Formation and evolution of petroliferous basins in African continent and their hydrocarbon distribution

There are eighty sedimentary basins in five different types in African continent, i. e. craton sag basin, foreland basin, intermountain basin, passive margin basin and rift basin, which underwent the stress environment of stable depression-compression-extension. The first three types of basins had been intensely influenced by Hercynian and Alpine tectonic movement, while the later two types of basins always exist in a stable extension environment. Different basin evolution caused the obviously hydrocarbon distribution difference. In North Africa, marginal craton sag and rift basins show great expedition potential of hydrocarbon, marginal craton sag basins had good formation and preservation of Lower Silurian hot shale, tectonic-strata traps and migration pathway formed by Hercynian unconformity, and rift basins had excellent Upper Cretaceous marine source rocks and good hydrocarbon preservation with little tectonic activity. Meanwhile, in the salt-containing passive margin basins and delta basins of West Africa, thick strata containing high quality source rocks and plastic strata were well developed. Source rocks of high maturity, good hydrocarbon preservation, growth faults and deformational structure traps were formed by abundant overlying sediments and sources supplied from Tertiary large water system.     

内蒙古赛罕塔拉煤田地质特征及其聚煤规律研究

二连盆地群是内蒙古自治区最大的一个晚中生代盆地群,都呼木盆地是其中之一富煤盆地,含煤层位于白垩纪彦花组第五段,煤层的煤质为中灰、中高硫、高发热量、低磷—中磷低氯的褐煤,受好来-锡林呼都格断裂控制形成的赛罕塔拉煤田,自然分割成了若干个规模不等的聚煤盆地。盆地边缘地区岩浆岩发育,以华力西中晚期、燕山早期侵入岩为主,岩性从超基性—酸性,一般呈岩基产出。煤层形成于漫流为主的沉积组合类型和浅水重力流和泥炭沼泽沉积物为主的沉积相。沉积环境对富煤带展布起控制作用,该区主要聚煤作用发生在盆地发育的晚期,富煤带在控盆断裂的西北一侧2～4km附近。     

中国及境外天山铅锌成矿作用与找矿方向

中国及境外天山铅锌矿床多有发现,如哈萨克斯坦Tekeli、Shalkiya和Achisai,乌兹别克斯坦Kurgashinkan和Uchkulach,塔吉克斯坦Altyntopkan,中国新疆乌拉根、彩霞山、阿齐山、阿尔恰勒等大型—超大型铅锌矿床,构成了天山巨型铅锌成矿带。这些铅锌矿床形成于怎样的地球动力学背景?铅锌成矿的基本地质特征是什么?有哪些重要成矿类型?受何要素控制?未来找矿突破方向在哪里?这些都是颇受关注的地质找矿问题。在广泛矿产地质调查和综合分析前人研究成果的基础上,将中国及境外天山作为整体,综述了天山造山带构造演化和重要铅锌成矿环境、典型矿床特征与成矿系统/成矿类型,总结了天山地区铅锌成矿演化过程,并分析了区域铅锌成矿特点与找矿突破方向。结果表明:天山造山带经历了前寒武纪古陆形成、洋-陆俯冲增生、陆-陆碰撞造山和陆内成盆4个地球动力学过程,先后出现了元古宙古陆边缘裂陷盆地、古生代洋-陆俯冲增生岛弧、晚古生代陆-陆碰撞造山与中—新生代山前/山间盆地4类重要铅锌成矿环境。在元古宙古陆边缘裂陷盆地环境,主要受同生断层、还原性细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造等控制,形成了古陆边缘裂陷盆地铅锌成矿系统与SEDEX型铅锌矿床;在古生代洋-陆俯冲增生岛弧环境,主要受弧岩浆活动、断裂构造、地层等控制,形成了增生岛弧铅锌成矿系统与矽卡岩型、斑岩型、岩浆热液脉型、VMS型铅锌矿床;在晚古生代陆-陆碰撞造山环境,主要受被动陆缘海相碳酸盐岩、张性开放空间、逆冲推覆构造等控制,形成了碰撞造山铅锌成矿系统与MVT型铅锌矿床;在中—新生代山前/山间盆地环境,主要受盆地三元结构、油气运移与红层“漂白”、硫酸盐岩等控制,形成了山前/山间盆地铅锌成矿系统与砂岩型铅锌矿床。由此可见,天山地区存在多种铅锌成矿环境和不同铅锌成矿系统与成矿类型,其铅锌成矿表现出长时间、多期次、多类型叠合成矿和一定继承性的演化特点。尽管沉积岩容矿铅锌矿床(包括SEDEX型、MVT型和砂岩型)在全球铅锌矿产资源中占据主导地位,而在天山地区增生岛弧铅锌成矿系统则占有更为重要的地位,特别是北天山岛弧带,哈萨克斯坦—伊犁板块南、北缘和中天山地块应该给予高度重视。与此同时,哈萨克斯坦—伊犁板块北缘与东天山中天山地块元古界SEDEX型铅锌找矿、境外中天山地块北缘与南天山造山带古生代被动陆缘碳酸盐岩地层MVT型铅锌找矿、新疆西南天山山前/山间盆地砂岩型铅锌找矿前景良好,也仍值得持续关注。     

缅甸含油气盆地群形成演化及其地球动力学背景

基于不同构造单元地质记录的分析，结合板块重建及地球动力学背景，对缅甸含油气盆地群的形成演化及其地球动力学背景进行了探讨。研究表明:缅甸含油气盆地群的基底是晚基梅里期变质杂岩；晚白垩世至始新世，新特提斯洋壳向西缅地块之下NNE向斜向俯冲，在西缅地块西缘发育增生楔，而在西缅地块内形成了火山弧、弧前裂陷盆地和弧后裂陷盆地；渐新世以来，新特提斯关闭，随后印度地块与西缅地块北段陆陆碰撞，西缅地块北部的盆地演化为弧后前陆盆地；印度洋壳向西缅地块中段和南段之下NEE向俯冲，西缅地块西缘先期增生楔逐步隆升为印缅山脉，印缅山脉东侧的西缅地块中南部盆地均演化为弧后挤压盆地，印缅山脉西侧的若开盆地成为弧前盆地。      

西北干旱区水资源的合理开发利用与荒漠化防治

西北干旱区分布的巨大内陆盆地,如准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木盆地和河西走廊等,被认为是典型的戈壁沙漠地区,约占国土总面积的25％。由冰雪融水与降水补给形成的山区河流,流入山前平原,在戈壁带入渗地下,转化为地下水,并在绿洲带溢出地表,成为绿洲耕地的主要灌溉水源。自20世纪50年代以来,由于大规模的水利化建设,导致水资源条件发生巨大变化,生态环境严重恶化,最终导致大片土地荒漠化。因此,重点论述干旱区在人类经济活动影响下,水文系统的演变及其与水环境和生态环境之间的相互影响、相互制约关系。     

基于流域盆地面积的郑洛地区史前聚落遗址分析

本文以郑洛地区为研究区域,以裴李岗文化时期、仰韶文化前期、仰韶文化后期和龙山文化时期为时间序列,对研究区域的流域盆地面积与相应的遗址点数量的关系、流域盆地面积与相应的遗址点增长速率的关系,以及各个流域盆地中遗址点分布密度的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果显示：（1）通过相关方法分析,以数字化的形式表明了流域盆地面积与分布的遗址点数量呈显著的正相关关系,且裴李岗文化时期的相关程度与其他3个文化时期相比较小;（2）对各流域盆地内遗址点的变化趋势分析发现,流域盆地面积与分布的遗址点变化趋势呈显著的正相关关系,这也解释了流域盆地黄河流域（B）、伊洛河流域（C）的变化趋势最快的缘由;（3）对各流域盆地内遗址点的分布密度进行分级可发现,在裴李岗文化时期,东部地区遗址点的分布密度大于西部地区,而其他3个文化时期是中西部地区大于东部地区。     

泥盆纪－石炭纪右江盆地结构与岩相古地理演化

右江泥盆纪─石炭纪沉积盆地是伴随着古特提斯洋的打开，在杨子古陆南部被动大陆边缘上逐渐发育形成的裂谷型盆地。在同沉积断裂活动的强烈影响下，形成以北西向为主，北东向次之的次级深水盆地与台地相间展布的岩相－构造格局。由于区域应力场和同沉积活动断裂带延伸方向的差异，使北西向次级深水盆地呈张裂性质的地堑式和半地堑式盆地，而北东向次级深水盆地则大都具走滑盆地特征。泥盆纪的岩相古地理演化可分为三个阶段，即初始裂陷阶段、被动陆缘裂谷作用阶段和沉积充填阶段。     

鲁中南地区古近纪含石膏盆地地质特征及矿石质量的差异

山东省石膏矿产出层位较多,目前,开发利用的石膏矿均为发育在鲁中南隆起区(鲁西山地丘陵区)的古近纪含膏盆地内,即汶口-汶东含膏盆地、泗水含膏盆地、平邑含膏盆地及底阁含膏盆地内,含膏盆地内矿体主要赋存于古近纪官庄群大汶口组中段及卞桥组等含膏岩系内,各含膏盆地因分布形态原始地貌及沉积旋回中各种因素的影响,矿石质量出现明显差异,由此推断出石膏矿石质量与盆地的分布特征及地质特征具有密切联系。根据含膏盆地特征可以预测含矿层的矿石质量,以指导勘查工作布署的合理实施。     

基于水准剖面的山西断陷带现今活动性研究

根据跨山西断陷带的水准剖面观测资料,计算其垂直形变量和垂直形变速率,研究其现今垂直活动性。2006年以来的垂直形变揭示,山西断陷带东北段延怀盆地和蔚县盆地呈掀斜上升活动,北段阳原盆地和大同盆地以下降活动为主,晋中盆地为上下波动,临汾盆地呈现上升活动。2013年山西断陷带活动出现转折性变化,蔚县盆地大幅度下降,大同盆地、代县-定襄盆地、晋中盆地和临汾盆地均呈现不同程度的上升。     

Evolution of the Late Cretaceous Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in Jiangxi Province,southeast China: insights from sedimentary facies analysis and pebble counting

The Gan-Hang Belt in Southeast China is characterized by several igneous and siliciclastic basins associated with crustal extension during Late Mesozoic. The sedimentary evolution of the red basins is still poorly understood. In this study, sedimentary facies analysis and pebble counting were performed on outcrop sections of the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group in the Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in central Jiangxi Province. Thirty-five conglomerate outcrops were chosen to measure pebble lithology, size, roundness, weathering degree and preferred orientation. Results show that gravels are mostly fine to coarse pebbles and comprise dominantly quartzites, metamorphic rocks, granitoids and sandstones. Rose diagrams based on imbricated pebbles indicate variable paleocurrent directions. Combining with typical sedimentary structures and vertical successions, we suggest that the Guifeng Group were deposited in alluvial fan, river and playa lake depositional systems. The proposed depositional model indicates that the Hekou Formation represents the start-up stage of the faulted basin, accompanied by sedimentation in alluvial fan and braided river environments. Then this basin turned into a stable expansion stage during the deposition of the Tangbian Formation. Except for minor coarse sediments at the basin margin, the other area is covered with fine-grained sediments of lake and river environments. The Lianhe Formation, however, is once again featured by conglomerates, suggesting a probable tectonic event. Therefore, the study region possibly suffered two tectonic events represented by the conglomerates of the Hekou and Lianhe formations in the context of the crustal extension in Southeast China.     

MODEL OF AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGIC-ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN THE INTERMONTANE BASINS OF XUEFENG MOUNTAIN REGION

The area of the intermontane basins in the Xuefeng Mountain region is 4,000 km2. These basins are the most favourable area for agriculture in the mountainous region. Unfortunately, in each basin the eco-environment has gradually worsened because of the irrational utilization of natural resources. A rational model of agro-ecologic- economic system of intermontane basin must be formed so as to exploit and utilize rationally the natural resources. The intermontane basins may be divided into 3 ecologic belts of agriculture. Here are some ecologic-economic problems in the development: The resources of the outer mountains lie waste, but the valley basins in centre are over-development; the low mountains and hillocks are cultivated for dry crops so that the water and soil losses are serious and the natural disasters are frequent. Therefore, the agro-economic, agro-biologic and eco-environmental subsystems form a complete agro-ecologic-economic system of intermontane basins. Developing rationally the resources     

CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS OF THE DAM RIVER AND TUOTUO RIVER BASINS

ＣＯＮＴＥＮＴＡＮＤＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＲＡＣＥＥＬＥＭＥＮＴＳＩＮＳＯＩＬＳＯＦＴＨＥＤＡＭＲＩＶＥＲＡＮＤＴＵＯＴＵＯＲＩＶＥＲＢＡＳＩＮＳ￥ＳｈａｏＱｉｎｇｃｈｕｎ（邵庆春）ＤｅｎｇＷｅｉ（邓伟）ＳｕｎＧｕａｎｇｙｏｕ（孙广友）（Ｃｈ...     

RESEARCH ON SYSTEM OF FLOOD DISASTER CONTROL AND REDUCTION SUPPORTED BY GIS IN MEDIUM AND SMALL BASINS

Southeast China coastal areas belong to subtropical monsoon climatic zone,thus easily affected by floods resulted from typhoons and rainstorm.Since the areas of river basins are small,rivers flood regulation capacities are low,and therefore flood hazard is grave.In the paper,taking the Yongjiang basin in southeast China as an example,the approaches and methods of geographic information system(GIS) applied to flood disaster control and reduction research on small basin are explred.On GIS help the rainfall-runoff calculation model and the river dchannel flood routing model are developed.And the evaluating flood submerged are and the damage assessment models are built supported by digit elevation models.Lastly the decision support system on GIS supported for flood control in research basin has been set up.This greatly improves flood-proofing decision-making capacities in river basin,and provides valuable information and a mode for flood prevention and reduction in the medium and small basin .Meanwhile,the research indicates that technologies of GIS provide a powerful tool for flood disaster control.     

INVESTIGATION ON FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCHEMISTRY IN HEAD AREA OF THE CANGJIANG RIVER

The results of water sample analyses and investigation in the head area of the Changjiang River reveal that the characteristics of hydrochemistry of the river vary with drainage basins. In the drainage basin of the Tuotuo River, the mineral concentration of water is generally high, ions of Cl and Na are obviously dominant. The water tends to be salty, and the type of hydrochemistry is rather complex. In the drainage basin of the Dam River, the mineral concentration is mainly in a low and middle level, ions of HCO3- and Ca2 are higher than others, and the type of hydrochemistry is relatively simple. The ground water in deep layers plays an important role in recharging surface water, and the stable recharging results in little change in chemical composition of surface water.     

蒙阴盆地的成生与演化

蒙阴盆地是在库拉板块向亚洲大陆下俯冲，中国东部隆升伸展板块裂解阶段发育起来的。在中生代，盆地的成生演化经历了侏罗纪拗陷盆地发育阶段和早白垩世拗陷—裂陷阶段。在相应沉积演化过程中，形成侏罗纪湖相红色碎屑岩建造，早白垩世早期滨浅湖—半深湖相灰绿色细粒陆屑岩沉积，早白垩世中期河湖相凝灰质复陆屑岩类夹火山碎屑岩类沉积，早白垩世晚期中基性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩组合。沉积中心在侏罗纪和早白墨世早期皆偏于西北部，此后，向东南部迁移。晚白垩世，盆地处于风化剥蚀阶段。古近纪，受新生太平洋板块向亚洲大陆下俯冲影响，盆地又处于拗陷—裂陷阶段，相应形成山间河湖相—山麓堆积相类磨拉石建造。古近纪末期，该盆地整体隆起处于长期风化剥蚀状态。     

PRESENT STATUS AND CAUSE OF LAND DESERTIFICATION IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER BASIN

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Sediment compaction and pore pressure prediction in deepwater basin of the South China Sea: Estimation from ODP and IODP drilling well data

Overpressure in deepwater basins not only causes serious soft sediment deformation, but also significantly affects the safety of drilling operations. Therefore, prediction of overpressure in sediments has become an important task in deepwater oil exploration and development. In this study, we analyze the drilling data from ODP Leg 184 Sites 1144, 1146, and 1148, and IODP Leg 349 Sites U1431, U1432, U1433, and U1435 to study the sediment compaction and controls in the northern South China Sea. Sedimentation rate, sediment content, distribution area, and buried depth are the factors that influence sediment compaction in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea. Among these factors, the sediment content is the most important. The fitted normal compacted coefficients and mudline porosity for an interval of 50 m shows disciplinary variation versus depth. The pore pressure predicted from different fitted results shows varying overpressure situations. The normal compaction trend from Site 1144 reflects the porosity variation trend in stable deposition basins in the northern South China Sea. The predicted pore pressure shows overpressure at Site 1144, which is attributed to compaction disequilibrium. Nevertheless, the mixed lithology column may influence the predicted over-pressure at Site 1148, which is responsible for the confusing result. Above all, we find that sediment compaction should serve as a proxy for pore pressure in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea.     

含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体期次、成因与流体演化研究进展及展望

沉积岩石中断裂与裂缝是含油气盆地流体活动的重要通道,断裂与裂缝中充填的不同期次、不同类型的矿物脉体是烃-水-岩相互作用的产物,记录了断裂、裂缝形成过程中不同期次流体性质、组分、来源以及温压场、氧化还原环境等信息,为研究沉积盆地断裂发育、流体动力场特征、物理化学环境及封闭与保存条件等地层古流体活动、动态演化过程提供了重要线索。系统总结了含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体流体活动示踪、演化的基本方法及其地质应用现状,认为目前主要集中在三个方面:①通过对裂缝脉体充填的成岩矿物岩石学观察,分析成岩矿物类型、结构及形成的相对次序;②通过对脉体成岩矿物的同位素、微量-稀土元素、流体包裹体等地球化学测试,示踪成脉古流体性质、来源、温压-氧化还原环境等;③通过对脉体成岩矿物放射性同位素(如U-Pb、Re-Os等)的测试,精确确定脉体形成时间,结合区域构造演化探讨脉体形成过程、流体动力场环境及其动态演化过程。最后分析了现有研究方法存在的问题,探讨今后的发展趋势及地质应用前景,以期为含油气盆地古流体演化及其与油气运移、聚集与保存等油气成藏机理的研究提供参考。      

内蒙古呼山煤盆地乌固诺尔勘查区地质特征及其聚煤规律研究

乌固诺尔勘查区是一个大型的陆相沉积煤盆地,主要含煤地层为早白垩世伊敏组和大磨拐河组,煤炭资源丰富,为呼山煤盆地中的富煤盆地之一。通过对勘查区已有地质资料,并结合其结构、构造、岩性、厚度以及岩相特征等资料进行分析研究,初步了解了勘查区的形成、演化及聚煤规律。     

Petroleum geological framework and hydrocarbon potential in the Yellow Sea

Sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea can be grouped tectonically into the North Yellow Sea Basin (NYSB), the northern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSNB) and the southern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSSB). The NYSB is connected to Anju Basin to the east. The SYSSB extends to Subei Basin to the west. The acoustic basement of basins in the North Yellow Sea and South Yellow Sea is disparate, having different stratigraphic evolution and oil accumulation features, even though they have been under the same stress regime since the Late Triassic. The acoustic basement of the NYSB features China-Korea Platform crystalline rocks, whereas those in the SYSNB and SYSSB are of the Paleozoic Yangtze Platform sedimentary layers or metamorphic rocks. Since the Late Mesozoic terrestrial strata in the eastern of the NYSB (West Korea Bay Basin) were discovered having industrial hydrocarbon accumulation, the oil potential in the Mesozoic strata in the west depression of the basin could be promising, although the petroleum exploration in the South Yellow Sea has made no break-through yet. New deep reflection data and several drilling wells have indicated the source rock of the Mesozoic in the basins of South Yellow Sea, and the Paleozoic platform marine facies in the SYSSB and Central Rise could be the other hosts of oil or natural gas. The Mesozoic hydrocarbon could be found in the Mesozoic of the foredeep basin in the SYSNB that bears potential hydrocarbon in thick Cretaceous strata, and so does the SYSSB where the same petroleum system exists to that of oil-bearing Subei Basin.