珠江三角洲地区SO2浓度卫星遥感长时间序列监测

利用卫星OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument)数据获得的长时间序列SO₂浓度,分析广州亚运会从申办到成功举办期间珠江三角洲地区近地面SO₂浓度的变化过程,以及亚运会举办期间珠江三角洲SO₂浓度分布状况。结果表明OMI能够反映近地表的SO₂浓度变化趋势,广州亚运会从申办到成功举办期间珠江三角洲地区近地面SO₂浓度表现出明显的季节变化,且亚运会期间该地区近地面SO₂浓度比以往年同期要低,说明珠江三角洲地区联动的空气质量保障措施明显降低了该地区近地面的SO₂浓度。     

高分五号大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪观测数据的火山喷发SO2总量反演

火山喷发产生的高浓度SO₂气体及其远距离输送会对全球气候变化和航空飞行安全产生重要影响。卫星遥感技术以大面积连续观测、高时空分辨率等优势成为大气SO₂监测的重要手段之一。作为中国第一颗紫外可见光波段的高光谱载荷,高分五号卫星大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪（GF-5 EMI）通过探测地球大气或表面反射、散射的紫外辐射来解析SO₂总量的分布和变化。本文首先基于大气辐射传输模型SCIATRAN,选择中低纬地区地表类型均一的海洋区域像元,模拟了典型大气条件下的晴空天顶反照率,用以评价EMI载荷天顶观测光谱的精度。其次,基于TROPOMI L1 Radiance辐亮度数据和DOAS反演原理,经477 nm O₄云筛选、光谱定标、慢变剔除、斜柱转垂直柱等步骤后,获得同一火山喷发区域的SO₂总量反演结果并与TROPOMI官方offline L2 SO₂产品进行对比分析。最后,利用GF-5 EMI UV-2通道观测数据,采用DOAS算法反演获得GF-5 EMI大气SO₂总量,并将反演结果与国际同类载荷S5P/TROPOMI SO₂总量结果进行比较分析,评判GF-5 EMI在全球火山活动SO₂变化监测方面的能力。结果显示,300—400 nm波段范围内,海洋区域采样点EMI观测光谱值低于SCIATRAN模拟光谱值,EMI与TROPOMI观测光谱呈现出相似的系统性偏差。基于高空间高光谱分辨率的TROPOMI L1 Radiance辐亮度数据、315—327 nm、325—335 nm和360—390 nm共3个波段窗口、以及上述DOAS反演原理获得的SO₂结果与TROPOMI官方发布的offline L2 SO₂产品结果相关性较高,两者的相关系数可达到0.97—0.99,相对偏差在3%—9%。GF-5 EMI能够获取火山喷发SO₂排放的时空分布特征,并与国际同类载荷TROPOMI反演结果具有较高的空间一致性,能够满足全球火山喷发监测、预警及其气候影响研究的应用需求。     

2005年-2014年京津冀对流层NO2柱浓度时空变化及影响因素

基于臭氧监测仪OMI对流层NO₂柱浓度产品研究了京津冀城市群2005年-2014年NO₂时空变化及影响因素:(1)10年柱浓度年均增长率为3.35%,且年度波动较大。忽略2008年国家奥运会的环境治理所引起的变化,2005年-2011年NO₂呈逐渐升高趋势;2012年-2014年呈逐渐降低趋势,以2014年下降最为显著。(2)呈西北低东南高的趋势。燕山-太行山山系以北的承德和张家口市浓度较低,山系以南主要有北京-天津-唐山与石家庄-邢台-邯郸两个污染中心。(3)京津冀北部三面环山不利于NO₂的扩散,夏季丰富的降水对NO₂具有显著湿沉降作用。(4)通过相关性分析、文献及国家政策印证等方法,发现地区产业及能源结构很大程度上决定了地区的污染来源。北京市10年来第三产业一直处于主导且稳步提高,煤炭消耗量低,但汽车保有量增加了1.5倍,主要来源为机动车尾气排放;天津市第二产业比第三产业比重略高,煤炭消耗量是北京的两倍之余,但汽车保有量仅是北京市的一半,由此可知工业排放和机动车是共同来源;河北省第二产业比重很高,燃煤量占京津冀地区的80.6%,河北省工业排放是NO₂的主要来源,但近几年随着机动车保有量的剧增,其尾气排放分担率不可小觑。     

高分五号大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪对流层NO2柱浓度遥感反演研究

搭载于“高分五号”（GF-5）卫星上的痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪（EMI）是一台星下观测的高光谱载荷,测量紫外和可见光光谱范围的地球后向散射辐射,设计用于大气痕量气体的探测。本研究基于EMI在VIS1通道的实测光谱,利用差分光学吸收光谱（DOAS）方法进行了对流层NO₂柱浓度反演,展示了基于EMI载荷的对流层NO₂柱浓度反演结果,与同类载荷产品进行交叉验证,并利用地基观测结果进行了地基验证。研究表明,EMI反演结果与OMI、TROPOMI具有较好的空间分布一致性和较低的相对偏差,与TROPOMI具有较好的时间变化一致性。地面验证结果表明EMI NO₂反演结果具有较高的精度。本研究证明了EMI在全球NO₂监测方面的能力,可以为中国后续污染气体探测载荷的设计和反演算法的开发提供参考。     

基于卫星遥感的近地面PM2.5浓度反演进展

细颗粒物PM_2.5（Fine Particulate Matter）是影响空气质量和公共健康的关键因素之一。高时空分辨率的PM_2.5数据是公共健康风险评估和流行病学研究的基本需求。相较于地面站点,卫星遥感技术具有连续观测、宽覆盖和低成本的优势,基于卫星气溶胶光学厚度AOD（Aerosol Optical Depth）反演PM_2.5质量浓度的方法已成为热点。本研究概述了卫星AOD产品反演PM_2.5浓度的原理,介绍了用于PM_2.5反演的主要卫星AOD产品及其反演精度;总结了现有的PM_2.5估算方法及其优缺点,指出目前PM_2.5反演研究存在的问题;提出未来PM_2.5反演方向主要集中在高时空分辨率的PM_2.5浓度重建、基于激光雷达数据的三维PM_2.5浓度反演及PM_2.5化学组分反演等方向。比例因子法、物理机理模型和统计模型这3种方法都能在不同时期不同程度地准确估算PM_2.5浓度,代表了那个时期较为前沿的研究热点,但比例因子法和物理机理模型因其自身的局限性而应用较少,而统计模型因其独特的时间或时空异质性的可描述性和强大的非线性描述能力的优势而被广泛应用并不断改进。目前PM_2.5反演研究存在的问题主要有3种：（1）卫星AOD的非随机缺失问题造成估算的PM_2.5数据缺失;（2）反演模型的精度问题;（3）PM_2.5的化学成分估算问题。基于此,本文为了准确揭示近地面PM_2.5的时空变化趋势,提高基于卫星AOD产品的近地面PM_2.5反演研究的准确性,提出了几点未来的研究方向：首先,新型的高空间（如风云四号、高分五号）、高时间分辨率（Himawari-8/9）卫星AOD产品在PM_2.5的精细化估算研究上具有很大优势,这对于高时空分辨率的PM_2.5浓度重建具有重要意义;其次,随着大气探测技术的发展,星载、机载及地基激光雷达都能够获取垂直分布信息,搭载在无人机上的颗粒物传感器可实现PM_2.5垂直方向上的监测,将其与光学遥感卫星数据及地面监测数据结合,可实现三维的PM_2.5浓度反演;最后,PM_2.5化学组分信息对于分析污染成因、暴露特征等尤其重要,其时空变化趋势研究是一个重要的发展方向,然而,地面PM_2.5组分观测站网仍不完善,如何克服卫星遥感估算中对地面站网的依赖,实现PM_2.5化学成分的高精度反演需要进一步研究。通过本研究,有助于进一步了解不同PM_2.5估算方法的原理机制及其优缺点,为基于卫星AOD产品反演近地面PM_2.5浓度的新的发展方向提供启示,提升近地面PM_2.5浓度反演的精度及时空分辨率。     

奥运大气环境遥感

介绍了中国科学院在遥感应用研究所楼顶建立的空气质量超级监测站, 并主要介绍了2007 年和2008 年遥感监测的结果。监测结果表明, 2007 年好运测试期间北京机动车实行单双号限制, 使北京市气溶胶光学厚度和NO₂ 的柱浓度下降30%左右；2008 年从6 月份开始, 由于北京市的控制措施使NO₂ 柱浓度有了比较大的下降。卫星遥感监测表明, 通过有效的环境控制可以降低北京市及其周边的污染浓度。     

基于OMI的亚洲地区对流层NO2高分辨率反演产品POMINO v2.1及其与其他产品的定量对比

对流层二氧化氮（NO₂）是一种重要的痕量污染气体。现有基于OMI卫星探测器、覆盖亚洲地区的NO₂公开产品QA4ECV、OMNO2和POMINO受到广泛使用,然而对于这3个产品的差异的定量认识仍然不足。我们将前期开发的POMINO产品进行了改进和优化,更新至v2.1并将反演区域扩大至覆盖东亚、东南亚和南亚大部分地区,随后定量分析了QA4ECV、OMNO2 v4和POMINO v2.1对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度在2015年—2020年在不同采样条件下的异同。结果显示,POMINO版本的更新对自身NO₂柱浓度反演结果的整体影响较小（<10%）。当3个产品均基于POMINO v2.1进行一致采样时,产品之间在整个亚洲区域的平均差异约为10%,在京津冀等污染地区的差异最高可达40%。3个产品均显示,京津冀地区NO₂柱浓度在五年间下降了约30%,而长三角地区的变化趋势较小。当3个产品进行分别采样时,POMINO v2.1的有效数据量比其他两个产品增加了11%—44%,特别是更好地保留了重污染情形下的NO₂数据,从而降低了采样引起的对NO₂污染水平的系统性低估。本研究对于NO₂卫星产品差异的定量分析有助于认识氮氧化物污染状况以及排放和影响评估。     

地球静止卫星和网格化站点支持下的PM2.5精细制图

许多城市建立的相对稠密的网格化监测站点,为精细化监管城市空气质量奠定了基础。本文选用徐州市网格化监测数据、地球静止卫星Himawari-8/AHI及COMS/GOCI的表观反射率和气溶胶光学厚度数据、气象和其他辅助数据,开展了徐州地区0.005°空间分辨率网格的PM_2.5浓度精细化制图研究。本文使用了极端梯度提升（XGBoost）、随机森林（RF）及时空加权回归（GTWR）等3种方法,并选用多种特征参数组合进行对比分析。综合分析模型精度和过拟合程度,结果表明XGBoost模型表现最好,其R²为0.90,RMSE为11.65 μg/m³。进一步将本文结果与国控站点、清华大学的TAP数据集和马里兰大学的CHAP数据集的对比分析,结果表明基于网格化站点的PM_2.5制图结果能更好地反映城市内部不同区域的PM_2.5浓度分布差异性,弥补因国控站点稀疏带来的缺陷,更好地服务于城市空气质量精准管控。     

O2-O2云反演算法及其在TROPOMI上的应用

利用遥感技术对大气环境污染进行监测时，云是影响痕量气体反演精度的重要因素，因此在痕量气体反演中需要对云的影响进行校正，通常使用的云参数主要是有效云量和云压。本文基于O₂-O₂ 477 nm吸收波段构建了O₂-O₂云反演算法：首先，根据有效云量和云高与连续反射率和O₂-O₂斜柱浓度之间的对应关系，结合假定的云模型利用VLIDORT辐射传输模型建立关于有效云量和云压的查找表；然后，通过差分吸收光谱技术拟合卫星载荷观测的大气层顶辐射，获得O₂-O₂斜柱浓度并计算连续反射率；最后，结合辅助数据，根据查找表进行插值反演获得有效云量和云压。通过将算法应用到OMI观测数据，将反演结果与OMCLDO2产品进行对比验证，有效云量和云压空间分布一致，相关系数R均超过0.97；并还将该算法应用于下一代大气成分监测仪器TROPOMI，与FRESCO+产品对比，有效云量和云压空间分布基本一致，当地表类型为海洋时，有效云量相关系数R大于0.97，云压相关系数R大于0.94，云压反演结果存在一定的区别；通过将O₂-O₂云反演算法和FRESCO+云压反演结果与CALIOP Cloud Layer产品进行对比，结果表明，在低云情况下，O₂-O₂云反演算法线性回归方程斜率为0.782，截距为198.0 hPa，相关系数R为0.850，算法表现优于FRESCO+。而在高云情况下，FRESCO+反演结果更接近CALIOP云压结果。在OMI和TROPOMI上的应用表明O₂-O₂云反演算法在大气云反演中具有较高的准确性和可行性，可以为大气痕量气体反演的校正提供云参数，并为中国同类型卫星载荷的云反演算法提供算法参考。     

MODIS和OMI数据评估阅兵期间北京市大气减排成效

卫星观测不仅能反映区域宏观大气污染状况,也能从城市尺度上监测大气污染物的变化。基于以上优势,本文利用MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和OMI对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度数据,比较2015年与2012年—2014年以及2015年3个时期(减排前、减排中、减排后)AOD和NO_2柱浓度的变化,定性分析了阅兵期间华北平原地区污染物减排效果,重点定量评估北京市联控减排措施的效果。研究发现2015年减排中华北平原重污染地区AOD和NO_2柱浓度相比于前3年同期有明显降低。定量分析北京市的减排效果得到:2015年减排中较前3年同期而言,AOD降低59%,NO_2柱浓度降低41%;较2015年减排前而言,AOD降低73%,NO_2柱浓度降低30%,去除气象条件影响后,AOD下降43%,NO_2柱浓度下降21%,说明严格的联控减排措施有效地改善了空气质量,气象条件也起到积极的作用。减排措施结束后,AOD和NO_2柱浓度比减排中分别增加159%和71%。研究结果表明,卫星遥感与地基监测评估效果相当,能反映北京地面污染物排放能力;它既能观测区域尺度大气污染变化,又可评估城市尺度大气污染减排。随着卫星技术水平的提高,期望未来卫星遥感可作为一种独立手段来定量评估区域及城市尺度空气质量减排措施的效果。     

Trend analysis and first time observations of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in South Africa using TROPOMI/Sentinel-5 P data

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to end extreme poverty and create a healthy, sustainable world by the year 2030. Goal 7 is of interest to this study as it targets access to clean and affordable energy. However, in this study we show that the energy created in South Africa is not necessary clean. South Africa has numerous coal-fired power station located in the Mpumalanga (MP), Gauteng (GP) and Limpopo (LP) provinces. These power station produce tons of toxic pollutants including sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulphates (SO₄). These pollutants are known to have a negative impact on human health, climate and the environment. In this study we use the sequential Mann-Kendall test to investigate the 39 year (1980–2019) trends of SO₂, NO₂ and SO₄ from these source areas. We also report for the first time on the observations of SO₂ and NO₂ from the Sentinel-5 P sensor over South Africa. Increasing trends of SO₂ were observed in the MP, LP and GP regions. The increase was mostly due to the emissions from coal-fired power stations. Moreover, the increase of SO₂ over the years could be due to the increasing demand in electricity, aging power stations and the low quality of coal used. Sentinel-5 P observations of SO₂ and NO₂ over South Africa were observed in the MP, GP and LP regions as a result of coal-fired power stations. Dispersion of SO₂ and NO₂ over South Africa were observed in the winter months, while confined SO₂ and NO₂ in the source region were observed in the summer months.     

Assessment of human health impact from exposure to multiple air pollutants in China based on satellite observations

Assessment of human health impact caused by air pollution is crucial for evaluating environmental hazards. In this paper, concentrations of six air pollutants (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO) were first derived from satellite observations, and then the overall human health risks in China caused by multiple air pollutants were assessed using an aggregated health risks index. Unlike traditional approach for human health risks assessment, which relied on the in-situ air pollution measurements, the spatial distribution of aggregated human health risks in China were obtained using satellite observations in this research. It was indicated that the remote sensing data have advantages over in-situ data in accessing human health impact caused by air pollution.     

北京城市下垫面大气CO2反演算法

大气温室气体监测仪GMI（Greenhouse gases Monitor Instrument）是高分五号（GF-5）卫星载荷之一，主要用于全球温室气体含量监测和碳循环研究。高精度反演是卫星大气CO₂遥感的基本需求。地表反射率影响卫星遥感辐射量及辐射传输过程中的地气耦合过程，严重制约着CO₂的反演精度，针对GMI开发高精度的大气CO₂反演算法，地表反射是一个需要重点考虑的因素。城市是CO₂重要的发射源，且城市下垫面存在明显的二向反射特性，加上城市大气条件不良，复杂的地气耦合效应存在这都考验反演算法的准确性和鲁棒性。本文针对北京城市地区，利用2011年—2016年共5年的MODIS（MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）地表二向反射分布函数BRDF（Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function）数据，构建了适合利用单次观测数据反演的BRDF模型，并提出一种同时反演地表BRDF参数和大气CO₂含量的算法。结果表明在550 nm波长处气溶胶光学厚度AOD（Aerosol Optical Depth）小于0.4时，大部分GMI模拟数据的反演误差控制在0.5%（~2 ppm）内。利用GOSAT （Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite）实测数据的反演结果与修正后的日本国立环境研究所NIES（National Institute for Environmental Studies）反演结果进行对比，其平均误差为1.25 ppm，相关性达到0.85。本算法满足GMI数据在北京城市区域高精度CO₂反演的需求，并使得反演高值气溶胶区域数据成为可能，增加了GMI观测数据的利用率。     

Potential of Detecting the Sulfur Dioxide Stress on Landscape Plants in Spectral Reflectance Data

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) exhibits a powerful implication on the air condition and responsible for increasing the acidity of rainfall which plays negative effects on plant growth. It is a big problem to quantitatively access the stress degrees of sulfur dioxide on landscape plants. This study aims to find a non-destructive way to detect the degrees of SO₂ stress by using the spectral reflectance data. Five different landscape plants were selected and a simulated SO₂ stress environment by using fumigation box was built in this experiment. Landscape plants were grown on at this simulated SO₂ environment, and the leaf reflectance, chlorophyll and sulfur concentration were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h respectively. The spectral, chlorophyll response of five different plants were examined and the red edge position (REP) shift obtained from the reflectance were used to evaluate the SO₂ stress degrees at this paper. The results showed leaf chlorophyll content generally decreased and leaf sulfur content generally increased of all of these five landscape plants as though the chlorophyll and sulfur content disturbing during the whole stress time. However, compared with the sulfur content changed in leaves, chlorophyll content did not significantly changed when suffering from SO₂. The shift of REP performed well to indicate the severity of SO₂ fumigation stress and different species showed the different REP shift. The determined coefficient R² of REP shift and the relative changed sulfur content in leaves can up to 0.85. And the results also indicated that the different species maintained different resistance to SO₂.     

Increased accuracy of geostatistical prediction of nitrogen dioxide in the United Kingdom with secondary data

Five techniques were used to map nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations in the United Kingdom. The methods used to predict from point data, collected as part of the UK NO₂ diffusion tube network, were local linear regression (LR), inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging with a locally varying mean (SKlm) and kriging with an external drift (KED). These techniques may be divided into two groups: (i) those that use only a single variable in the prediction process (IDW, OK) and (ii) those that make use of additional variables as a part of prediction (LR, SKlm and KED). Nitrous oxides emission data were used as secondary data with LR, SKlm and KED. It was concluded that SKlm provided the most accurate predictions based on the summary statistics of prediction errors from cross-validation.     

CO2 concentration and its spatiotemporal variation in the troposphere using multi-sensor satellite data,carbon tracker,and aircraft observations

Satellite-based atmospheric CO₂ observations have provided a great opportunity to improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle. However, thermal infrared (TIR)-based satellite observations, which are useful for the investigation of vertical distribution and the transport of CO₂, have not yet been studied as much as the column amount products derived from shortwave infrared data. In this study, TIR-based satellite CO₂ products – from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), and Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation – and carbon tracker mole fraction data were compared with in situ Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) data for different locations. The TES CO₂ product showed the best agreement with CONTRAIL CO₂ data resulting in R² ~ 0.87 and root-mean-square error ~0.9. The vertical distribution of CO₂ derived by TES strongly depends on the geophysical characteristics of an area. Two different climate regions (i.e., southeastern Japan and southeastern Australia) were examined in terms of the vertical distribution and transport of CO₂. Results show that while vertical distribution of CO₂ around southeastern Japan was mainly controlled by horizontal and vertical winds, horizontal wind might be a major factor to control the CO₂ transport around southeastern Australia. In addition, the vertical transport of CO₂ also varies by region, which is mainly controlled by anthropogenic CO₂, and horizontal and omega winds. This study improves our understanding of vertical distribution and the transport of CO₂, both of which vary by region, using TIR-based satellite CO₂ observations and meteorological variables.     

Impact of land-cover layout on particulate matter 2.5 in urban areas of China

ABSTRACT

Urbanization in China is closely connected with ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5). However, the potential for altering PM_2.5 through the urban landscape characteristics is uncertain. In this study, we analyzed the urban PM_2.5 pollution situation for 2014–2016 and investigated the impact of landscape factors on urban PM_2.5 in China at the city level. All the prefecture-level cities were stratified by urban population size into small (<500,000), medium (500,000–1,000,000), and large (>1,000,000), and the other second-level administrative cities were assigned as ‘other’ cities. The multivariate regression model including both urban landscape factors and social-economic variables explained 70.0%, 32.8%, 19.2%, and 12.4% of the arithmetic mean PM_2.5 concentration (AMC-PM_2.5) for the other, small, medium, and large cities, respectively. With regard to the configuration of land cover, agricultural activity is a major contributor of PM_2.5 pollution, for which the explanatory power ranged from 7.6% (for the large cities) to 64% (for the other cities). In addition, grassland aggregation also has a limited but negative effect on urban PM_2.5 pollution, despite the negligible effect on dry deposition. Overall, these findings likely reflect the interaction between urban air quality and urbanization, and will have implications for air quality control strategies.     

Atmospheric pollution assessment near potential source of natural aerosols in the South Gobi Desert region,China

ABSTRACT

Rapid economic growth, a high degree of urbanization and the proximity of a large number of desert and semidesert landscapes can have a significant impact on the atmosphere of adjacent territories, leading to high levels of atmospheric pollution. Therefore, identifying possible sources of atmospheric pollution is one of the main tasks. In this study, we carried out an analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of five main atmospheric pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO) near potential source of natural aerosols, affecting seven cities (Wuhai, Alashan, Wuzhong, Zhongwei, Wuwei, Jinchang, Zhangye), located in immediate proximity to the South Gobi deserts. The results, obtained for the period from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018, demonstrate total concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are 38.2 ± 19.5 and 101 ± 80.7 μg/m³ exceeding the same established by the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CNAAQS), being 35 and 70 μg/m³, respectively. Based on the data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the whole period, Clean Сontinental (71.49%) and Mixed (22.29%) types of aerosols prevail in the region. In the spring and winter seasons maximum concentrations of pollutants and high values of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in the region atmosphere are observed. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ ratio shows the presence of coarse aerosols in the total content with value 0.43. The highest concentrations of pollutants were in the period of dust storms activity, when PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ content exceeded 200 and 1000 µg/m³, and AOD value exceeded 1. UV Aerosol Index (UVAI), Aerosol Absorbing Optical Depth (AAOD), and Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), obtained from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), demonstrate the high content of dust aerosols in the period of sandstorms. Analysis of backward trajectories shows that dust air masses moved from North to Northwest China, affecting large deserts such as Taklamakan, Gurbantunggut, Badain Jaran, Tengger, and Ulan Buh deserts.