. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated using fishmeal (FM, the control) as sole protein source, or proteins from five sources including poultry by-product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CNM). Fifteen percent of the crude protein provided by fish meal was replaced, respectively. The results showed that the differences in specific growth rate (SGR) and survival rate (SR) among fish fed PBM, MBM, SBM, CSM and whole FM diets were not significant. However, SGR and SR of fish fed CNM diet was significantly lower than that of other treatments. Feeding rate, feed conversion, nutrient retention showed similar patterns to that of growth. Fish fed CSM and CNM showed significantly lower apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter and gross energy than those fed others while fish fed CNM showed lower ADC of crude protein than those fed others (P<0.05). These results suggested that it was feasible to substitute 15% dietary protein provided by fishmeal with PBM, MBM, SBM and CSM, respectively, but not with CNM as the replacement with CNM reduced fish growth and feed utilization.     

Effects of brown fish meal replacement with fermented soybean meal on growth performance, feed efficiency and enzyme activities of Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis

A 120-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of brown fish meal (BFM) by fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The turtles (initial mean body weight, (115.52 ± 1.05) g) were fed with three experimental diets, in which 0%, 4.72% and 9.44% BFM protein was replaced by 0%, 3% and 6% FSBM, respectively. Results showed that the feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of turtles fed with the diet containing 3% FSBM were not significantly different from the control group (0% FSBM) (P > 0.05). However, FR, SGR and FER of turtles fed with the diet containing 6% FSBM were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamicpyruvic transaminase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the uric acid concentration in turtles fed with the diet containing 3% or 6% FSBM was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The results suggested that FSBM could replace 4.72% BFM protein in turtle diets without exerting adverse effects on turtle growth, feed utilization and measured immune parameters.     

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal or Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fishmeal in Concentrated Diets for Paralichthys olivaceus

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal （MBM） and poultry by-product meal （PBM） as the replacement of fishmeal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficient （ADC） of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. The experimental diets included 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% MBM or PBM replacement of total fishmeal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric. The results showed that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance among the treatments fed with 0% -60% MBM replacement of fishmeal, while the percent weight gain （WG, % ）, body length gain （BLG, % ） and ADC significantly decrease when fishmeal is replaced by 80% MBM. The result showed also that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance and ADC among all treatments fed with the diets with 0% -80% replacements of fishmeal with PBM.     

Growth and feed efficiency of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed formulated diets containing different levels of poultry by-product meal

This feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a protein source in the culture ofLitopenaeus vannamei. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to near to commercial diet with about 40% protein and 7.5% lipid. Fish meal was replaced by 0, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 100% of PBM (diets 1-7). The diet with 100% fish meal was used as a control (diet 1). Post-larvae were reared in an indoor semi-closed re-circulating system. Each dietary treatment was tested in 4 replicate tanks (260 L) of 40 shrimp, arranged in a completely randomized design. The shrimps were hand-fed for three times a day to near-satiation (0700, 1200 and 1800) for 60d. Percentage weight gain, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body composition of shrimps were measured. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance among shrimps fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). However, shrimps fed diet 7 (100% fish meal replacement) had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). Shrimp fed diets 2-4 (30%-50% fish meal replacement) showed significantly higher growth than those fed diets 6 and 7 (70% and 100% fish meal replacement, respectively). Survival ranged from 94.7% to 100.0% and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among different experimental diets. No differences in body composition were found among shrimps fed different diets. These results showed that up to 70% of fish meal protein can be replaced by PBM without adversely affecting the growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei.     

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal and Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles

1　Introduction　Proteinisanimportantnutritionalingredientofaquaticfeed .Thehighproteinneedsoffish ,shrimpandmostotheraquaticanimalsissuppliedmainlybyfishmeal (WilliamsandBarlow ,1996 ) .Recently ,thefishmeal,asamainproteinsourceofaquaticfeedisshort suppliedintheinternationalmarketanditspriceisbecominghigherandhigher .Therefore ,itisnecessarytofindsubstitutesoffishmealasaproteinsourceofaquaticfeed .　Someotheranimalby productmealssuchasmeatandbonemeal (MBM )andpoultryby productmeal(PBM )ha…     

A study on the meat and bone meal and poultry by-product meal as protein substitutes of fish meal in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) as the replacement of fish meal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of Litopenaeus vannamei. The basal diets were formulated with 22% fish meal and other ingredients which provided about 40% protein and 9% lipid in the diet. The experimental diets included MBM or PBM to replace 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of total fish meal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric in gross terms. The results showed that there were no significant differences (Pτ;0.05) in growth performance and ADC among the treatments fed with the diets in which 0–60% fish meal had been replaced with MBM, while the percent weight gain (WG, %), body length gain (BLG, %) and ADC significantly decreased when the MBM was up to 80% of the fish meal. There were no significant differences (Pτ;0.05) in growth performance and ADC among all the treatments fed with the diets in which 0–80% fish meal had been replaced with PBM.