玛纳斯河流域积雪变化特征及其与气温、降水的关系

利用MODIS积雪资料以及同期气象资料,分析了2000—2009年玛纳斯河流域积雪面积年内、年际变化及其与同期气温和降水的关系,结果表明:玛纳斯河流域积雪面积在4个不同分带上随季节变化各不相同,其中,带1变化最剧烈,受气候影响最为显著;带2、带3积雪的增加和减少都比较平缓;带4受气候影响最小。从年际波动来看,带1积雪面积随季节变化更为明显,带4在四季变化中均较平稳。对整个流域积雪面积与气候资料的相关分析表明:冬季,流域积雪变化对降水更敏感;而春季,气温是影响流域积雪面积变化的更主要的因素。     

福建一次强冰雹天气的物理量及雷达回波特征分析

利用MODIS积雪资料以及同期气象资料,分析了2000-2009年玛纳斯河流域积雪面积年内、年际变化及其与同期气温和降水的关系,结果表明:玛纳斯河流域积雪面积在4个不同分带上随季节变化各不相同,其中,带1变化最剧烈,受气候影响最为显著;带2、带3积雪的增加和减少都比较平缓;带4受气候影响最小.从年际波动来看,带1积雪面积随季节变化更为明显,带4在四季变化中均较平稳.对整个流域积雪面积与气候资料的相关分析表明:冬季,流域积雪变化对降水更敏感;而春季,气温是影响流域积雪面积变化的更主要的因素.     

Sensitivity Analysis of Snow Cover to Climate Change Scenarios and Their Impact on Plant Habitats in Alpine Terrain

In high altitude areas snow cover duration largely determines the length of the growing season of the vegetation. A sensitivity study of snow cover to various scenarios of temperature and precipitation has been conducted to assess how snow cover and vegetation may respond for a very localized area of the high Swiss Alps (2050–2500 m above sea level). A surface energy balance model has been upgraded to compute snow depth and duration, taking into account solar radiation geometry over complex topography. Plant habitat zones have been defined and 23 species, whose photoperiodic preferences were documented in an earlier study, were grouped into each zone. The sensitivity of snowmelt to a change in mean, minimum and maximum temperature alone and a change in mean temperature combined with a precipitation change of +10% in winter and −10% in summer is investigated. A seasonal increase in the mean temperature of 3 to 5 K reduces snow cover depth and duration by more than a month on average. Snow melts two months earlier in the rock habitat zone with the mean temperature scenario than under current climate conditions. This allows the species in this habitat to flower earlier in a warmer climate, but not all plants are able to adapt to such changes.     

Climatic changes in Estonia during the second half of the 20th century in relationship with changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation

Summary Trends in the time series of air temperature, precipitation, snow cover duration and onset of climatic seasons at ten stations in Estonia during 1951–2000 are analysed. Using the conditional Mann-Kendall test, these trends are compared with trends in the characteristics of large-scale atmospheric circulation: the NAO and AO indices, frequency of circulation forms according to the Vangengeim-Girs’ classification, and the northern hemisphere teleconnection indices. The objective of the study is to estimate the influence of trends in circulation on climate changes in Estonia. Statistically significant increasing trends in air temperature are detected in January, February, March, April and May, in winter (DJF), spring (MAM) and in the cold period (NDJFM). The trends in precipitation, as a rule, differ from station to station. Increasing trends are present during the cold half-year – from October until March – and also in June. Snow cover duration has decreased in Estonia by 17–20 days inland and by 21–36 days on the coast. The onsets of early spring and spring have shifted to an earlier date. Some important changes have occurred in the parameters of atmospheric circulation during 1951–2000. Intensity of zonal circulation, i.e. westerlies, has increased during the cold period, especially in February and March. Results of the conditional Mann-Kendall test indicate that the intensification of westerlies in winter is significantly related to climate changes in winter and also in spring. A negative trend in the East Atlantic Jet (EJ) index, i.e. the weakening of the westerlies in May has caused warming during that month. Decrease in northerly circulation, i.e. in frequency of circulation form C and in East Atlantic/West Russia teleconnection index (EW) is related to an increase in precipitation in October.     

Effects of climate change on snow accumulation and melting in the Broye catchment (Switzerland)

The study used a daily step conceptual hydrological model to examine the effects of climate change on snowfall accumulation and on snow cover melting in the Broye catchment (moderate relief- altitude from 400 to 1500 m a.s.l.). Five elevation bands representing a range of climatic conditions were used together with three realistic climate change scenarios based loosely on GCM's predictions and which reflect feasible changes by extending time periods. For a very moderate climate change (rise in air temperature of ca 1 °C), possibly in a near future, the reduction of snow cover duration, mean water equivalent and monthly maximum water equivalent is the most sensitive in the lower part of the catchment and during the first and last months of the snow season. In the higher part of the basin and during the colder months January and February, similar reduction rates can be expected in case of larger climate changes. The floods due to the melting of snow cover are lower. Sometimes rainfall, considered as snow in the present day conditions, generates additional floods during the winter season. For winter sports resorts below 1500 m a.s.l., even the very moderate climatic change scenario (temperature rise around 1 °C) leads to economically very difficult conditions. Finally, a climatic change detection index based on snow cover duration is proposed.     

Alpine snow cover in a changing climate: a regional climate model perspective

An analysis is presented of an ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) experiments from the ENSEMBLES project in terms of mean winter snow water equivalent (SWE), the seasonal evolution of snow cover, and the duration of the continuous snow cover season in the European Alps. Two sets of simulations are considered, one driven by GCMs assuming the SRES A1B greenhouse gas scenario for the period 1951–2099, and the other by the ERA-40 reanalysis for the recent past. The simulated SWE for Switzerland for the winters 1971–2000 is validated against an observational data set derived from daily snow depth measurements. Model validation shows that the RCMs are capable of simulating the general spatial and seasonal variability of Alpine snow cover, but generally underestimate snow at elevations below 1,000 m and overestimate snow above 1,500 m. Model biases in snow cover can partly be related to biases in the atmospheric forcing. The analysis of climate projections for the twenty first century reveals high inter-model agreement on the following points: The strongest relative reduction in winter mean SWE is found below 1,500 m, amounting to 40–80 % by mid century relative to 1971–2000 and depending upon the model considered. At these elevations, mean winter temperatures are close to the melting point. At higher elevations the decrease of mean winter SWE is less pronounced but still a robust feature. For instance, at elevations of 2,000–2,500 m, SWE reductions amount to 10–60 % by mid century and to 30–80 % by the end of the century. The duration of the continuous snow cover season shows an asymmetric reduction with strongest shortening in springtime when ablation is the dominant factor for changes in SWE. We also find a substantial ensemble-mean reduction of snow reliability relevant to winter tourism at elevations below about 1,800 m by mid century, and at elevations below about 2,000 m by the end of the century.     

青藏高原冬春季雪盖对东亚夏季大气环流影响的研究

通过分析青藏高原积雪的基本特征，指出高原冬春季雪盖在东亚夏季气候形成与异常中的重要作用，同时分别总结了高原冬春季积雪对东亚夏季大气环流影响的诊断研究和数值试验进展，提出了高原冬春季雪盖对气候影响的可能机制。     

Snow pack in the Romanian Carpathians under changing climatic conditions

Snow pack characteristics and duration are considered to be key indicators of climate change in mountain regions, especially during the winter season (herein considered to last from the 1st of November to the 30th of April). Deviations recorded in the regime of the main explanatory variables of snow pack changes (i.e. temperature and precipitation) offer useful information on winter climate variability, in the conditions of the winter warming trend already seen in some areas of the Romanian Carpathians. The present work focuses on changes and trends in snow pack characteristics and its related parameters, registered at the 15 weather stations located in the alpine, sub-alpine and forest belts in all the three Romanian Carpathian branches (>1,000 m) over the 1961–2003 period. Changes in the snow pack regime were investigated in relation with the modifications of winter temperature and precipitation having been detected mostly at the end of the twentieth century. A winter standardized index was calculated to group winters over the 43-year period into severity classes and detect the respective changes. Links between the number of snow cover days and seasonal NAO index were also statistically analysed in this study. The general results show large regional and altitudinal variations and the complex character of the climate in the Romanian Carpathians, leading to the idea of an ongoing warming process associated with a lower incidence of snow cover, affecting to a large extent the forested mountain areas located below 1,600–1,700 m altitude. Also negative and weak correlations were found, particularly over the December–March interval, between the number of snow cover days and seasonal NAO index values.     

Winter climate change in alpine tundra: plant responses to changes in snow depth and snowmelt timing

Snow is an important environmental factor in alpine ecosystems, which influences plant phenology, growth and species composition in various ways. With current climate warming, the snow-to-rain ratio is decreasing, and the timing of snowmelt advancing. In a 2-year field experiment above treeline in the Swiss Alps, we investigated how a substantial decrease in snow depth and an earlier snowmelt affect plant phenology, growth, and reproduction of the four most abundant dwarf-shrub species in an alpine tundra community. By advancing the timing when plants started their growing season and thus lost their winter frost hardiness, earlier snowmelt also changed the number of low-temperature events they experienced while frost sensitive. This seemed to outweigh the positive effects of a longer growing season and hence, aboveground growth was reduced after advanced snowmelt in three of the four species studied. Only Loiseleuria procumbens, a specialist of wind exposed sites with little snow, benefited from an advanced snowmelt. We conclude that changes in the snow cover can have a wide range of species-specific effects on alpine tundra plants. Thus, changes in winter climate and snow cover characteristics should be taken into account when predicting climate change effects on alpine ecosystems.     

冬季积雪的异常分布型及其与冬、夏大气环流的耦合关系

采用 ECMWF1 979～ 1 993年 2 .5°× 2 .5°的网格点积雪深度资料 ,研究了较为细致的积雪异常的空间分布特征 ,揭示了欧亚大陆冬季积雪的异常空间分布型 ;并采用 SVD方法研究了冬季积雪的异常分布型与冬、夏大气环流的耦合关系。结果表明 :欧亚大陆冬季积雪深度存在典型的异常空间分布型 ;积雪的异常分布型与冬、夏大气环流之间均存在一定的耦合关系。冬季积雪的异常分布型与大气 EU遥相关型存在明显的同时性相互作用 ,大气 EU遥相关型有利于冬季积雪异常分布型的出现和维持 ,而积雪异常分布型对大气 EU遥相关型的发生起一定的作用 ,进而对冬季风活动产生影响。冬季积雪的这种异常分布型与夏季大气环流 ,尤其是东亚地区的夏季大气环流 ,也存在一定的联系。积雪异常分布型可以通过影响副热带高压的南北进退 ,对东亚季风及中国夏季雨带产生影响。     

2000～2014年西藏高原积雪覆盖时空变化

利用MODIS/Terra积雪产品MOD10A2较系统地分析了2000~2014年西藏高原(以下简称高原)积雪面积和覆盖率的时空变化特点,并与同期主要气象要素之间的关系进行了研究。主要结论如下:(1)高原平均积雪面积是19.0×104km2,占整个高原面积的15.8%,其中冬季最大,为高原总面积的23%,其次是春季(22%)和秋季(16%),夏季最小(5%);(2)过去14a高原年平均积雪面积呈现微弱减少态势,其中秋冬两季积雪面积略显上升趋势,春季略有减少,夏季减少趋势显著,积雪面积变化与气温之间存在负相关关系,与同期降水量之间的关系不大;(3)2000~2014年,羌塘高原北部和西南喜马拉雅山脉积雪覆盖率增加趋势明显,而在那曲东南部、喜马拉雅山脉东段和阿里地区北部积雪覆盖率减少趋势明显;(4)高原积雪覆盖变率具有明显的空间差异,且由春秋两季主导,秋季年际变率要大于春季,高原中东部和周围高大山脉及其附近是高原积雪覆盖年际变率最大的区域,而雅鲁藏布江中下游谷地、藏东南干暖河谷以及藏北高原中西部是年际变率最小的地区;(5)积雪年际变率大值区是高原主要的牧区和雪灾频发区,是高原积雪监测和防灾减灾的重点。      

欧亚大陆季节增（融）雪盖面积变化特征分析

利用美国冰雪资料中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center)提供的近40年逐周的卫星反演雪盖资料,定义了各季节新增(融化)雪盖而积指数(fresh snow extent),即增/融雪覆盖率P_(FSE)、增/融雪面积A_(FSE)、欧亚大陆北部增/融雪面积之和T_(FSE),针对欧亚大陆各季节平均的雪盖面积本身(snow extent,P_(SE)、A_(SE)、T_(SE)和其增(融)雪盖面积,分析比较二者的变化特征.结果表明,欧亚大陆各季节平均的雪盖面积和相应增(融)雪盖面积不论是气候态分布还是其年际、十年际变化均有明显不同,其中以冬、春季差别更为明显;夏、秋季二者虽有较好的一致性,但增(融)雪盖面积的变率明显强于雪盖而积本身;另外,冬季欧洲新增雪盖对欧业北部冬季雪盖面积以及其后的春季雪盖都有较显著的影响,而春季欧洲和中纬度亚洲地区的融雪则受到冬、春两季雪盖情况的影响.进一步分析欧亚大陆冬、春两季增(融)雪盖与ENSO关系显示,二者除在个别地区(两伯利业北部、欧洲中东部以及青藏高原)存在较明显关系外,整体上,欧亚大陆北部雪盖变化既不受控于ENSO,也不会显著影响ENSO.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SNOW MASS VARIATIONS IN CHINA OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS*

Daily snow data for 2300 climate stations covering the period from 1951 through 1980 have been used to monitor and diagnose secular variations,year-to-year fluctuations,and the spatial characteristics of snow variation trends in China.An examination of time series reveals that there is a strong teleconnction to ENSO,to major volcanic eruptions,as well as to the CO₂-induced warming.The country-wide snow mass variations are positively correlated with global mean temperature,increasing during the current warming period and decreasing during the recent cooling period prior to the mid 1960s.A synchronous relationship exists between El Nino/Southern Oscillation and snowy winter in China.The year-to-year snow fluctuations seem to be generally out of phase with volcanic activity.The anomaly map shows that snow mass increased in high altitudes and moist regions,while it decreased in arid lowland and the southern boundary zone during the warming period.The potential CO₂-induced changes in snow mass will further aggravate the regional differentiation between high mountains and lowlands,between moist and arid regions.The number of snow cover days will decrease in the northern lowlands,and snowfall will increase in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,high mountains,and the lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River.     

基于MODIS积雪覆盖产品的中国天山积雪时空分布特征研究

利用2002-2016年MODIS逐日积雪遥感产品(MOD10A1、MYD10A1),采用日产品合成法、临近日分析法、空间滤波法和相邻时间合成法,生成天山山区逐日晴空积雪遥感产品数据集,研究分析了天山山区积雪时空分布特征。结果表明：近15a,天山山区平均积雪覆盖面积变化不明显,呈略微减少趋势,但主要表现为年际间的波动变化;分季节来看,天山山区积雪覆盖面积冬季 > 秋季> 春季 > 夏季;积雪面积从9月开始积累,1月达到峰值,占天山总面积的50±25%,3月开始消融,8月达到最低值,仅占天山总面积的为3.5±2%。;天山山区大部分区域积雪开始时间在第300天之后,积雪结束时间在第40~150天左右,海拔较高的区域积雪开始时间较早;天山山区平均积雪日数小于60天的不稳定积雪区主要分布在天山南坡、北坡边缘地带,占整个天山面积的44.57%,平均积雪日数在60~300天之间的区域占比为53.4%,主要分布在天山中部和北坡部分区域,平均积雪日数大于300天的永久积雪区,主要分布在海拔3800以上区域,占天山面积的2.03%。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SNOW MASS VARIATIONS IN CHINA OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS

Daily snow data for 2300 climate stations covering the period from 1951 through 1980 have been used to monitorand diagnose secular variations,year-to-year fluctuations,and the spatial characteristics of snow variation trends inChina.An examination of time series reveals that there is a strong teleconnction to ENSO,to major volcanic eruptions,as well as to the CO_2-induced warming.The country-wide snow mass variations are positively correlated with globalmean temperature,increasing during the current warming period and decreasing during the recent cooling period priorto the mid 1960s.A synchronous relationship exists between El Nino/Southern Oscillation and snowy winter in China.The year-to-year snow fluctuations seem to be generally out of phase with volcanic activity.The anomaly map showsthat snow mass increased in high altitudes and moist regions,while it decreased in arid lowland and the southern bounda-ry zone during the warming period.The potential CO_2-induced changes in snow mass will further aggravate the regionaldifferentiation between high mountains and lowlands,between moist and arid regions.The number of snow cover dayswill decrease in the northern lowlands,and snowfall will increase in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,high mountains,andthe lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River.     

近10年西藏高原雪线时空变化及其与气象因素关系分析

本文利用2000年3月-2011年2月西藏地区的MODIS雪盖产品数据、DEM数据以及地面气象观测数据,结合GIS空间分析方法,分析了西藏地区不同自然区划地带下雪线的时空变化特征及其与气象因素的关系。研究表明：西藏及各区域年平均雪线波动变化比较平稳,全区年平均雪线为4848.6m,呈微弱上升趋势,线性倾向率为6.54m/10a;各季节平均雪线中,秋季雪线的变化对年平均贡献最大,二者相关系数达0.796。冬季雪线呈下降趋势（相关系数为-0.625）,其余三季则均表现为上升趋势,但均不显著;除东喜马拉雅南翼山地雪线逐月变化波动明显外（标准差为60.3m）,其余均表现为平缓波动形势;西藏地区的雪线空间分布基本上表现为由东南向西北方向逐步升高的态势,其中东南部和西北部雪线分布密集且复杂。中部雪线则相对较稀疏,其高、低值区分别与山脉和河谷分布相对应;整体上,西藏雪线与气温正相关,与降水量负相关,但是各区域四季雪线与气温、降水量之间又存在差异。雪线是积雪各要素特征变化最为敏感的指示器,研究西藏高原雪线的时空分布特征及其与气象因素之间的关系,对了解西藏高原乃至整个青藏高原的气候变化具有重要的意义。     

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Snow Depth Derived from Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Data in Kazakhstan

Snow cover plays an important role in the hydrological cycle and water management in Kazakhstan.However, traditional observations do not meet current needs. In this study, a snow depth retrieval equation was developed based on passive microwave remote sensing data. The average snow depth in winter(ASDW),snow cover duration(SCD), monthly maximum snow depth(MMSD), and annual average snow depth(AASD) were derived for each year to monitor the spatial and temporal snow distribution. The SCD exhibited significant spatial variations from 30 to 250 days. The longest SCD was found in the mountainous area in eastern Kazakhstan, reaching values between 200 and 250 days in 2005. The AASD increased from the south to the north and maintained latitudinal zonality. The MMSD in most areas ranged from 20 to30 cm. The ASDW values ranged from 15 to 20 cm in the eastern region and were characterized by spatial regularity of latitudinal zonality. The ASDW in the mountainous area often exceeded 20 cm.     

欧亚北部冬季增雪“影响”我国夏季气候异常的机理研究——陆面季节演变异常的“纽带”作用

本文主要利用美国冰雪资料中心 (The National Snow and Ice Data Center) 提供的卫星反演积雪资料和ERA40土壤温度再分析资料, 采用相关分析, 对欧亚北部冬季新增雪盖面积 (冬季TFSE) 与我国夏季气候异常关系的可能物理途径进行了初步研究。结果表明, 春夏季陆面季节演变异常是上述“隔季相关” 的重要纽带: 当冬季TFSE偏大时, 欧亚北部大范围积雪—冻土自西向东、 由南向北的融化进程明显减慢, 受其影响, 至夏季, 东亚中高纬区积雪和地表冻土的融化异常强烈, 土壤温度明显偏低, 这种夏季陆面异常可能通过自身的冷却作用, 通过加强东亚中高纬异常北风对东亚中纬区夏季变冷产生直接影响, 进而与西太平洋副热带高压, 乃至与我国江南夏季降水异常产生关联; 冬季TFSE偏小时相反。分析表明, 冬季TFSE信号在东亚中高纬局地的春季积雪—冻土融化过程中被加强, 并在夏季达到显著。     

冬季欧亚大陆北部新增雪盖面积变化与中国夏季气候异常的关系

利用美国冰雪资料中心 (The National Snow and Ice Data Center) 提供的近40年逐周的卫星反演雪盖资料, 考察了冬季欧亚大陆北部新增雪盖面积 (Total Fresh Snow Extent, 冬季TFSE) 与我国夏季 (6～8月) 气候异常的关系。分析发现, 冬季TFSE与我国夏季气候异常存在明显关联: 当冬季TFSE偏大时, 夏季贝加尔湖以东易盛行异常冷低压, 内蒙古东部和东北西部易出现凉夏, 同时, 东亚副热带西风急流增强, 西太平洋副热带高压易加强且西伸和北扩, 江南地区在副高的控制下易干热; 冬季TFSE偏小时的情况相反。这种显著关联独立于ENSO事件, 并且在近40年来较为稳定; 冬季TFSE与我国江南夏季降水在20世纪90年代初均发生过一次十年际尺度变化, 表现为在20世纪90年代初之后, 冬季TFSE (江南降水) 明显减小 (增多), 同时, 冬季TFSE与江淮夏季降水的正相关关系明显增强。进一步的分析表明, 冬季TFSE可能通过某种途径来影响东亚副热带急流的变化, 进而影响我国夏季气候异常。     

Permafrost Thaw Accelerates in Boreal Peatlands During Late-20th Century Climate Warming

Permafrost covers 25% of the land surface in the northern hemisphere, where mean annual ground temperature is less than 0°C. A 1.4–5.8 °C warming by 2100 will likely change the sign of mean annual air and ground temperatures over much of the zones of sporadic and discontinuous permafrost in the northern hemisphere, causing widespread permafrost thaw. In this study, I examined rates of discontinuous permafrost thaw in the boreal peatlands of northern Manitoba, Canada, using a combination of tree-ring analyses to document thaw rates from 1941–1991 and direct measurements of permanent benchmarks established in 1995 and resurveyed in 2002. I used instrumented records of mean annual and seasonal air temperatures, mean winter snow depth, and duration of continuous snow pack from climate stations across northern Manitoba to analyze temporal and spatial trends in these variables and their potential impacts on thaw. Permafrost thaw in central Canadian peatlands has accelerated significantly since 1950, concurrent with a significant, late-20th-century average climate warming of +1.32 °C in this region. There were strong seasonal differences in warming in northern Manitoba, with highest rates of warming during winter (+1.39 °C to +1.66 °C) and spring (+0.56 °C to +0.78 °C) at southern climate stations where permafrost thaw was most rapid. Projecting current warming trends to year 2100, I show that trends for north-central Canada are in good agreement with general circulation models, which suggest a 4–8 °C warming at high latitudes. This magnitude of warming will begin to eliminate most of the present range of sporadic and discontinuous permafrost in central Canada by 2100.