用能量累积法检测地震波雷达信号

将具有高度重复性的地震波雷达长时间向地壳内发射线性调频信号,经过地下介质的传播后到达地面,用地震仪器在监测点和检测点记录下来,通过分析数据来了解地壳速度结构及波速变化.线性调频信号是一种非平稳信号,它的频率随时间线性变化,有很好的能量聚集性,非常适合做时间-频率分析.本文用短时傅里叶变换对监测点的信号进行时间-频率分析,以检验地震波雷达发射信号的时间和频率是否和控制系统一致.通过WignerVille分布将地震波雷达发射的信号能量聚集在线性调频直线上,再用Hough变换累积聚集的能量形成波峰,按照线性调频直线的倾角提取波峰所在行,计算到时后构成地震波走时曲线图.用靠近本次实验地点的H-21剖面得到的地壳速度结构正演该测线的Pg、Sg、PmP和SmS的折合走时曲线,并与用能量累积法提取出的地震波走时曲线进行对比,分析结果表明:地震波雷达发射线性调频信号的时间和频率都符合控制要求,重复性高达99.9%以上,可以清晰地分辨出Pg、Sg震相,并且PmP和SmS震相可辨.     

基于时变窄带滤波技术提取可控震源扫频信号方法研究

精密主动地震监测为我们主动探测地下介质结构, 并监视其动态变化提供了一条可能的技术途径。 由于精密控制震源释放的能量强度小, 随着传播距离的增加, 信号的快速衰减, 在离震源较远处有用的震源信号被掩盖在很强的噪声中, 这对于震相的识别与走时的拾取精度有着很大的影响。 本文设计了一种时变窄带滤波器进行更为精细的滤波, 期望进一步提高观测数据信噪比, 再结合匹配滤波方法实现主动震源信号的检测与波形变换。 另外, 由于不同震相有一定的到时差, 使用时变窄带滤波器提取一个震相波形信息时, 将压制其他震相的波形信号, 从而实现了震相分离的技术。 仿真计算与实际资料处理显示了该方法在提高观测资料质量、 震相识别分辨率及震相分离方面具有一定的有效性与优越性。 通过对广东省新丰江库区精密可控震源试验数据进行时变窄带滤波方法的处理, 在震中距为200 km左右处的台站记录中检测到主动源信号, 体现了对远台弱信号的提取能力。     

精密控制震源发射信号设计方法研究

考虑到精密控制震源特点,研究了多种精密控制震源发射信号的设计方案,并提出离散点拟合精密控制震源信号设计方法.计算表明,按照发射频谱、相关子波形态和发射能量3个方面的评价,离散点拟合精密控制震源信号设计方法可以灵活设计出比较好的精密控制震源发射信号,对提高精密主动地震监测的震相信息分辨率具有实际意义.     

精密控制震源理论波形的计算方法

精密控制震源是精密主动监测技术的关键设备, 它为整个系统发射精确的、 高度可重复的震动信号, 是精密主动监测的基础。 其理论波形对于观测数据处理、 提取监视地下介质的信息是十分重要和关键的。 精密控制震源发出的震动信号由于受到重力的影响, 并不是标准的正弦或余弦波形。 本文研究了重力对震源发射波形的影响, 推导出在重力影响下精密控制震源理论波形的计算公式, 给出了该计算公式的数字递推求解方法和误差控制方法, 可以准确地计算出精密控制震源在重力影响下发射信号的理论波形。     

基于重构激发信号的电磁式可控震源相关检测参考信号方法研究

针对电磁式可控震源地震数据的相关检测,研究发现,在地下结构复杂、基板-大地耦合不佳时,常规方法——基于震源控制信号或基板附近信号作为参考信号检测得到的地震记录中,存在子波到时误差和虚假多次波问题.本文分析了上述问题的理论原因,并提出基于重构激发信号的相关检测参考信号方法(Correlation Detection Reference Signal Based on the Reconstructed Excitation Signal,CDRSBRES).首先,利用直达波与其他地震波到时不一致的特点,从震源基板附近信号中分离、提取直达波.然后,利用直达波重构震源激发信号并作为参考信号对地震数据进行相关检测.最后,应用谱白化技术提高检测结果质量.数值模拟研究表明,重构激发信号与理想激发信号的相关系数为0.9869,达到高度线性相关,CDRSBRES方法检测的地震记录在子波到时和波形特征上均与模型相符.随后,在某金属矿区开展了可控震源对比实验.与液压式可控震源MiniVib T15000检测结果相比,电磁式可控震源PHVS 500的检测结果中:基于震源控制信号的检测结果存在子波到时误差约0.012s,对应垂向精度误差约11.16m;基于基板附近信号的检测结果部分区域出现虚假多次波,信噪比降低;而CDRSBRES方法的检测结果子波到时误差约0.001s,对应垂向精度误差约0.93m,波形特征一致,相同区域无虚假多次波.综上,本方法适用于电磁式可控震源地震数据的高精度检测,尤其对于地下结构复杂区域的高分辨率地震勘探具有重要意义.     

精密主动地震监测

借助人工震源,主动探测地下介质结构、并监视其动态变化是地震学家的一个梦想,本文提出的精密主动地震监测(PASM: Precisely and Actively Seismic Monitoring)为实现这一梦想提供了一条可能的途径.本文介绍的精密主动地震监测系统以与GPS保持同步的电子系统控制的旋转质量体作为地震信号源,产生精确的、高度可重复的地震信号,这种信号经过地下介质传播到达观测点被数字地震仪器记录,由专门的计算方法提取,可以获得监视地下介质结构的有效信息,从而实现地下介质结构及物性的主动精确动态监测.其中震源是一种连续震源,工作时对地输入能量强度低,对环境不造成任何破坏性影响,可长期运行,是一种适用范围广泛的绿色震源.以此震源为基础构成的精密主动地震监测系统,配合高灵敏度的数字观测系统,再加上数据处理和信噪比增强技术,可以在150 km以上的距离外得到有效纪录,精确地监视固定路径的精度优于1 ms的走时变化,进而监视地下介质的速度变化和介质参数的变化,是一种前景光明的新型地震学研究方法.     

可控震源匹配扫描方法研究

常规的可控震源Chirp扫描信号的地震响应存在着相关信号旁瓣大、分辨率低的缺点;用二元伪随机编码信号作为可控震源的驱动信号,地震响应剖面中存在严重的相关噪声,降低了地震记录的信噪比.本文提出的可控震源匹配扫描方法,利用匹配伪随机序列偶调制正弦载波信号作为可控震源驱动信号进行扫描激发,得到两个匹配的原始地震记录,对两个匹配的原始地震记录分别解码后再进行叠加形成最终的综合解码地震剖面.地震数值模拟的结果表明,该方法基本不存在常规Chirp扫描情形的旁瓣效应,可有效避免m-序列编码扫描情形的相关噪声,其最后形成的综合解码地震剖面可以与脉冲震源的炮集记录相媲美.     

阵列声波测井时差拾取的慢度距离相关-SDC法

对于阵列声波测井多个接收器声波波形数据,提出了时差拾取的慢度距离相关-SDC法.其核心思想是阵列声波信号在均质地层中,模式波到达时间和接收器到发射器距离成线性关系,原点到各个模式的距离是不变的,因此在拾取时差中引入Hough变换,而波形识别采用相关性算法.具体是首先选取阵列声波其中一个信号和其余信号做STC,其次把相关系数以时间轴叠加得到时差-距离曲线,最后采用二维Hough变换得到慢度距离相关-SDC图来拾取时差.给出了慢度在Hough空间的计算公式.将Hough空间按照纵波、横波、斯通利波特征分区和采用增强的变换处理办法后,测试了在一段阵列声波测井资料处理中的应用效果.对比分析了三维Hough变换和二维Hough变换、STC和SDC的在应用中的区别,证明了SDC是多个接收器STC方法的一种发展.     

基于改进的线性调频Z变换的高精度地震波速干涉测量

地震波信号走时差的精确估计是了解地壳介质性质变化及其过程的关键,鉴于互相关的时延检测方法受相关窗口长度和信号信噪比影响较大,将改进的线性调频Z变换谱细化和相关峰精确插值引入到陆地大容量气枪主动源观测中的波速干涉测量中,介绍了一种能够获得高精度走时差的短时窗时延估计方法。模拟实验和实际数据分析表明:本文方法可以获得高精度的信号时延估计值,提高地震信号波速变化计算的精度。     

高斯线调频连续小波变换的时频能量衰减因子方法及其应用

本文基于高斯线调频连续小波变换，提出了能够反映震源区或近场区小地震波形在震源深度、震源尺度、震源破裂机制、地震波传播途径、地震波衰减等方面的差异特征信息的特征指标，即小波变换的时频能量衰减因子方法。为了验证该方法的有效性，选取了震源破裂机制有明显差异特性的天然地震、爆破或塌方资料以及非强地震孕震区同一地点发生的多次小震资料。研究结果表明，天然地震与爆破或塌方记录的连续小波变换时频能量衰减因子有明显区别；正常地震活动背景下地震记录的连续小波变换时频能量衰减因子变化比较稳定；利用该方法，通过对某一地区的连续观测，可望为强震预测提供有效判据。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.