基于脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积固化土体的研究进展

诱导碳酸钙沉积的土体固化是近年来岩土工程领域新兴起的新型环保地基处理技术, 该技术利用产脲酶菌的微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation,即MICP技术）或基于脲酶的酶诱导碳酸钙沉积（Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation,即EICP技术）,将松散的土体颗粒胶结成为整体,达到提高土体抗剪强度的目的。与MICP技术相比,EICP技术不存在生物安全风险,无需考虑是否有氧,且可适用于更小粒径土体的处理,因此具备广阔的实际工程应用前景。文章从脲酶类型与来源、EICP固化土体处理方法及EICP固化土体强度增长等方面,对近20年基于脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积固化土体的研究进行了回顾与总结。     

颗粒粒径对微生物固化砂土强度影响的试验研究

微生物固化技术（MICP）是岩土工程领域新兴起的一种不良地基处理技术,不同地基土体之间的颗粒粒径并不相同,其固化效果也可能存在一定差别。选用3种不同颗粒粒径范围的砂土进行微生物固化处理,并基于无侧限抗压强度试验、孔隙体积测量和洗酸处理,从宏观角度分析颗粒粒径对微生物固化效果的影响。结合扫描电镜测试,从细观角度对微生物固化机制进行了初探。研究结果表明,微生物固化砂土中碳酸钙晶体以颗粒簇形式堆积在砂土颗粒表面及颗粒间接触处,其尺寸随碳酸钙晶体堆叠程度的增加而增大;对于颗粒粒径较小的砂土,颗粒间孔隙较易被碳酸钙晶体填充密实,固化试样内有效碳酸钙晶体比例较大,“结构性”较强,无侧限抗压强度较高。     

海洋产脲酶细菌的筛选及诱导形成碳酸钙矿物的特征

产脲酶细菌普遍存在于自然界,其对碳酸钙的矿化作用被广泛用于工程地质和环境等各项工程领域;本研究旨在从北戴河新河河口海洋沉积物中分离产脲酶细菌,探讨其诱导形成碳酸钙的特征,为地质与工程领域的应用提供良好的材料.从海洋沉积物样品中共分离出33株细菌,经筛选,其中有10株细菌具有产脲酶活性,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明:...     

基于生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀的土体固化研究进展

基于微生物或脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP/EICP）的土体固化技术是近年来岩土和地质工程领域的研究热点之一。在系统回顾基于生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀的土体固化技术发展历程的基础上,重点阐述了MICP/EICP固化机制、土体孔隙结构、菌液和脲酶性质、胶凝液性质和固化方式等方面对碳酸钙特性影响的研究进展。研究结果表明：土体孔隙越小,越不利于微生物或脲酶入渗,固化均匀性越差;土颗粒接触点越多,可为碳酸钙提供的沉积点位越多,碳酸钙与土颗粒间的黏结和桥接作用越强,固化效果越好;一定菌液或脲酶浓度或脲酶活性范围内,碳酸钙的生成速率和生成总量随浓度及活性的增大而增大,但过高的浓度或活性易导致碳酸钙生成速率过快,从而在土体注入端发生堵塞;低浓度胶凝液得到的碳酸钙晶体更小,在土体中的分布更均匀;采用合适的注浆饱和度可提高具有黏结作用的碳酸钙的占比;采用多层交替注入或单相低pH值注入可提高碳酸钙在试样中分布的均匀性。基于碳酸钙沉淀特性的影响因素,提高固化土体的均匀性,验证其耐久性,室内试验结果在现场尺度的适应性和改进方案应该成为以后研究的重点。     

鄂西方解石矿系列产品开发应用研究

率述了鄂西构造蚀变型方解石矿的质量,超细重碳酸钙产品生产工艺流程,改性超细重碳酸钙系列产品在造纸涂料,塑料及橡胶中的应用研究。     

南方湿热区产脲酶菌固化海砂的碳酸钙结晶效果研究

从南方湿热区自然环境中分离得到一株产脲酶矿化菌,并将其高产突变株应用到海砂室内MICP灌浆试验,结合扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、拉曼（Raman）对固化后的产物进行细观形貌观测。通过分析碳酸钙的形貌、尺寸、空间分布、结晶状态等基本特征现象,初步探究南方湿热区产脲酶菌在碳酸钙结晶生长方面的调控作用及其固化土体的作用效果。结果表明：南方湿热区产脲酶菌固化土体具有可行性,但碳酸钙晶体形貌并不均一,晶体晶化过程、生物调控作用及土体结构均会对碳酸钙的生成情况造成影响;碳酸钙从无序到有序、分散到聚集、不稳定到稳定,最终生长聚集为完整的结构,在生长空间充足的环境下,碳酸钙更倾向于形成聚集体。研究结论可为进一步研究不同产脲酶菌诱导碳酸钙沉淀的作用过程与调控机制提供借鉴与参考。     

菌液注射方式对微生物固化砂土动力特性影响试验研究

微生物固化技术是近年来岩土工程领域兴起的一种新型环保地基处理技术,该技术通过向待固化土体内注入细菌,利用细菌水解尿素,并在引入钙源的条件下,诱导产生碳酸钙晶体以胶结松散土颗粒。在微生物固化过程中,碳酸钙晶体分布的均匀性是目前该技术研究的热点之一。文中尝试通过在纯菌液中引入0.05 mol/L氯化钙溶液(称为混合菌液)对细菌分布进行人为干预,并基于动三轴试验及扫描电镜测试,对比分析了纯/混菌液、混合菌液及传统纯菌液等注射方式对微生物固化砂土动力特性的影响。试验结果表明:纯/混菌液注射方式能有效提高微生物固化砂土中碳酸钙晶体分布的均匀性,从而获得碳酸钙含量较高、动弹性模量较大及耗能能力较强的微生物固化砂土。     

自发极化电气石对CaCO3结晶过程和晶体形貌的影响

电气石是一种天然的硅酸盐矿物,具有自发极化效应,晶体表面存在静电场,在水处理领域具有广阔的应用前景。本研究利用碳酸钙沉积法考察电气石颗粒的阻垢性能,对投加不同粒径电气石颗粒后产生的碳酸钙钙垢的结构和微观形貌进行分析,探讨电气石颗粒对碳酸钙水溶液结晶性能的影响。实验结果表明,电气石颗粒具有一定的表面阻垢效果,能够降低碳酸钙在水溶液中的溶解度,促使溶液中碳酸钙形成并黏附在电气石颗粒表面,从而抑制碳酸钙钙垢黏附在换热固体表面,且电气石颗粒粒径越小,抑制效果越明显。XRD和SEM分析表明,电气石颗粒能够影响碳酸钙晶体的成核过程,改变碳酸钙的晶体形貌,形成附着性较差的文石型碳酸钙,达到阻垢效果。     

微生物胶结在防治堤坝破坏中的应用研究

为防治漫顶引起侵蚀造成堤坝破坏,将微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀即MICP技术应用于加固堤坝表层。通过向堤坝表层喷洒微生物细胞以及营养盐,最终在砂土孔隙中快速析出碳酸钙胶凝结晶,以改善堤坝表层砂的力学性能。首先,采用喷洒法处理堤坝表层;其次,对处理好的堤坝模型进行水槽试验,研究其抗侵蚀性;最后,对堤坝表层的试样进行强度与渗透试验。试验结果表明,采用MICP技术加固堤坝模型表层可有效提高其抗侵蚀力,防治由漫顶引起的堤坝破坏。对加固后的表层取样进行测试,结果表明：无侧限抗压强度可高达9 MPa,渗透系数从4×10?4 m/s 降低至7.2×10?7 m/s。试验说明,微生物胶结技术在加固堤坝表层方面具有潜在的工程实用价值和广阔的应用前景。     

激光加工技术在珠宝首饰业中的应用

激光加工技术在珠宝首饰业中的应用越来越广泛。介绍了该技术的基本特点以及其在珠宝首饰业中的典型应用现状。这些技术涉及激光焊接、激光快速原型技术、激光打标、激光雕刻和激光切磨钻石等领域。激光焊接比传统的焊接技术具有显著的优点;快速原型技术的引入大大缩短了从首饰图样到制出原版的时间;激光打标和激光雕刻的使用丰富了首饰表面处理的手段,可进一步满足首饰个性化需求;激光切磨钻石原石可达到最小的损耗。激光加工技术在珠宝首饰业中发挥着越来越重要的作用。     

浙江省衢州市上方镇重钙方解石矿工艺指标影响因素

重质碳酸钙的白度和色相值(Lab)是最重要的工业指标,但影响因素尚不清楚。本文通过扫描电镜、粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)等分析手段,对浙江衢州上方镇的重钙方解矿石进行了研究,以期阐明重质碳酸钙白度和色相的影响因素。结果表明,矿石随研磨粒度的减小白度逐渐增加,在100~400目,白度呈快速上升趋势,超过400目,白度的上升趋势减缓,直至几乎不变。相较于青相矿石,红相矿石的方解石结晶程度高、颗粒大且均匀,杂质较少,化学成分较纯。而Fe3+含量与重钙产品白度和L值呈负相关,与a、b值呈正相关关系。综合研究认为,致色元素(Fe)含量的高低和原矿石的杂质含量、结晶程度均可能为重钙色相差异的主要原因,建议在方解石矿工业勘查中将白度指标测试的粒径统一为400目(38μm)。     

重金属在碳酸钙—水界面间的沉淀反应特征

首先进行Cu^2 ,Pb^2 和Cd^2 等重金属离子溶液与方解石和轻质碳酸钙间的沉淀反应实验，然后对方解石与重金属离子的反应产物作了SEM观察与EDS能谱分析，研究表明，在本文的实验条件下，重金属与碳酸钙间的表面反应主要表现为表面沉淀，其中，Cd^2 离子在界面中的行为还涉及晶格扩散作用。     

有限圈闭复杂沥青质稠油层钻井难点与对策

中东YD油田为海相碳酸盐岩地层,Kazh地层分布着活跃的非均质沥青质稠油,高压并含有酸性气体,为非目的层,需要钻穿并封隔该层后对下部产层进行开发。由于沥青质稠油层分布不均,孔隙压力不确定,对钻井工程造成了极大的挑战。在一期施工中,3口井由于沥青质稠油的侵入被迫工程弃井,未能实现工程目的。针对此世界性难点问题,开展了沥青质稠油侵入机理实验研究、固化剂研制、控压钻井技术应用等一系列配套工艺技术研究,提出了复杂沥青质稠油层安全钻井技术对策,现场应用取得较好的效果。     

微生物诱导碳酸盐岩沉淀过程及作用机理

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation, MICP)是一种在自然界中广泛存在的生物矿化过程。由于MICP具有反应速度快、环境条件要求低、应用范围广、温室气体减排效应显著等特点,在地质、土木、水利、环境多个领域中广泛推广应用。文章在分析国内外相关研究成果的基础上,归纳整理出反硝化过程、硫酸盐还原作用、尿素分解作用等多种微生物诱导下碳酸钙矿化途径和作用机制。以尿素分解菌为代表,重点讨论微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀过程中pH、温度、离子浓度等环境因素对生成矿物晶型晶貌等方面的影响,总结了MICP的环境应用机制,即环境中的重金属元素通过替换作用替换矿化矿物中的Ca2+或CO₃2?从而被固定。MICP作为一种简单高效的地质环境过程,在生态环境修复领域具有广阔的应用前景。      

超细重质碳酸钙粉表面改性与充填聚丙烯试验研究

重质碳酸钙粉是一种普通的无机非金属填料,经过超细粉碎和改性,可以将其变成一种性能优越的功能填料。本文选用鄂西生产的超细重质碳酸钙粉为试验物,对其表面改性的试验方法、改性剂选择及用量、改性条件及改性效果等方面进行了一定探讨。分别采用了表面化学包覆法和干法和湿法两种改性方法对超细重质碳酸钙进行了改性。用表面改性偶联剂中的金属酯偶联剂和硅烷偶联剂,按不同剂量进行不同条件多组改性实验,使超细重质碳酸钙粉由     

不同水动力下陆相碳酸钙沉积的蓝藻钙化试验的初步研究

 地表钙华,是喀斯特地区普遍存在的一种沉积体,是陆相碳酸钙沉积的重要类型。长期以来陆相碳酸钙沉积的水动力成因观点为大多数人所熟悉(1)（2）,生物成因观点则研究较少,在实际中生物作用过程也是不可忽略的,特别是藻类的沉积作用。论文以几种典型的蓝藻为例,通过对自然界水动力条件的模拟,对蓝藻藻类进行了几种水动力条件下的碳酸钙生物沉积试验研究,对比研究了在不同水动力条件下,蓝藻钙化沉积过程。试验得出了钙藻生长与钙化沉积的最适宜水动力为0~60 rpm,在过强的水动力条件下,蓝藻的生长将受到抑制,从而降低蓝藻的钙化沉积速率。文章讨论了在瀑布条件下的陆相碳酸钙沉积是以水动力成因为主导,而在水动力条件较弱的河流中以生物成因为主导,从而提出了,陆相碳酸钙沉积的水动力-生物双成因观点。文章还探讨了在静止状态下,藻类沉积对碳酸钙沉积的贡献大小,叠层石所指示的安静的沉积环境。      

The impact of hydrological changes on travertine deposits related to thermal springs in the Pamukkale area (SW Turkey)

Pamukkale thermal waters (35 °C), exhibiting calcium-bicarbonate-sulfate composition and high carbon dioxide concentration, are of a predominantly meteoric origin. The meteoric fluid, circulating through faults and fractures, is heated by magmatic intrusions at great depth, and ascends from deep reservoirs to the surface. Mixing with relatively cold groundwater in the near surface zone promotes different saturation conditions with respect to calcium carbonate that later precipitates at depth and/or the surface. Dissolution-deposition processes of calcium carbonate both at surface and depth environments may help to reconstruct past climate direction in the field. During wet climate conditions a high-rate of calcium carbonate accumulation would be expected to occur at the surface because thermal fluid would be under-saturated with respect to calcium carbonate at depth because of a relatively higher mixing ratio with cold groundwater. During dry climate conditions the thermal fluid would be super-saturated at depth because of the highly acidic environment. Hydrometeorological studies reveal that the annual precipitation at the Pamukkale hydrothermal field tends to decrease with time. This climatic change in the area was also detected from geological records. While humid climate conditions prevailed during the late Quaternary, the area has recently been affected by arid/semi-arid climate conditions, followed by some episodic transitions. This study has shown how the system has possibly reacted to different climate conditions since antiquity.     

Thermodynamic simulation of the effect of eutrophication on the behavior of heavy metals in bottom sediments by the example of the Inan’kovsky water reservoir

A thermodynamic model of the behavior of heavy metals in bottom sediments during their eutrophication is developed. The results show that liberation of heavy metals from the reduced ferrous sorbent is accompanied by sorption on clay and organic sorbents. The process is complicated by competitive correlations between heavy metals and calcium ions, while the formation of carbonate cement in the sediments yields additional sorption. As a result, the predicted concentrations of the majority of microelements, namely heavy metals, in the interstitial water of the reduced bottom sediments do not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC).     

Statistical modeling the effect of sediment physicochemical properties on the concentration of heavy metal (case study: Musa Creek,SW Iran)

Heavy metal accumulation in sediments is important even at low levels due to their irresolvable character and harmful effects. Therefore, contamination of creeks, especially their sediments, is highly important for scientific communities. This study investigates the relationship between heavy metal accumulation and some physicochemical parameters of sediments (pH, EC, calcium carbonate, texture, specific gravity, density, porosity and percentage of organic matter) in a stretch of Musa Creek beaches. The results showed that the studied sediments are extremely salty and have slight variations in terms of pH. Although there are mostly clay-sized sediments in the studied area, their mineralogical composition contains calcite with smaller amounts of dolomite, aragonite and halite minerals. The correlation between each of the parameters and heavy metal concentration was modeled using OLS regression. Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb concentrations are positively correlated with each other and inversely correlated with Cd. The accumulation of heavy metals is directly related to parameters such as EC, organic matter, clay and silt, specific gravity and porosity; it is negatively related to calcium carbonate, sand and density parameters. Owing to slight variations, the pH parameter lacks any significant correlation with heavy metal concentrations.     

Geophysical monitoring and reactive transport modeling of ureolytically-driven calcium carbonate precipitation

Ureolytically-driven calcium carbonate precipitation is the basis for a promising in-situ remediation method for sequestration of divalent radionuclide and trace metal ions. It has also been proposed for use in geotechnical engineering for soil strengthening applications. Monitoring the occurrence, spatial distribution, and temporal evolution of calcium carbonate precipitation in the subsurface is critical for evaluating the performance of this technology and for developing the predictive models needed for engineering application. In this study, we conducted laboratory column experiments using natural sediment and groundwater to evaluate the utility of geophysical (complex resistivity and seismic) sensing methods, dynamic synchrotron x-ray computed tomography (micro-CT), and reactive transport modeling for tracking ureolytically-driven calcium carbonate precipitation processes under site relevant conditions. Reactive transport modeling with TOUGHREACT successfully simulated the changes of the major chemical components during urea hydrolysis. Even at the relatively low level of urea hydrolysis observed in the experiments, the simulations predicted an enhanced calcium carbonate precipitation rate that was 3-4 times greater than the baseline level. Reactive transport modeling results, geophysical monitoring data and micro-CT imaging correlated well with reaction processes validated by geochemical data. In particular, increases in ionic strength of the pore fluid during urea hydrolysis predicted by geochemical modeling were successfully captured by electrical conductivity measurements and confirmed by geochemical data. The low level of urea hydrolysis and calcium carbonate precipitation suggested by the model and geochemical data was corroborated by minor changes in seismic P-wave velocity measurements and micro-CT imaging; the latter provided direct evidence of sparsely distributed calcium carbonate precipitation. Ion exchange processes promoted through NH4+ production during urea hydrolysis were incorporated in the model and captured critical changes in the major metal species. The electrical phase increases were potentially due to ion exchange processes that modified charge structure at mineral/water interfaces. Our study revealed the potential of geophysical monitoring for geochemical changes during urea hydrolysis and the advantages of combining multiple approaches to understand complex biogeochemical processes in the subsurface.