"四水"转化研究综述

“四水”是指大气水、地表水、土壤水和潜水,“四水”之间的相互转化关系研究,对水资源评估、供需预测、合理开发利用水资源和节水灌溉都有十分重要的意义。本文总结前人在八个8方面“四水”两两之间相互转化的研究成果．归纳了“四水”转化研究存在的问题,讨论了未来的研究重点。     

Field Measurement of Suction, Water Content, and Water Permeability

This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content, and water hydraulic conductivity (permeability). Main problems in the use of field tensiometers are addressed and hints on how to improve tensiometer performance are given. Advantages and limitations of instruments for indirect measurement of suction including electrical conductivity sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, dielectric permittivity sensors, filter paper, and psychrometer are discussed. Techniques for water content measurement based on dielectric methods are then presented. These include time and amplitude domain reflectometry and capacitance. Finally, a brief overview of methods for measurement of water permeability in the field is presented.     

Fusion Kinetics, Water Pressure, Water Diffusion and Electrical Conductivity in Melting Rock, Interrelated

Natural granite and gabbro samples, with dimensions of the orderof 1 cm, were exposed up to 48 hours to water at a pressureof 2 kb and temperatures up to 1060 °C, in an internallyheated pressure vessel. Spatial and temporal nonequilibriummelt distributions were quantitatively studied in thin sectionsof the quenched samples. The main observations, in granite atabout 1020 °C, indicated that melting fronts were initiatedat grain boundaries exposed to water and advanced at initiallyhigh rates subject to rate limitation by water diffusion throughthe deepening melt. The melting slowed down sharply with a slightundersaturation due to exhaustion of free water in the inter-granularvoids. The experimental observations on melting rates and water diffusion,as a function of water concentration and temperature, are correlatedwith data derived from other studies. A new model is advancedfor water diffusion in granitic magma. It is demonstrated thatrate processes in silicate melts may be significantly acceleratedby water in differing patterns. Water diffusion in graniticmelt is rather insensitive to water concentration whereas meltingkinetics and fluidity are strongly enhanced by water but significantlydecoupled from each other, all in contradiction to standardkinetic theories. Melting kinetics is shown to be especiallycritical in physical experiments on melting rock, and some observationson electrical conductivity are accordingly re-interprete.     

黔西林泉片区表层岩溶带发育特征及供水

贵州省黔西县林泉片区属于深切河谷斜坡地带,区内地下水位受乌江期隆升作用埋深大,不利于地下水的开发利用;且区内缺水人口分散分布于河谷斜坡地带,不利于集中供水。所以对区内表层岩溶带发育及表层带岩溶水分布特征的研究,是解决区内缺水问题的关键。     

贵州省紫云县狗场地热水分析

紫云县地处贵州省南西部,区域上无岩浆活动,地表无温泉地热流体露头和无明显的其他地热显示,增加了地热勘查的难度。燕山期自东往西的构造应力作用下,产生了近南北向、北东向断层和近南北向褶皱的主体构造,以及碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩沉积建造为区内地热资源的产生提供了前提条件;采用基础地质结合物探方法研究优选出了层状热储较好的牛场坡背斜和带状热储F4小桥断裂结合的有利部位,施工了地热钻孔,取得了良好的地热水找矿成果。     

山西朔州市北邢家河饮用天然矿泉水

朔州市北邢家河村ＳＢ－２井，为第四系松散层孔隙承压水，井深７ｌｍ，水位埋深１０．０５ｍ。动水位埋深１７．８ｍ，涌水量５８．８５ｍ￣３／ｈ。经权威部门理化检测，省级评审确认该井水为低矿化度、锶、重碳酸钙·镁型饮用天然矿泉水，具良好的开发利用条件。     

Water quality in Lemoa, Guatemala

A variety of water supply sources are used in the rural Guatemalan Highlands. Formal municipal systems are rare, but villagers frequently form local water committees that construct spring-based supply systems. Recent work has indicated that groundwater may be a viable water supply source. The water quality from these two sources was characterized as well as water from other common sources including surface water and precipitation collection systems. Typically, all of the water sources contained unacceptable levels of coliform bacteria except for groundwater from a drilled well. Water monitoring indicated that not only did the water contain coliforms at the actual sources, but the infrastructure used to transmit the water to points of use may also be a source of coliforms. A cost comparison indicates that groundwater may be a cost-competitive, higher quality alternative to traditional spring-fed water systems.     

Water,restite and granite mineralisation

Dehydration (vapour absent) partial melting reactions in the Earth's crust produce a hydrous granitic melt phase, new anhydrous minerals that are mostly pyroxenes, and new plagioclase more calcic than the initial plagioclase. These solid phases of the melt reaction are restite. If the restite is carried to high levels in the crust as a component of the magma, cooling and crystallisation to granite will result in back reactions in which the H₂O in the melt phase is consumed and is not then available to form a hydrothermal solution. Even in magmas in which some restite has been removed there will be some back reaction and again less H₂O. Only fractional crystallisation will enrich the H₂O in the magma in sufficient amounts to form a substantial quantity of hydrothermal solution and possible mineralisation.     

浙江省火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水成因及综合开发利用

浙江省地处环太平洋火山带和中国东南沿海火山带,火山岩分布广泛。本文论述浙江省火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水的分布及其特征,分析火山岩岩性、岩石化学、构造性质及地貌因素对温泉、矿泉水形成的影响,提出火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水综合开发利用的意义,以及综合开发利用中应注意的问题。     

Characteristics of Underground Water Flow at Different Water Levels in Tianshengan Karst Area, Yunnan, China

Three tracing tests from the same injection point executed at low, medium, and high water levels in the karst aquifer near Tianshengan village, Lunan Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, China, have revealed the basic properties of underground water flow. They showed the general directions of water flows; tracer concentrations were observed at six successive points allowing for the calculation of apparent dominant flow velocities at these sections towards the Dalongtan karst spring. For the high water level, the discharge between single sections was between two and 10 times greater than that at low water level. For the medium water level, the flow velocity at different sections was between 1.4 and 3.7 times faster than that at low water level; and for high water level, it was between 1.3 and 2.7 times faster than that at medium water level. The fastest water flow appeared at the first section (23 cm/s at medium water level); and the slowest (0.6 cm/s at low water level) appeared where water flow must cross the Tianshengan fault (north–south direction), and later, a layer of 20–30 m thickness of quartz sandstone and shale clay-stones. It was also possible to calculate the recovery of the tracer for point 4, Dakenyan, where discharge was measured. At the medium water level, 50% of the injected tracer was detected a half-day after its first appearance and at low water level after more than 3 days. The previously published research illustrates the transport velocities of possible contaminants and their solubilities in water at different hydrological conditions.     

大同市云岗镇竹林寺饮用天然矿泉水

大同市云岗镇竹林寺泉产出于太古界桑干群变质岩地层中，动态稳定，流量９８ｍ￣３／ｄ。经水质检测及勘察评价，该泉水属低钠、锶硫酸重碳酸钙·镁型饮用天然矿泉水。     

北京顺平岩溶水系统富水性分析

本文在充分收集北京顺平岩溶水系统各种勘探资料的基础上,以施工的17眼探采结合井的钻探成井、抽水试验为主,结合岩屑鉴定数据等资料,查明了顺平地区主要含水岩组岩溶裂隙发育规律,分析了岩溶地下水富水性特征。该区主要为长城系高于庄组、蓟县系雾迷山组、寒武系和奥陶系灰岩含水层,单井涌水量最大可达10780 m3/d,最小4464m3/d。圈定了两处岩溶水源地靶区,分别位于北小营—杨镇—北务一带和马坊—东高村一带,为后续该区域岩溶水的合理开发和保护提供科学支撑。     

陕西省韩城市水源地水井钻井技术

综述了西部开发项目－陕西省韩城市水源地工程施工状况，论述了主要的钻井技术工艺，评述了工程成功的经验和不足，提出了施工灰岩井的一些工艺和方法。     

徐州三河尖煤矿充水因素分析及防治水对策

在介绍矿区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,对矿井的充水因素进行了较为全面的分析,指出矿井的主要充水水源是山西组砂岩裂隙水、太原组灰岩岩溶裂隙水和奥陶系灰岩岩溶水;充水通道主要是断层破碎带和隐伏陷落构造,其次是采矿形成的冒落带和导水裂隙带。结合历年的突水资料,分析了三河尖煤矿历次发生水害事故的原因。针对煤矿充水特征,提出了在预防煤层顶板砂岩裂隙水和太原组灰岩岩溶水时,要以超前疏放为主,对奥陶系灰岩岩溶水,则应以＂防＂为主。     

天津市宁河北水源地开采所带来的水环境影响预测

天津市宁河北水源地开采后,对其第四系浅层地下水、深层地下水、岩溶地下水,以及现有水源地下井都产生不同程度的影响.根据长期动态观测及大抽水资料,采用Q=f(s)曲线外推法,结合动态下降速率及比拟法等到方法对其影响程度进行了研究,并论证天津市宁河北水源地的合理开采量为6万m3/d.     

Water quality evolvement from Huangpu River, Shanghai, China

The Huangpu River supplies eighty percent of daily water used for life and industry for about 20 million people in Shanghai, China. Industry and domestic sewerage from the metropolis is mainly released into the Huangpu River, which flows through the Shanghai City area. The pollution caused by city life and production in the Huangpu River has occurred for years. In this paper, the contents of heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Hg）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in the Huangpu River are studied. Data from environmental monitoring from 1991 to 2002 are compared to understand the variation and trends of the pollution. Results indicate that metals have been reduced efficiently, but organic pollutants develop in an aggravating trend as domestic sewage increases. The variation of the organic pollutant concentrations, which are lower than those of other similar rivers of China, US, and Canada,     

福建龙海牛头山新生代玄武岩橄榄岩包体的水

对福建龙海牛头山新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体进行了傅利叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析,结果显示,二辉橄榄岩中的辉石包体含有结构水,均以OH的形式存在,结构水含量分别如下: 单斜辉石为(151~845)×10-6,斜方辉石为(40~710)×10-6,全岩为(25~90)×10-6.无论是辉石中的水含量还是全岩中的水含量,福建牛头山地区均高于华北克拉通的安徽女山、河北汉诺坝和苏北盆地,而与同是华北克拉通的河北阳原地区水含量相当.实验证明辉石是牛头山地区上地幔重要的水储库.初步推断福建牛头山经历了洋壳俯冲作用及底侵作用.      

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法检测水、污水、废水、底泥和土壤中微量元素

使用PerkinElmer公司Optima 7000DV电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,对环境样品中常见的水(地表水、地下水、自来水)以及污水、废水、底泥、土壤中的微量元素进行分析,尤其针对含量较低的铅、砷、磷、铬、镉、硒、铊、铜、锌、镍、铁、锰等多种元素,方法灵敏度高,检出限低,分析快速准确。     

第二松花江水质与主要城市取排水量、径流关系研究

本文选取第二松花江沿岸三个主要城市即吉林市、长春市、松原市周边具有代表性的9个监测断面.选取总磷、总氮、CODmn、BOD5等监测数据,运用基于因子分析定权的水质评价模型和零维河流完全水质模型评价总体水质状况.分析其取排水量和径流变化对河流水质的影响.研究结果表明,虽然位于第二松花江干流的吉林市、松原市取、排水量较大.但因河流径流量大,白净能力强,故本质良好,而位于二松支流-伊通河的长春市,因取、排水量大和河流径流量小等原因.水质较差,并影响汇入二松干流后的下游水质.生活污水和工业废水的排放,特别是部分未经处理的污水排放.对二松水质影响很大.长春市伊通河段是二松治污的重点河段.